1993 Publications |
1 | 1993 | MWAURA F.B. & U. GRANHALL(1993). Induction Of Bacterial Nitrogenase Activity In A Maize-diazotroph Association. In;Nitrogen Fixation With Nonlegumes (Hegazi, N., Fayez & Monib Eds) American University In Cairo: Cairo, Egypt. Click to View Abstract
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Clematis brachiata Thunberg (Ranunculaceae) is used in Kenya for the management of headaches, malaria and other febrile illnesses, abdominal disorders, yaws and for skin disorders. Old stems and leaves are chewed for the management of toothaches and sore throats.
Extracts of the plant were subjected to tests for antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
The root extract gave the highest in vitro antimalarial activity against a mulitidrug resistant strain, Plasmodium falciparum VI/S (IC50=39.24 mg/ml). The stem and leaf extracts had insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The leaf, stem and root extracts had bacterial or fungal growth even at very high concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The LD50 values of the stem and leaf methanol extracts against the brine shrimp larvae was 365.60 and 66.5 mg/ml respectively.
The in vitro anti malarial activity of the root extract in part supports the ethnobotanical use of the plant to manage malaria.
KEY WORDS
Clematis, Ranunculaceae, antimalarial, brine shrimp, antimicrobial |
2 | 1993 | Mathematical Modelling Of The Development Of The Convective Planetary Boundary Layer In Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
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3 | 1993 | Battered Women: A Socio-legal Perspective Of Their Experiences In Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
This study examined issues of power and politics associated with Masaai community involvement in conservation-orientated tourism development in Amboseli, Kenya. Using two case studies of communities involved in community-based wildlife and cultural tourism, the study analyzed how and on what terms the Maasai were involved in tourism development, the nature of their engagement with external tourism stakeholders, the initiatives they have undertaken to gain closer control over the organization and economics of tourism, and the opportunities and constraints associated with this development process. The study found that competition and political rifts between clans, age-sets and political allegiances in the communities involved had prevented them from capitalizing on the tourism potential in the area which was instead exploited by foreign tourism investors and tour operators, the government and a few local elites. The research provides valuable insights into the vulnerability of indigenous communities in the face of global tourism. |
4 | 1993 | Slope Instability In Slope Management And Mining. A Case Study Of The Upper Sele Valley, Southern Italy. Z.Geomorph. N.F. Suppl.Bd. 87 Berlin. Click to View Abstract
PMID: 614126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
5 | 1993 | Evolution Of Geomorphology Of Kenya. In. The Evolution Of Geomorphology. A Nation By Nation Summary Of Development. Edited By H.J. Walker And W.E. Grabau. Click to View Abstract
PMID: 614126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
6 | 1993 | Geomorphological Hazards. A Case Study Of Nakuru Area, Central Rift Valley, Kenya. Abstract Of Papers 3rd International Conference On Geomorphology. McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada. Click to View Abstract
PMID: 614126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
7 | 1993 | Ichang'i, D.W. Proposal For The Formation Of A Working Group To Revise The Stratigraphic Nomenclature Applied To The Archaean Terrane Of Western Kenya. In: Click to View Abstract
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8 | 1993 | Ichang'i, D.W. Lithostratigraphic Setting Of The Mineralisation In The Migori Segment Of The Nyanza Greenstone Belt, Kenya. In: Click to View Abstract
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9 | 1993 | Education Through The Third Channel; Basic Education Forum, Vol. 3, April, 1993, Pp. 23-30. Click to View Abstract
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10 | 1993 | Problems Of Rapid Expansion Of Enrolment At University Level. Proceedings Of The Government Of Kenya/ILO/UNESCO: Case Study Workshop On The Status Of Teachers In Kenya. Kenya Education Staff Institute Publication, 1993. Pp. 116 Click to View Abstract
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11 | 1993 | Kihurani, D.O., Masake, R., Nantulya, V.M. And Mbiuki, S.M. (1993):Epidemiology And Diagnosis Of Trypanosoma Congolense, Trypanosoma Vivax And Trypanosoma Brucei Infections In Horses On The Del Monte Farm In Thika. ILRAD 1992: Annual Scientific Report Of Click to View Abstract
Equines are particularly susceptible to infection with Trypanosoma evansi and T. brucei, but rarely is natural T. congolense and T. vivax infection seen in horses. An outbreak of trypanosomosis occurred in a herd of horses used for patrolling the pineapple fields on the Del Monte Farm, Thika, Kenya, initially involving 6 horses. On subsequent screening of the entire group, T. brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax infections were detected in 16 of the 35 horses. The tests used for diagnosis included microscopic examination of stained blood smears, buffy coat technique, mouse inoculation and antigen detection enzyme immunoassay ( antigen ELISA ). |
12 | 1993 | Kihurani, D.O., Nantulya, V.M., Mbiuki, S.M. And Masake, R. (1993): Diagnosis And Treatment Of Trypanosoma Congolense, T. Vivax And T. Brucei Infections In Horses On A Farm In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Equines are particularly susceptible to infection with Trypanosoma evansi and T. brucei, but rarely is natural T. congolense and T. vivax infection seen in horses. An outbreak of trypanosomosis occurred in a herd of horses used for patrolling the pineapple fields on the Del Monte Farm, Thika, Kenya, initially involving 6 horses. On subsequent screening of the entire group, T. brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax infections were detected in 16 of the 35 horses. The tests used for diagnosis included microscopic examination of stained blood smears, buffy coat technique, mouse inoculation and antigen detection enzyme immunoassay ( antigen ELISA ). |
13 | 1993 | Otieno, L, C. Ackello-Ogutu, G. Mullins And L. Reynolds (1993). Evaluation Of Small Ruminant Marketing In Coastal Kenya. Paper Presented At XI SR CRSP Workshop 3 - 4 March, Nairobi Click to View Abstract
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14 | 1993 | Seckler, D. (Editor) 1993. Agricultural Transformation In Africa: A Round Table Discussion With Ackello-Ogutu Et Al. EPAT/Winrock International. Click to View Abstract
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15 | 1993 | Masiga, M.A., Holt, R. The Prevalence Of Dental Caries And Gingivitis And Their Relationship To Social Class Amongst Nursery School Children In Nairobi, Kenya. Int. J. Of Paed. Dent. 1993; 3: 135 Click to View Abstract
Department of Dental Surgery, University of Nairobi. Four hundred and forty-six children attending nursery schools in Nairobi were examined for caries and gingivitis. Assessment of social class was based on the occupation of the head of the child's household. Amongst 3-year-old children, 62% were caries-free and the mean dmft was 1.35. Amongst 5-year-olds 50% were caries-free and the mean dmft was 1.88. Thirty-seven per cent of the children had evidence of gingivitis, with the proportion changing little with age. There was no evidence of either caries or gingivitis being significantly related to social class, although children in the higher classes had more filled teeth.
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16 | 1993 | Masiga MA, Holt RD. The Prevalence Of Dental Caries And Gingivitis And Their Relationship To Social Class Amongst Nursery-school Children In Nairobi, Kenya. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1993 Sep;3(3):135-40. Click to View Abstract
Four hundred and forty-six children attending nursery schools in Nairobi were examined for caries and gingivitis. Assessment of social class was based on the occupation of the head of the child's household. Amongst 3-year-old children, 62% were caries-free and the mean dmft was 1.35. Amongst 5-year-olds 50% were caries-free and the mean dmft was 1.88. Thirty-seven per cent of the children had evidence of gingivitis, with the proportion changing little with age. There was no evidence of either caries or gingivitis being significantly related to social class, although children in the higher classes had more filled teeth.
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17 | 1993 | Occurrence And Pattern Of Mandibular Fractures At Kisii District Hospital, Kenya. East Afr Med J. 1993 Nov;70(11):732-3. Click to View Abstract
A retrospective study of the hospital records revealed that 39 cases of mandibular fractures presented at Kisii District Hospital during a two-year period. 27 cases were due to interpersonal violence while road traffic accidents and accidental falls accounted for 9 and 3 of the cases respectively. The male ratio was 2.9:1. Majority (26 cases) of the patients were aged between 20 and 39 years. The commonly involved fracture site was the left body of the mandible accounting for 20 of the fractures. |
18 | 1993 | Rukaria,RM, Sekadde-Kigondu CB And . Oyieke. JB. A Knowlegde , Attitude And Practice Survey On Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Undergraduate Female And Male Students In A University In Kenya.J. Obstet. Gynaecol E.and Centr. Afric 11: 3, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Normal postpartum women, who had a spontaneous vaginal delivery of one full-term male infant, free of congenital abnormalities and other diseases, were recruited for this study. Thirteen women received 150 mg depot-medroxy-progesterone acetate (DMPA), intramuscularly on days 42 + 1 and 126 + 1 postpartum. Infants of nine mothers, who did not receive DMPA, served as controls. Blood samples were collected from treated mothers on days 44, 47, 74, 124, 128, and 130 postpartum for medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) measurements. Four-hour urine collections were obtained from all 22 infants in the morning on days 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 53, 60, 67, 74, 88, 102, 116, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, and 137. Urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), unconjugated testosterone, and unconjugated cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay, and serum MPA and urinary MPA metabolites were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). No MPA metabolites could be detected in the urine of the infants from the DMPA-receiving mothers. Hormonal profiles in the urine samples were not suppressed in comparison with those of the control infants. The present study demonstrates that DMPA, administered to the mother, does not influence the hormonal regulation of the breast-fed normal male infant. |
19 | 1993 | Menstrual Disorders In Patients With Chronic Renal Failure. East Afr Med J. 1993 Jan;70(1):6-9. PMID: 8513732 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Click to View Abstract
Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF. |
20 | 1993 | Zenone T, Heyraud JD, Gontier C. Bronchiectasis Following Colectomy For Hemorrhagic Rectocolitis. Rev Med Interne. 1993 May;14(5):326-7. Click to View Abstract
Service de Pneumologie, Hopital d'Instruction des Armees Desgenettes, Lyon. Pulmonary disease is an uncommon extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease. We report the case of a patient in whom colectomy for ulcerative colitis was followed by development of bronchiectasis. A discussion of the relation between ulcerative colitis and bronchial disease is presented.
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21 | 1993 | Morgeaux S, Tordo N, Gontier C, Perrin P. Beta-propiolactone Treatment Impairs The Biological Activity Of Residual DNA From BHK-21 Cells Infected With Rabies Virus. Vaccine. 1993;11(1):82-90. Click to View Abstract
WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. The effects of beta-propiolactone (BPL), an alkylating and virus inactivating agent, on the structural and in vitro biological properties of different DNA preparations from BHK-21 cells were investigated. Both uninfected and rabies virus-infected cells were used. Purified cellular DNA (celDNA) was used as the reference, and supernatants from infected cells were treated with BPL. For structural and biological studies three types of DNA preparation were tested: celDNA; purified DNA from cell (infected or uninfected) supernatant (pcsDNA) with or without BPL treatment; and residual cell DNA present in purified rabies virus (inactivated or not) preparations. Rabies infection and BPL (diluted 1:4000) treatment induced modifications in the structure of the three DNA types, including strand breaks and nicks. The damage to the DNA structure by BPL modifies the biological properties of the pcsDNA appraised by its ability to serve as the template in vitro for different polymerases. When rabies virus was inactivated with BPL diluted 1:1000 the DNA damage increased dramatically: small double-stranded DNA fragments (50-200 base pairs) were generated which could not function as templates for polymerases. |
22 | 1993 | Lin HX, Gontier C, Saron MF, Perrin P. A New Immunostimulatory Complex (PICKCa) In Experimental Rabies: Antiviral And Adjuvant Effects.Arch Virol. 1993;131(3-4):307-19. Click to View Abstract
Rabies Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. The activity of an immunostimulatory complex (PICKCa) which is widely used against several human diseases in China was tested in experimental rabies prophylaxis. PICKCa protected mice against peripheral infection with both fixed and wild rabies strains. It also enhanced the protective activity of an experimental rabies vaccine injected either before or after rabies infection. PICKCa enhanced both non-specific immune responses and specific immunity including antibody production and cell mediated immunity as assessed by interleukin-2 production. |
23 | 1993 | Impact Of Sand Harvesting On Environment And Land Use In Masinga Division, Kenya Paper Presented On The 4th National Workshop On Soil And Water Management 1993 Click to View Abstract
A retrospective study of the hospital records revealed that 39 cases of mandibular fractures presented at Kisii District Hospital during a two-year period. 27 cases were due to interpersonal violence while road traffic accidents and accidental falls accounted for 9 and 3 of the cases respectively. The male ratio was 2.9:1. Majority (26 cases) of the patients were aged between 20 and 39 years. The commonly involved fracture site was the left body of the mandible accounting for 20 of the fractures. |
24 | 1993 | Kanui T., Kimwele C. And Aulie A (1993) Influence Of Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone On Growth And Feed Intake In Juvenile Nile Crocodiles(Crocodylus Niloticus) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106A, 381-384. Click to View Abstract
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25 | 1993 | Kayima J.K., McLigeyo S.O. The Influence Of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Vitamin D And Parathyroid Hormone On The Blood Pressure In Humans Click to View Abstract
Autonomic nervous function was assessed in twenty two patients (16 males and 6 females) with chronic renal failure on conservative management. The presenting symptoms were postural dizziness in 10(45%), impotence in 4(18%) patients and 1 patient each with diplopia, urinary urgency and nocturnal diarrhoea. The following autonomic function tests were performed; valsalva manoeuvre, heart rate response to deep breathing, heart rate response to posture and postural change in blood pressure. Fifteen (68%) patients had abnormal autonomic function tests. Out of these patients, 14(93%) had abnormalities of the parasympathetic system and only one had abnormalities in the sympathetic system. There was a negative correlation between the creatinine levels and the following; valsalva ratio (r = -0.72 p < 0.001), heart rate response to standing (r = -0.56 p < 0.01) and heart rate response to deep breathing (r = -0.45 p < 0.05). |
26 | 1993 | S.O. McLigeyo, J.K. Kayima Evolution Of Nephrology In East Africa In The Last Seventy Years Click to View Abstract
Interest in renal disease and practice in East Africa started as far back as the first quarter of this century. Work in this colonial era concentrated on establishing the existence of renal diseases and identifying the nature and incidence of these diseases. This was achieved by case identification and reporting as well as retrospective studies on post mortem and medical notes. The post independence period has not only identified the existence of even more renal diseases but also concentrated on getting a deeper understanding of the aetiology, nature, pattern, regional variations, complications and outcome of these diseases as seen in our environment. Apart from the better understanding of the prevalent renal diseases, emphasis has also been put on the expansion and delivery of renal services. Investigative and treatment facilities have been improved and a lot has been put into the training of the required local team of experts to man these services. This article reviews what has gone on in the last 70 years from the pure case-report and postmortem reports era to the era of locally available modern facilities including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. |
27 | 1993 | McLigeyo S.O.: Calculation Of Creatinine Clearance From Plasma Creatinine. East African Medical Journal 70(1): 3-5, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Interest in renal disease and practice in East Africa started as far back as the first quarter of this century. Work in this colonial era concentrated on establishing the existence of renal diseases and identifying the nature and incidence of these diseases. This was achieved by case identification and reporting as well as retrospective studies on post mortem and medical notes. The post independence period has not only identified the existence of even more renal diseases but also concentrated on getting a deeper understanding of the aetiology, nature, pattern, regional variations, complications and outcome of these diseases as seen in our environment. Apart from the better understanding of the prevalent renal diseases, emphasis has also been put on the expansion and delivery of renal services. Investigative and treatment facilities have been improved and a lot has been put into the training of the required local team of experts to man these services. This article reviews what has gone on in the last 70 years from the pure case-report and postmortem reports era to the era of locally available modern facilities including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. |
28 | 1993 | McLigeyo, S.O.: Pattern Of Geriatric Admissions In The Medical Wards At The Kenyatta National Hospital. East African Medical Journal 70 (1): 37-39, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Interest in renal disease and practice in East Africa started as far back as the first quarter of this century. Work in this colonial era concentrated on establishing the existence of renal diseases and identifying the nature and incidence of these diseases. This was achieved by case identification and reporting as well as retrospective studies on post mortem and medical notes. The post independence period has not only identified the existence of even more renal diseases but also concentrated on getting a deeper understanding of the aetiology, nature, pattern, regional variations, complications and outcome of these diseases as seen in our environment. Apart from the better understanding of the prevalent renal diseases, emphasis has also been put on the expansion and delivery of renal services. Investigative and treatment facilities have been improved and a lot has been put into the training of the required local team of experts to man these services. This article reviews what has gone on in the last 70 years from the pure case-report and postmortem reports era to the era of locally available modern facilities including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. |
29 | 1993 | Otineo, M.R.B., McLigeyo S.O., Rogo, K.O. And Kigondu, C.S.: Menstrual Disorders In Patinents With Chronic Renal Faliure. East African Medical Journal 70(1): 1-2, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF. |
30 | 1993 | McLigeyo S.O.: Nephrotic Synrome - Symtomatic Treatment. East African Medical Journal 70(1): 1-2, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF. |
31 | 1993 | McLigeyo S.O.: Experience With The Use Of Human Albumin In A Renal Unit In A Developing Country. East African Medical Journal 70(1): 15-17, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF. |
32 | 1993 | Mathenge, R.N., McLigeyo S.O., Mutua, A.K. And Otieno, L.S.: The Spectrum Of Achocardiographic Findings In Chronic Renal Failure. East African Medical Journal 70(2): 107-111, 1993. Click to View Abstract
In a six month period at the Kenyatta National Hospital, 46 patients (30 males) with chronic renal failure (CRF) and 22 healthy subjects have had a clinical and echocardiographic study of their cardiovascular systems. The patients with CRF were further classified as stable or in end stage renal disease (ESRD), the latter group requiring dialysis. Hypertension and circulatory congestion were the commonest clinical cardiovascular findings in patients with CRF. The patients with ESRD had significantly higher blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine than the ones with stable CRF. Echocardiographically right ventricular size, left atrial size, aortic root diameter, left ventricular internal diameters, left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes, stroke volume, cardiac output, left ventricular posterior wall and interventricular septal thickness, ejection time and mitral and aortic peak flow rates were significantly higher in patients with CRF than in controls. In contrast, the circumferential fibre shortening and the ejection fraction were reduced in patients with CRF. Global left ventricular dysfunction was found in 47.8% of the patients. Using doppler flow studies, valvular incompetence was detected in a number of patients, mitral regurgitation being found in 84%.76% of the patients with CRF had varying degrees of pericardial effusion. The echocardiographic abnormalities and the pericardial effusions responded six weeks of haemodialysis in a variable manner. |
33 | 1993 | Kayima, J.K. And McLigeyo S.O.: The Influence Of Sodium, Pattassium, Calcium, VItamin D And Parathyroid Hormone On The Blood Pressure In Humans - A Review Article. East African Medical Journal 70(4): 235-237, 1993. Click to View Abstract
In a six month period at the Kenyatta National Hospital, 46 patients (30 males) with chronic renal failure (CRF) and 22 healthy subjects have had a clinical and echocardiographic study of their cardiovascular systems. The patients with CRF were further classified as stable or in end stage renal disease (ESRD), the latter group requiring dialysis. Hypertension and circulatory congestion were the commonest clinical cardiovascular findings in patients with CRF. The patients with ESRD had significantly higher blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine than the ones with stable CRF. Echocardiographically right ventricular size, left atrial size, aortic root diameter, left ventricular internal diameters, left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes, stroke volume, cardiac output, left ventricular posterior wall and interventricular septal thickness, ejection time and mitral and aortic peak flow rates were significantly higher in patients with CRF than in controls. In contrast, the circumferential fibre shortening and the ejection fraction were reduced in patients with CRF. Global left ventricular dysfunction was found in 47.8% of the patients. Using doppler flow studies, valvular incompetence was detected in a number of patients, mitral regurgitation being found in 84%.76% of the patients with CRF had varying degrees of pericardial effusion. The echocardiographic abnormalities and the pericardial effusions responded six weeks of haemodialysis in a variable manner. |
34 | 1993 | McLigeyo S.O. And Kayima J.K.: Evaluation Of Nephrology In East Africa In The Last Seventy Years - Studies And Practice. East African Medical Journal 70(16): 260-266, 1993. Click to View Abstract
In a six month period at the Kenyatta National Hospital, 46 patients (30 males) with chronic renal failure (CRF) and 22 healthy subjects have had a clinical and echocardiographic study of their cardiovascular systems. The patients with CRF were further classified as stable or in end stage renal disease (ESRD), the latter group requiring dialysis. Hypertension and circulatory congestion were the commonest clinical cardiovascular findings in patients with CRF. The patients with ESRD had significantly higher blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine than the ones with stable CRF. Echocardiographically right ventricular size, left atrial size, aortic root diameter, left ventricular internal diameters, left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes, stroke volume, cardiac output, left ventricular posterior wall and interventricular septal thickness, ejection time and mitral and aortic peak flow rates were significantly higher in patients with CRF than in controls. In contrast, the circumferential fibre shortening and the ejection fraction were reduced in patients with CRF. Global left ventricular dysfunction was found in 47.8% of the patients. Using doppler flow studies, valvular incompetence was detected in a number of patients, mitral regurgitation being found in 84%.76% of the patients with CRF had varying degrees of pericardial effusion. The echocardiographic abnormalities and the pericardial effusions responded six weeks of haemodialysis in a variable manner. |
35 | 1993 | McLigeyo S.O.: Muscle Cramps During Prednisolone Treatment. Bri. Med. J. 307: 802-803, 1993. Click to View Abstract
In a six month period at the Kenyatta National Hospital, 46 patients (30 males) with chronic renal failure (CRF) and 22 healthy subjects have had a clinical and echocardiographic study of their cardiovascular systems. The patients with CRF were further classified as stable or in end stage renal disease (ESRD), the latter group requiring dialysis. Hypertension and circulatory congestion were the commonest clinical cardiovascular findings in patients with CRF. The patients with ESRD had significantly higher blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine than the ones with stable CRF. Echocardiographically right ventricular size, left atrial size, aortic root diameter, left ventricular internal diameters, left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes, stroke volume, cardiac output, left ventricular posterior wall and interventricular septal thickness, ejection time and mitral and aortic peak flow rates were significantly higher in patients with CRF than in controls. In contrast, the circumferential fibre shortening and the ejection fraction were reduced in patients with CRF. Global left ventricular dysfunction was found in 47.8% of the patients. Using doppler flow studies, valvular incompetence was detected in a number of patients, mitral regurgitation being found in 84%.76% of the patients with CRF had varying degrees of pericardial effusion. The echocardiographic abnormalities and the pericardial effusions responded six weeks of haemodialysis in a variable manner. |
36 | 1993 | Mathenge RN, McLigeyo SO, Muita AK, Otieno LS.The Spectrum Of Echocardiographic Findings In Chronic Renal Failure. East Afr Med J. 1993 Feb;70(2):107-11. Click to View Abstract
In a six month period at the Kenyatta National Hospital, 46 patients (30 males) with chronic renal failure (CRF) and 22 healthy subjects have had a clinical and echocardiographic study of their cardiovascular systems. The patients with CRF were further classified as stable or in end stage renal disease (ESRD), the latter group requiring dialysis. Hypertension and circulatory congestion were the commonest clinical cardiovascular findings in patients with CRF. The patients with ESRD had significantly higher blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine than the ones with stable CRF. Echocardiographically right ventricular size, left atrial size, aortic root diameter, left ventricular internal diameters, left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes, stroke volume, cardiac output, left ventricular posterior wall and interventricular septal thickness, ejection time and mitral and aortic peak flow rates were significantly higher in patients with CRF than in controls. In contrast, the circumferential fibre shortening and the ejection fraction were reduced in patients with CRF. Global left ventricular dysfunction was found in 47.8% of the patients. Using doppler flow studies, valvular incompetence was detected in a number of patients, mitral regurgitation being found in 84%.76% of the patients with CRF had varying degrees of pericardial effusion. The echocardiographic abnormalities and the pericardial effusions responded six weeks of haemodialysis in a variable manner. |
37 | 1993 | Otieno MR, McLigeyo SO, Kigondu CS, Rogo KO.Menstrual Disorders In Patients With Chronic Renal Failure. East Afr Med J. 1993 Jan;70(1):6-9. Click to View Abstract
Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF. |
38 | 1993 | McLigeyo SO.The Pattern Of Geriatric Admissions In The Medical Wards At The Kenyatta National Hospital. East Afr Med J. 1993 Jan;70(1):37-9. Click to View Abstract
In a one year period (March 1990 to March 1991) the pattern of diseases in geriatric patients (over 60 years of age) admitted to the medical wards at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) was studied. In all, there were 1296 patients (M:F = 1.7:1) in this age group forming 11.5% of all admissions during the study period. 1008 (77.8%) of the geriatric patients were between 60 and 79 years of age. Most of the admissions (86.4%) were first admissions. The mean number of diseases per geriatric patient was 1.4. Hypertension and Cardiomyopathy were the commonest single diseases recorded, making up 43.9% of all diseases in this patient population. The commonest neurological diagnosis was stroke, which occurred in a setting of hypertension or cardiomyopathy in all the patients in whom it was diagnosed. The mean duration (+/- 2SD) of stay in the hospital in this patient population was 43 (+/- 19) days. Eighty eight (6.8%) of the patients died, the commonest cause of death being heart failure due to cardiomyopathy or hypertensive heart disease. It is concluded that geriatric patients form a sizeable proportion of our medical admissions and that a large proportion suffer from diseases of the cardiovascular system. It is thus recommended that further studies be carried out on the pattern of diseases in such patients and optimal management strategies for their ailments be outlined. |
39 | 1993 | McLigeyo SO.Symptomatic Treatment Of Nephrotic Syndrome. East Afr Med J. 1993 Jan;70(1):1-2. No Abstract Available. Click to View Abstract
In a one year period (March 1990 to March 1991) the pattern of diseases in geriatric patients (over 60 years of age) admitted to the medical wards at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) was studied. In all, there were 1296 patients (M:F = 1.7:1) in this age group forming 11.5% of all admissions during the study period. 1008 (77.8%) of the geriatric patients were between 60 and 79 years of age. Most of the admissions (86.4%) were first admissions. The mean number of diseases per geriatric patient was 1.4. Hypertension and Cardiomyopathy were the commonest single diseases recorded, making up 43.9% of all diseases in this patient population. The commonest neurological diagnosis was stroke, which occurred in a setting of hypertension or cardiomyopathy in all the patients in whom it was diagnosed. The mean duration (+/- 2SD) of stay in the hospital in this patient population was 43 (+/- 19) days. Eighty eight (6.8%) of the patients died, the commonest cause of death being heart failure due to cardiomyopathy or hypertensive heart disease. It is concluded that geriatric patients form a sizeable proportion of our medical admissions and that a large proportion suffer from diseases of the cardiovascular system. It is thus recommended that further studies be carried out on the pattern of diseases in such patients and optimal management strategies for their ailments be outlined. |
40 | 1993 | Githinji, C.W And Kokwaro, J.O., 1993. Ethnomedicinal Study Of Major Species In The Family Labiatae From Kenya, Journal Of Ethnopharmacology, 39:197-203. Click to View Abstract
ABSTRACT The family Labiatae, commonly called the mint family, is one of the flowering group of plants that has been found to have great medicinal potential. In this study, at least twenty-eight (28) indigenous species which are popular among Kenyan herbalists have been collected from the Rift Valley and central parts of Kenya. Preliminary chemical analysis of the Ocimum genus has revealed several different components of essential oils. There is evidence that further and more intensive research on the medicinal aspects of the family is called for. |
41 | 1993 | Mulei, C.M., Mutiga, E.R. And Gitau, G.K. (1993). Retained Fetal Membranes In Cattle: Relationship Between Bacterial Isolates, Blood Picture And Systemic Involvement. Click to View Abstract
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42 | 1993 | Mulei, C. M. And Gitau, G.K. (1993). Antibiotic Sensitivity Of Aerobic Bacterial Organisms Isolated From Cows With Post-partum Vaginal Discharges And Their Implication In Therapy Of Uterine Infections In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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43 | 1993 | Maina, A. K. And Mulei, C.M. (1993). The Prevalence Of Udder And Teat Lesions In Dairy Cows In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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44 | 1993 | Maina, A. K. And Mulei, C.M. (1993). The Prevalence Of Udder And Teat Lesions In Dairy Cows In Kenya. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. 41: 161-162.Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. 41: 161-162. Click to View Abstract
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45 | 1993 | Mulei, C. M. And Gitau, G.K. (1993). Antibiotic Sensitivity Of Aerobic Bacterial Organisms Isolated From Cows With Post-partum Vaginal Discharges And Their Implication In Therapy Of Uterine Infections In Kenya. Indian Vet. J. 70:999-1002 Click to View Abstract
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46 | 1993 | Mulei, C.M., Mutiga, E.R. And Gitau, G.K. (1993). Retained Fetal Membranes In Cattle: Relationship Between Bacterial Isolates, Blood Picture And Systemic Involvement. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 63 (3): 235-238. Click to View Abstract
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47 | 1993 | Bwanga, C.O. Articial Insemination In Pigs. Click to View Abstract
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48 | 1993 | Development And The Environment In Africa: Policy Initiatives (Nairobi: ACTS Press, Ecopolicy Series No. 5, 1993. Click to View Abstract
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49 | 1993 | Lomo PO, Makawiti DW, Konji VN.Respiratory Activity Of Isolated Liver Mitochondria Following Trypanosoma Congolense Infection In Rabbits: The Role Of Thyroxine. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1993 Jan;104(1):187-91. Click to View Abstract
The effect of trypanosome infection on rabbit liver mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was investigated, with and without thyroxine replacement. 2. State 3 respiration, respiratory control ratio (RCR) and ADP/O ratio were significantly reduced in mitochondria from trypanosome-infected animals whereas there was no change in state 4 respiration. 3. State 3 respiration, RCR and ADP/O ratio were not significantly altered in trypanosome-infected animals given thyroxine replacement therapy. 4. Trypanosome infection leads to impairment of mitochondrial integrity, apparently through lowered thyroxine levels. Replacement of thyroxine therefore sustains optimal mitochondrial respiratory activity. |
50 | 1993 | Marenya, M.O., Kaumbutho, P.G., Mutuli, D.A. And Kamau J.N. (1993) Simulation Of The Materials Handling Systems In A Sugarcane Mill Yard - A Case Study . Paper Accepted For Publication In The AMA Journal. Click to View Abstract
A description is given of a novel liquid phase immunoassay for the measurement of testosterone in peripheral venous plasma from men and women. The procedure involves: (i) competitive binding of the analyte and tritiated antigen to specific antibodies; (ii) enzymatic conjugation of the free ligand with glucuronic acid; and (iii) separation of the antibody-bound and free ligand by partition of the reactants into an organic and aqueous phase. The technique has been called ligand differentiation immunoassay (LIDIA). The mean sensitivity was 5 pg/tube (equivalent to 0.35 nmol/l female plasma; 0.87 nmol/l male plasma). The mean reagent blank (+/- SD) was 0.24 (0.12) nmol/l female plasma; 0.61 (0.30) nmol/l male plasma. A precision profile gave values less than 50%; the within batch variation was less than 8.3% and the between batch variation over three months was 12.3%. An accuracy profile between the second and penultimate points on the calibration curve gave values between 77 and 103%. The correlation coefficient 'r' between LIDIA and a heterogeneous radioimmunoassay was 0.92 when applied to plasma from men and 0.95 to samples from women.
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51 | 1993 | Ogoyi, DO., Osir, EO. And Ochanda, JO. (1993). Isolation And Characterization Of Lipophorin From The Larval Stalk Borer, Busseola Fusca. Purification And Properties. Insect Sci. Applic. 14(2), 167-172. Click to View Abstract
Separation of midgut membrane proteins from the tick, Ambylomma variegatum, using a nonionic detergent (Triton X-114), resulted in two protein fractions, namely DET (detergent) and AQ (aqueous). In immunoblotting analysis with polyclonal antibodies against these fractions, 4 proteins (Mr approximately 27,000, 67,000, 86,000 and 95,000,) and 2 proteins (M, approximately 54,000 and 67,000) were detected in the DET and AQ fractions, respectively. Three of the DET fraction proteins Mr approximately 27,000, 67,000 and 95,000 were glycosylated since they bound to the lectin, concanavalin A. In 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the AQ and DET fraction proteins were found to be acidic in nature. In a series of bioassay experiments, rabbits were first immunised with both DET and AQ fractions and then infested with ticks. The egg batch weights of these ticks were reduced by 50% compared to control ticks. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the hatchability of eggs laid by ticks fed on rabbits previously immunised with both DET (14%) and AQ (33%) fractions. Based on the egg hatchability, the reproductive capacity of ticks was reduced by 77 and 48% by DET and AQ fractions, respectively. |
52 | 1993 | Ongore D., 1993. Risk Factors For Infection And Disease With The Malaria Parasite In Children Living In An Area Of Intense And Perennial Transmission. PhD Thesis University Of Liverpool. Click to View Abstract
BACKGROUND: Reports of osteopaenia/rickets of prematurity are on the increase due to improved survival rates of low birthweight infants. OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence of rickets of prematurity by the age of six months in premature infants born at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Newborn unit and paediatric outpatient follow up clinic of Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Successive surviving infants of birthweight less than 2000 g residents in Nairobi. RESULTS: Incidence of rickets of prematurity by six months of age was 58.8%. Rickets appeared more commonly in male infants compared to female infants. CONCLUSION: Rickets of prematurity is a common problem in the premature infants seen at Kenyatta National Hospital. Routine vitamin D supplements to premature infants in adequate doses of at least 400iu per day should be adopted in our centre. |
53 | 1993 | Oxidation Of Ascorbic Acid On A Polyaniline Derivatized Electrode. Click to View Abstract
A study of malaria on the Kano Plain, Kisumu District, Western Kenya, was carried out between April and August, 1985. The study included a knowledge, attitudes and practices (K.A.P.) survey on malaria illness and the mosquito vector. Overall knowledge about malaria illness was found to be good. However, treatment and prevention practices of malaria were found to be poor. Knowledge of the mosquito and its relationship to malaria was found to be high. Knowledge of methods of prevention of mosquito bites was also found to be high but actual use of the methods was low. Knowledge of traditional methods of prevention of mosquito bites was also found to be high. Actual use was again found to be low. |
54 | 1993 | Mirie W., Et Al. A Study Of Knowledge Attitudes And Practices Of Weaning Of Mothers At Kenyatta National Hospital. Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
55 | 1993 | Mirie W., Et Al. A Study Of Knowledge Attitudes And Practices Breastfeeding Of Health Workers At Kenyatta National Hospital. Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
56 | 1993 | Oludhe, C., Utilisation Of Wind As An Energy Source In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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57 | 1993 | Oludhe, C., Wind Energy Technology In The Sub-Saharan Africa With Special Reference To The Kenyan Region. Click to View Abstract
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58 | 1993 | Ikiara, G. K., Jama, M.A., Amadi J. O. "Agriculture Decline, Politics And Structural Adjustment In Kenya, In Social Change And Economic Reform In Africa, Ed. Peter Gibbon Scandinavian Institute Of African Studies. Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
59 | 1993 | Jama, M.A., Kabubo, J. W. (1993) Factors Influencing The Supply Of Wheat: An Analysis For Kenya 1970-1989 (submitted To East African Economic Review). Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
60 | 1993 | Ethnic Religion: Conflict And Social Changes In Kenya, IN: Dialogue, New York. Click to View Abstract
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61 | 1993 | Shift In Mission: An Ecological Theology In Africa, IN:A. NASIMIYU-Wasike; D.W. Waruta (Eds): Mission In African Christianity, Uzima Press. Click to View Abstract
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62 | 1993 | Ntiba, M.J., Wakwabi, E.O., Mwatha, G. K.; Kimani, E. And Okoth, B.K. Species Composition And Shuttle Movements Of Fish. In Dynamics And Assessment Of Kenyan Mangrove Ecosystems Click to View Abstract
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Macrophytes have been shown to perform important ecological roles in Lake Naivasha. Consequently, various studies regarding the impact of biotic factors on the macrophytes have been advanced but related studies on environmental parameters have lagged behind. In an attempt to address this gap, sampling on floating species and submergents was carried out in eight sampling sites in 2003 to investigate how they were influenced by a set of environmental factors. Soil texture (sandy sediments; P < 0.05, regression coefficient = - 0.749) and wind were the most important environmental parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of floating macrophytes. Combination of soil texture and lake-bed slope explained the most (86.3%) variation encountered in the submergents. Continuous translocation of the floating dominant water hyacinth to the western parts by wind has led to displacement of the submergents from those areas. In view of these findings, the maintenance and preservation of the steep Crescent Lake basin whose substratum is dominated by sand thus hosting most submergents remain important, if the whole functional purpose of the macrophytes is to be sustained. |
63 | 1993 | Collette A. Suda "Sex Behaviour, Cultural Practices And The Risk Of HIV/AIDS In South Nyanza District, Kenya". Click to View Abstract
Poverty, rapid urbanization, population growth rate, family instability and the declining role of the extended family system are among the key factors responsible for the prevalence of child abuse and neglect in Nairobi. In this state of flux, cases of children who have been battered, abandoned, abused and neglected by their families or displaced as a result of armed conflict in the region have increased at an astounding pace over the past several years. One out of every three children from poor urban families in Kenya is regularly battered or subjected to other forms of maltreatment by a parent or other family members, the public and the authorities. Basically, there are two levels of abuse and neglect. There is abuse and neglect which children experience at home and which drives them onto the streets. There is also abuse and neglect which street children endure while on the streets. This paper discusses some of the ways in which abuse and neglect affect the lives of street children and families. It also highlights the difficulties which they endure while on the street. |
64 | 1993 | Collette A. Suda "Labour And Land Use Patterns In Small Scale Farms In Siaya And Kakamega Districts": Correlates And Determinants Of Farm Labour Supply. Kenya Journal Of Sciences. Series C: Social Sciences. Vol. 3. Pp. 19-34. Click to View Abstract
Poverty, rapid urbanization, population growth rate, family instability and the declining role of the extended family system are among the key factors responsible for the prevalence of child abuse and neglect in Nairobi. In this state of flux, cases of children who have been battered, abandoned, abused and neglected by their families or displaced as a result of armed conflict in the region have increased at an astounding pace over the past several years. One out of every three children from poor urban families in Kenya is regularly battered or subjected to other forms of maltreatment by a parent or other family members, the public and the authorities. Basically, there are two levels of abuse and neglect. There is abuse and neglect which children experience at home and which drives them onto the streets. There is also abuse and neglect which street children endure while on the streets. This paper discusses some of the ways in which abuse and neglect affect the lives of street children and families. It also highlights the difficulties which they endure while on the street. |
65 | 1993 | The Impact Of Changing Family Structures On Nairobi Children Click to View Abstract
Family life in Nairobi has undergone some major transformation in the recent past as a result of the changes in the wider socio-cultural-economic systems. This transformation has had adverse consequences for children who depend primarily or solely on one parent for care, protection and livelihood. This paper examines such changes in the specific salient features of the family system in Kenya and discusses the implications for the well-being of urban children, particularly those living in difficult and deprived circumstances in the slums of Nairobi. What emerges from the analyses is a situation in which changes in the structure and function of the family unit have generated conflicting conceptions of mutual kinship obligation. Such trends have led to the erosion of vital social support systems in the family and community and worsened the condition of many Nairobi children from poor families. The slowing economic growth and deteriorating social infrastructure have also heightened the level of deprivation and marginalization of the urban poor, particularly the children. |
66 | 1993 | Onyango, D. W., Oduor-Okelo, D & Otiang Click to View Abstract
Isolated mouse interstitial cells were incubated with different concentrations of khat (Catha edulis) extract (0.06 mg/ml, 0.6 mg/ml. 6 mg/ml. 30 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml) and cell viability as well as testosterone concentration measured at 30 min intervals over a 3 h incubation period. High concentrations of khat extract (30 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml) significantly inhibited testosterone production while low concentrations (0.06 mg/ml. 0.6 mg/ml and 6 mg/ml) significantly stimulated (P < 0.05) testosterone production by mouse interstitial cells. Similarly, at concentrations of 30 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml, there was a significant decrease in interstitial cell viability, whereas at 0.06 mg/ml, 0.6 mg/ml and 6 mg/ml there was no significant decrease. There was only a weak correlation (r= 0.39) between testosterone production and viable interstitial cells. We postulate that khat extract at high concentrations may cause reproductive function impairment in the user but at low concentrations. may enhance testosterone production with accompanying effects on reproductive functions in male mice. @2006 Publishedby Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Kel'lVords: In dtro; Khat; Testosterone; Interstitial cells; Mouse
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67 | 1993 | Mbuthia P.G.; Karaba W.; Kuria J.K.N.; And Kagunya D.K.J. (1993).Sarcosporidia In Domestic Chicken In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
The book is a biography of the author. He begins with fundamenbtal question whether we can determine our destiny or we are just fulfiling what has already been ordained. He then explains how he has grown over the yeas experiencing changes. |
68 | 1993 | Mbuthia P.G. And Kagunya D.K.J. (1993). Fish Diseases Investigation And Control In Aquaculture Ponds In Kenya Click to View Abstract
The book is a biography of the author. He begins with fundamenbtal question whether we can determine our destiny or we are just fulfiling what has already been ordained. He then explains how he has grown over the yeas experiencing changes. |
69 | 1993 | Mbuthia P.G.; Karaba W.; Kuria J.K.N.; And Kagunya D.K.J. (1993). Sarcosporidia In Domestic Chicken In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
The book is a biography of the author. He begins with fundamenbtal question whether we can determine our destiny or we are just fulfiling what has already been ordained. He then explains how he has grown over the yeas experiencing changes. |
70 | 1993 | Macro And Trace Element Composition Of Forages In Western Kenya: Implications For Sheep And Cattle Health And Production. Click to View Abstract
ABSTRACT
In a preliminary study, 135 samples of mature forages from 84 livestock farms (farm size 10 • 6000 acres) in Bungoma and Trans Nzoia districts were assessed for both macro (Co, S, Mg and P) and trace elements (Co, Cu, Se, Mo, Zn, Fe and Mn) using a variety of chemical techniques. Mean concentrations of these elements were low compared with surveys in other tropical countries. Comparison with recent estimates of the mineral requirements of cattle and sheep indicated that 70 -98 % of the forages were deficient in Co, P and Cu. Several pastures contained less Mg, S, Zn andSe than ruminants are thought to require but deficiencies of Co, Mn and Fe were rare. Re-assessment of the data for Cu availability using two derived prediction equations, one for hay: Cu (%DM)=8.9 -0.7logtMo - 2.61logc S and the other for grass: Cu (%DM) = 5.72 - 1.2975 • 2.785hgf Mo + 0.227 Mo X S showed that forage Mo and S rarely reached concentrations high enough to be antagonistic to Cu. However, Fe concentrations were sufficiently high to implicate this element as an independent Cu antagonist. Since forage mineral deficits are not synonymous with constraints upon livestock production, the possibility of such constraints should be further investigated, first through blood analysis and then by supplementation trials with grazing animals beginning with Cu.
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71 | 1993 | Botanical Composition Has A Greater Influence On Mineral Concentrations In Dry Season Pastures In W. Kenya Than Either Soil Origin Or Composition. Click to View Abstract
The prediction of mineral deficiencies in grazing livestock requires good correlations between convenient markers of mineral status and animal health or productivity. Correlations are likely to become weaker in moving from animal to pasture to soil in pursuit of a predictor because of the many factors which influence mineral uptake at each interface. However, soils are the easiest to characterize and correlations might be improved by removing the effects of known sources of variation. The influence of botanical (pasture species), geographical (altitude) and pedological (bedrock type, soil pH and extractable mineral concentration) factors on mineral concentrations in dry season pasture was therefore assessed. Samples of topsoil and herbage were gathered from 135 sites on 84 farms in the Mt Elgon region of W. Kenya between January and March, 1987. The underlying parent bedrock was determined from 1:125,000 Geological survey maps and altitude from topographical maps. Botanical composition of the pasture sample was recorded. Soil pH and total (Se) or extractable (not Se) mineral concentrations were determined by standard methods as were total mineral concentrations in unwashed herbage. Distribution of principle botanical species and all bedrock types amongst the sample sites are indicated in Tables 1 and 2 respectively, together with the analytical results. Statistical analysis used a residual maximum likelihood (REML) model for unbalanced data sets.
Pasture concentrations of Ca, P and Cu were generally below the requirement of ruminants, Zn and Se were marginal while Co, Fe and Mn were adequate. Soil bedrock had little influence on herbage composition. Of the four macro-elements, only S was affected by geology, low values being found above TV and MS bedrock. By contrast, only P was not affected by species, Ss being low and PC usually high in macro minerals. Of the seven trace elements analysed, geology influenced only one (Cu); low values were again found above TV and Mfi but Cu availability to grazing ruminants would be relatively high because of the associated low S values. By contrast, only Se was unaffected by species, PC being rich in all but Mn. Soil bedrock had a greater influence on soil composition but correlations between soil and herbage usually accounted for less than 10% of the variation in pasture composition (max r value 0.5 for P): correlations within species were equally poor. The influence of species on herbage Co disappeared if herbage Fe was used as a covariate, suggesting that contamination by soil Co varied between species: however, the correlation with soil Co remained weak. Soil pH was generally low and its use as a covariate did little to improve soil/plant relationships. Herbage Cu increased and Se decreased in curvilinear relationships with altitude.
Mineral deficiencies were therefore likely to occur in grazing livestock, risk being influenced by botanical and topographical but not pedological factors.
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72 | 1993 | Urban Self-employemnt In Kenya: Panacea Or Viable Strategy?. Click to View Abstract
JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
73 | 1993 | Economic Systems In Africa, In Tukumboth, A. (ed). A Christian Mind In A Changing Africa, AEAM, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
74 | 1993 | Agricultural Decline, Politics And Structural Adjustment In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
75 | 1993 | An Integrated Policy Approach To Youth Employemnt In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
76 | 1993 | Background Economic Issues In The Re-Introduction Of Multiparty Politics In Kenya Click to View Abstract
JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
77 | 1993 | Africa-USA Trade. Click to View Abstract
JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
78 | 1993 | Corruption In Kenya: A Review Of Literature. Click to View Abstract
JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
79 | 1993 | Private Domestic Investment In Industry In Least Developed Countries. Click to View Abstract
JASPA Working Paper, ILO, Addis Ababa |
80 | 1993 | MWANGI, I.K. (1993) Urban Planning In Developing Countries: The Case Of Kenya. Nairobi: ACTS. Research Memorandum No.5. Click to View Abstract
Vertex epidural haematomas (VEDH) are rare and difficulties are encountered in diagnosis and management. This is a case report of a patient with a vertex epidural haematoma who presented with signs of severe head injury with upper limb decerebrate posture. We discuss the challenges of radiological investigation and neurosurgical management of VEDH. |
81 | 1993 | Hydrogeology And Hydrochemistry Of The Groundwater Resources Of The Floor Of The Rift Valley, Nakuru North, Kenya. In Opiyo-Aketch (Editor): Click to View Abstract
n/a |
82 | 1993 | A Re-evaluation Of The Geology And Tectonics Of The Granitoid Plutons Around Kakamega Town, Western Kenya. Click to View Abstract
n/a |
83 | 1993 | The Late Proterozoic Yatta Shear Zone: A Possible Lateral Ramp Extending Across The Kenya Rift. Click to View Abstract
n/a |
84 | 1993 | Geosciences And The Environment, Click to View Abstract
n/a |
85 | 1993 | K. Wa Gachigi, U. Kumar And J.P. Dougherty, "Grain Size Effects In Barium Titanate", Ferroelectrics, Vol. 143, Pp.229-238, 1993 Click to View Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence and pattern of eye diseases and visual
impairment in the Nairobi Comprehensive Eye Care Services (NCES) Project; the
catchment area of the Mbagathi District Eye Unit of Nairobi.
Design: Community based survey conducted from October 15th to 31st 2007
Setting: Kibera and Dagoreti divisions of Nairobi City
Subjects: 4200 people of all ages were randomly selected; 4056 were examined
(96.6% response rate). 122 (2.9%) were not available and 15 (0.4%) declined
to be examined.
Results: Females: 54.2%, Males: 45.8%. Mean age; 22.4 years, SD; 16.5. Only
241(5.9%) aged >50years old. The leading eye disorders in Kibera and Dagoretti
divisions are conjunctival disorders including allergic conjunctivitis and conjunctival
growths. This was found to affect 7.6% of the subjects. This was followed by
refractive errors found in 5.3% of the subjects. Cataract was found in 30 subjects
(0.7%). Disorders of the retina and the optic nerve were found in 1.1% of the
subjects and corneal disorders in 0.5%. The prevalence of visual impairment was
0.6%, severe visual impairment was 0.05% and blindness was 0.1%. This indicates
that most of the ocular disorders encountered were not visually threatening. The
main cause of visual impairment is refractive errors and the causes of severe visual
impairment and blindness are cataract, corneal opacity and glaucoma.
Conclusion: The population of the NCES is relatively young and the prevalence of
blindness and visual impairment is low. The main cause of visual impairment was
refractive errors and the causes of severe visual impairment and blindness were
cataract, corneal opacity and glaucoma.
Recommendations: The level of blindness in NCES is low and the project should
focus more on rendering eye care and not treatment of blindness. There is need to
address the issue of refractive errors as this was one of the main ocular problems
encountered. In this survey, it was not possible to perform detailed refraction and
hence it was recommend that a refractive error survey be conducted; especially
in school going children. |
86 | 1993 | P. W. N. KANYARI (1993). The Relationship Between Coccidial And Helminth Infections In Sheep And Goats In Kenya". Veterinary Parasitology, 51: 137 - 141 Click to View Abstract
Eimeria christenseni and Eimeria arloingi were used separately to infect one month-old goat kids which were then killed 34 days post-infection. Their small intestines contained small nodular lesions made of several endogenous stages mainly macrogametocytes and macrogametes. Electron microscope studies of macrogametocytes revealed a prominent central nucleus and nucleolus. Other cellular components were mitochondria, wall forming bodies(WFB) type 1( homogenous) and type 2(reticular). Polysaccharide granules of E.christenseni had a chain like arrangement in the young cells, and increased dramatically with maturation of the macrogemetes to become the main cytoplasmic component along with the WFB. Type 1 WFB were peripheral while type 2 were more central but in E.christeseni macrogametes, some type 2 WFB appeared to give rise to membranous vesicles at the areas of wall formation.. The macrogamete nucleus was small and usually indented with polysaccharide granules and reticular bodies, named nuclear derived bodies(NBD), arising from the perinuclear regions. Within the periparasitic areas of both species, membranous/dark bodies were seen. E. arloingi had a large and well defined parasitophorous vacuole(PV), within which an inner lighter, and outer layer with dark granules were found. Both species had some poorly developed intravacuolar tubes(IVT), which occurred at certain points in the case of E.arloingi, while in E.christenseni, they had a diffuse distribution |
87 | 1993 | P. W. N. KANYARI, W. K. MUNYUA, And J. W. NGOTHO (1993). Toxocara Vitulorum Infections In Cattle In Kajiado District, Kenya". Click to View Abstract
Eimeria christenseni and Eimeria arloingi were used separately to infect one month-old goat kids which were then killed 34 days post-infection. Their small intestines contained small nodular lesions made of several endogenous stages mainly macrogametocytes and macrogametes. Electron microscope studies of macrogametocytes revealed a prominent central nucleus and nucleolus. Other cellular components were mitochondria, wall forming bodies(WFB) type 1( homogenous) and type 2(reticular). Polysaccharide granules of E.christenseni had a chain like arrangement in the young cells, and increased dramatically with maturation of the macrogemetes to become the main cytoplasmic component along with the WFB. Type 1 WFB were peripheral while type 2 were more central but in E.christeseni macrogametes, some type 2 WFB appeared to give rise to membranous vesicles at the areas of wall formation.. The macrogamete nucleus was small and usually indented with polysaccharide granules and reticular bodies, named nuclear derived bodies(NBD), arising from the perinuclear regions. Within the periparasitic areas of both species, membranous/dark bodies were seen. E. arloingi had a large and well defined parasitophorous vacuole(PV), within which an inner lighter, and outer layer with dark granules were found. Both species had some poorly developed intravacuolar tubes(IVT), which occurred at certain points in the case of E.arloingi, while in E.christenseni, they had a diffuse distribution |
88 | 1993 | S. M. GITHIGIA, W. K. MUNYUA, P.W. N. KANYARI (1993). " Prevalence Of Coccidiosis In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Eimeria christenseni and Eimeria arloingi were used separately to infect one month-old goat kids which were then killed 34 days post-infection. Their small intestines contained small nodular lesions made of several endogenous stages mainly macrogametocytes and macrogametes. Electron microscope studies of macrogametocytes revealed a prominent central nucleus and nucleolus. Other cellular components were mitochondria, wall forming bodies(WFB) type 1( homogenous) and type 2(reticular). Polysaccharide granules of E.christenseni had a chain like arrangement in the young cells, and increased dramatically with maturation of the macrogemetes to become the main cytoplasmic component along with the WFB. Type 1 WFB were peripheral while type 2 were more central but in E.christeseni macrogametes, some type 2 WFB appeared to give rise to membranous vesicles at the areas of wall formation.. The macrogamete nucleus was small and usually indented with polysaccharide granules and reticular bodies, named nuclear derived bodies(NBD), arising from the perinuclear regions. Within the periparasitic areas of both species, membranous/dark bodies were seen. E. arloingi had a large and well defined parasitophorous vacuole(PV), within which an inner lighter, and outer layer with dark granules were found. Both species had some poorly developed intravacuolar tubes(IVT), which occurred at certain points in the case of E.arloingi, while in E.christenseni, they had a diffuse distribution |
89 | 1993 | Towards An Active Inviolvement Of The Private Sector For Higher Efficiency In The Provision Of Water In Towns. Options For Kenya- A Paper Presented In The Sixth International Conference On Rainwater Catchment System At UNEP Headquarters, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
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90 | 1993 | Contributor In The Environmental Group In The Report And Recommendations Of The National City Convention "The Nairobi We Want" 27th - 29th July, 1993. Click to View Abstract
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91 | 1993 | Towards An Active Involment Of The Private Sector For Higher Efficiency In Thep Rovision Of Water In Towns. Optins For Kenya - A Paper Presented In The Sixth International Conference On Rainwater Cathcment System At UNEP Headquarters, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
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92 | 1993 | Contributor In The Environmental Group In The Report And Recommendations Fo The National City Convention "The Nairobi We Want" Now Published As "Actions Towards A Better Nairobi" 27th - 29th July, 1993. Click to View Abstract
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93 | 1993 | Youth Forum. A Magazine For Young People Click to View Abstract
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Macrophytes have been shown to perform important ecological roles in Lake Naivasha. Consequently, various studies regarding the impact of biotic factors on the macrophytes have been advanced but related studies on environmental parameters have lagged behind. In an attempt to address this gap, sampling on floating species and submergents was carried out in eight sampling sites in 2003 to investigate how they were influenced by a set of environmental factors. Soil texture (sandy sediments; P < 0.05, regression coefficient = - 0.749) and wind were the most important environmental parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of floating macrophytes. Combination of soil texture and lake-bed slope explained the most (86.3%) variation encountered in the submergents. Continuous translocation of the floating dominant water hyacinth to the western parts by wind has led to displacement of the submergents from those areas. In view of these findings, the maintenance and preservation of the steep Crescent Lake basin whose substratum is dominated by sand thus hosting most submergents remain important, if the whole functional purpose of the macrophytes is to be sustained. |
94 | 1993 | A Case Study Analysis On The Effectiveness Of Mathematical Modeling Click to View Abstract
Jomo Kenyatta Foundation, Nairoi, Kenya.
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95 | 1993 | H. De Kaspar, M. Kollmann, V. Klauss: Endophthalmitis. The Significance Of Microbiological Investigations For Therapy And Prognosis. Der Ophthalmologe 6 (1993) Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and pattern of conjuctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in patients with HIV infection. DESIGN: A hospital based cross sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and Kikuyu Eye Unit (KEU) during the period November 2003 and May 2004. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients. RESULTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients aged 25 to 53 years were screened. Male to Female ratio was 1:1. One hundred and three had conjunctival growths. Thirty two had histologically proven conjunctiva squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Estimated prevalence of CSCC among HIV positive patients was 7.8%. The average duration of growth of the conjunctival masses was 21.8 months. The average size of the lesions at the time of presentation was 6.6 mm. Twenty two (68.8%) patients had primary CSCC, while ten (31.2%) had recurrent lesions. The pattern of the histopathology results was: fifteen (46.9%) patients had poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; nine (28%) had moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; five patients (15.6%) had CIN; two patients (6.3%) had dysplasia and one patient (3.1%) had a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CSCC in HIV/AIDS patients was 7.8%. Patients present late with advanced lesions. Recurrence rates from previous surgery are high. The often uncharacteristic complaints and findings on presentation complicate the clinical diagnosis. Active search for early manifestations of CSCC in HIV / AIDS patients, complete surgical excision and close follow up is necessary. Alternative treatment methods and techniques like the topical use of antimetabolites should be explored further. |
96 | 1993 | K. H. M. Kollmann, H. De Kaspar, A. Scheider, J. Nasemann, V. Klauss Endogenous Endophthalmitis: Infectious Agents And Clinical Course. German Journal Of Ophthalmology 2 (1993) Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and pattern of conjuctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in patients with HIV infection. DESIGN: A hospital based cross sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and Kikuyu Eye Unit (KEU) during the period November 2003 and May 2004. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients. RESULTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients aged 25 to 53 years were screened. Male to Female ratio was 1:1. One hundred and three had conjunctival growths. Thirty two had histologically proven conjunctiva squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Estimated prevalence of CSCC among HIV positive patients was 7.8%. The average duration of growth of the conjunctival masses was 21.8 months. The average size of the lesions at the time of presentation was 6.6 mm. Twenty two (68.8%) patients had primary CSCC, while ten (31.2%) had recurrent lesions. The pattern of the histopathology results was: fifteen (46.9%) patients had poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; nine (28%) had moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; five patients (15.6%) had CIN; two patients (6.3%) had dysplasia and one patient (3.1%) had a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CSCC in HIV/AIDS patients was 7.8%. Patients present late with advanced lesions. Recurrence rates from previous surgery are high. The often uncharacteristic complaints and findings on presentation complicate the clinical diagnosis. Active search for early manifestations of CSCC in HIV / AIDS patients, complete surgical excision and close follow up is necessary. Alternative treatment methods and techniques like the topical use of antimetabolites should be explored further. |
97 | 1993 | Fifty Years Of Archaeological Research Click to View Abstract
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98 | 1993 | Akama M.K., Chindia M.L., And Ndung'u F.l.: Occurrence And Pattern Of Mandibular Fractures At Kisii District Hospital, Kenya. East African Medical Journal. 70: 732-733, 1993. Click to View Abstract
The report revisits the role of alcohol in the treatment of paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgia (PTN). The study included 6 patients, 3 male and 3 female, average age 50 years. In 3 cases PTN involved both the infraorbital and mental nerves; in 2 cases the infraorbital alone while one case had buccal branch involvement. In each case 2mls standard Lignocaine was infiltrated at each site followed by 2mls 60% sterile alcohol. All patients reported swelling postoperatively. One case with mental and infraorbital nerve involvement complained of oral dysaesthesia. Another patient with similar involvement failed to respond and developed trismus. Responders remained pain-free for 9 months on average. While paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgia (PTN) has been recognised for centuries, the aetiology and definitive treatment remain obscure. Since this is a debilitating condition, management should aim at improving the quality of life. Alcohol is available, affordable and offers useful results where medical resources provide limited PTN treatment modalities. |
99 | 1993 | Chindia ML, Awange DO, Guthua SW, Mwaniki DL. Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck's Disease) In Three Kenyan Girls: Case Reports. East Afr Med J. 1993 Sep;70(9):595-6. Click to View Abstract
We report the first three patients diagnosed with focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease) in Kenya. Clinically they presented as focal or diffuse papillomatous lesions in the oral mucosa. Histopathological features rule out other similar lesions inter alia multiple fibro-epithelial and viral warts.
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100 | 1993 | " Computerization And The Efficiency Of The Nairobi Stock Exchange", A Conference Paper In Social Implications Of Computers In Developing Countries (1993), Published By Vedams Books International Click to View Abstract
Asiatic acid (AA) is a pentacyclic triterpene found in Centella asiatica. In the present study, the mechanism of anticancer effect of AA on skin cancer was investigated. AA decreased viability and induced apoptosis in human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. AA also markedly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and enhanced the expression of Bax but not Bcl-2 protein in the cells. In addition, AA-induced activation of caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with Trolox, an antioxidant, significantly blocked the induction of Bax and activation of caspase-3 in AA-treated cells. Furthermore, Ac-DEVD-CHO, a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, and Trolox prevented the AA-induced apoptosis. AA did not elevate p53 nuclear protein levels that are present in a mutant form in SK-MEL-2 cells. These results suggest that AA-induced apoptosis may be mediated through generation of ROS, alteration of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspase-3, but p53-independent. These results further suggest that AA may be a good candidate for the therapeutic intervention of human skin cancer. |
101 | 1993 | Kibico, D. N (1993)Cognitive Construct Complexity As A Function Of Age, Sex, Learning Culture And Mental State. Perspective In Psychological Reserchers Vol. 1 Click to View Abstract
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102 | 1993 | Kibico D.N. (1993)Stress Affecting Foreign Students And Coping Styles The Students Use. Perspective In Psychology Researchers Click to View Abstract
n/a |
103 | 1993 | Mwanthi, M.A. And Kimani, V.N. Agrochemicals Pose Health Risks To Coffee Factory Workers In Githunguri, Kenya. International Journal Of Environmental Health Research, 3:73-81, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Results of four years' studies from a number of hospitals in Kenya have shown that nosocomial infections in burns units are due to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Through chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA, the stain is highly resistant to sulphonamide ointment and other antibiotics. 90% of patients admitted in burns units get colonized or infected with MRSA. The strain prolongs the duration of patients in hospitals. The burns degenerate to second and third degree burns, thereby necessitating skin grafting. The environment has been found to be contaminated with this strain with some staff members having chronic throat infections. Minocycline was found to be effective in treating the infected staff members. Cleaning this environment with Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (precepts)/Sodium hypochlorite (JIK) reduced drastically the mechanical transmission of bacteria in the units. The duration of stay of the patient was reduced. This shows that MRSA which is spread in government and private hospitals can cheaply be controlled by the proper use of disinfectants, antiseptics, and use of effective antibiotics when necessary.
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104 | 1993 | Mwanthi, M.A. And Kimani, V.N. Patterns Of Agrochemical Handling And Community Response In Central Kenya. Journal Of Environmental Health, 55:11-16, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Results of four years' studies from a number of hospitals in Kenya have shown that nosocomial infections in burns units are due to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Through chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA, the stain is highly resistant to sulphonamide ointment and other antibiotics. 90% of patients admitted in burns units get colonized or infected with MRSA. The strain prolongs the duration of patients in hospitals. The burns degenerate to second and third degree burns, thereby necessitating skin grafting. The environment has been found to be contaminated with this strain with some staff members having chronic throat infections. Minocycline was found to be effective in treating the infected staff members. Cleaning this environment with Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (precepts)/Sodium hypochlorite (JIK) reduced drastically the mechanical transmission of bacteria in the units. The duration of stay of the patient was reduced. This shows that MRSA which is spread in government and private hospitals can cheaply be controlled by the proper use of disinfectants, antiseptics, and use of effective antibiotics when necessary.
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105 | 1993 | Mwanthi, M.A. And Kimani, V.N. Agrochemicals Pose Health Risks To Coffee Factory Workers In Githunguri, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Results of four years' studies from a number of hospitals in Kenya have shown that nosocomial infections in burns units are due to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Through chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA, the stain is highly resistant to sulphonamide ointment and other antibiotics. 90% of patients admitted in burns units get colonized or infected with MRSA. The strain prolongs the duration of patients in hospitals. The burns degenerate to second and third degree burns, thereby necessitating skin grafting. The environment has been found to be contaminated with this strain with some staff members having chronic throat infections. Minocycline was found to be effective in treating the infected staff members. Cleaning this environment with Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (precepts)/Sodium hypochlorite (JIK) reduced drastically the mechanical transmission of bacteria in the units. The duration of stay of the patient was reduced. This shows that MRSA which is spread in government and private hospitals can cheaply be controlled by the proper use of disinfectants, antiseptics, and use of effective antibiotics when necessary.
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106 | 1993 | Mwanthi, M.A. And Kimani, V.N. Patterns Of Agrochemical Handling And Community Response In Central Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Results of four years' studies from a number of hospitals in Kenya have shown that nosocomial infections in burns units are due to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Through chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA, the stain is highly resistant to sulphonamide ointment and other antibiotics. 90% of patients admitted in burns units get colonized or infected with MRSA. The strain prolongs the duration of patients in hospitals. The burns degenerate to second and third degree burns, thereby necessitating skin grafting. The environment has been found to be contaminated with this strain with some staff members having chronic throat infections. Minocycline was found to be effective in treating the infected staff members. Cleaning this environment with Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (precepts)/Sodium hypochlorite (JIK) reduced drastically the mechanical transmission of bacteria in the units. The duration of stay of the patient was reduced. This shows that MRSA which is spread in government and private hospitals can cheaply be controlled by the proper use of disinfectants, antiseptics, and use of effective antibiotics when necessary.
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107 | 1993 | Mwanthi, M.A. Emerging Effects Of Industrial Revolution On 29 1993 Health And Environment In Developing Countries. Click to View Abstract
Results of four years' studies from a number of hospitals in Kenya have shown that nosocomial infections in burns units are due to Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Through chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA, the stain is highly resistant to sulphonamide ointment and other antibiotics. 90% of patients admitted in burns units get colonized or infected with MRSA. The strain prolongs the duration of patients in hospitals. The burns degenerate to second and third degree burns, thereby necessitating skin grafting. The environment has been found to be contaminated with this strain with some staff members having chronic throat infections. Minocycline was found to be effective in treating the infected staff members. Cleaning this environment with Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (precepts)/Sodium hypochlorite (JIK) reduced drastically the mechanical transmission of bacteria in the units. The duration of stay of the patient was reduced. This shows that MRSA which is spread in government and private hospitals can cheaply be controlled by the proper use of disinfectants, antiseptics, and use of effective antibiotics when necessary.
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108 | 1993 | Mogoa E.G.M., Mbiuki S.M., (1993):Haematological Effects Of Xylazine Hydrochloride, Ketamine Hydrochloride And Their Combination In Donkeys. Bull. Anim. Hlth.Prod. Afr. 41: 129-131. Click to View Abstract
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109 | 1993 | A. M. ADAM, Subacute Demyelinating Polyneuropathy In Twelve Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositive Patients In Nairobi, Kenya. African Journal Of Neurosciences. 1: 92-92, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Increasing numbers of HIV-infected adults in Africa need hospital care. It remains unclear what impact this has on health care services or on how hospitals respond. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of a rising case load of adult HIV-related disease by comparing results from a prospective cross-sectional study of acute adult medical admissions to a government hospital in Nairobi conducted in 1992 with results from a previous study done in 1988 and 1989 in the same hospital, using the same study design and protocol. Data on age, gender, number admitted, length of stay, HIV status, clinical AIDS, final diagnosis, case mix, and outcome were compared. In 1992, 374 consecutive patients were admitted in 15 24-hour periods (24.9 patients/period) compared with the 1988 to 1989 study, which enrolled 506 patients in 22 24-hour periods (23.0 patients/period). Patients' age, gender, and length of hospital stay were similar in both studies. In 1992, 39% of patients were HIV-positive compared with 19% in 1988 to 1989 (p < 10(-6)); whereas seropositive admissions rose 123% between the two periods (p < .0001), HIV-negative admissions declined 18% (p < .05). Clinical surveillance for AIDS consistently identified <40% of HIV-positive patients. Irrespective of HIV status, tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia were the leading diagnoses in both surveys. No change was found in the diagnoses recorded for HIV-positive patients, but in HIV-negative patients, reductions were significant in the case mix (p < .00001) and range of diagnoses (p < .001) seen in 1992. Outcome remained unchanged for HIV-positive patients with approximately 35% mortality in both surveys. Outcome significantly worsened, in relative and absolute terms, for HIV-negative patients: in 1992, mortality was 23%, compared with 13.9% in 1988 to 1989 (p < .005), with 3.5 deaths per 24-hour period in 1992 compared with 2.6 deaths per 24-hour period in 1988 to 1989 (p < .05, one-tailed). These data suggest that increasing selection for admission is taking place as demand for care increases because of HIV/AIDS. This process appears to favor HIV-positive patients at the expense of HIV-negative patients who seem to be crowded out and, once admitted, experience higher mortality rates. The true social costs of the HIV epidemic are underestimated by not including the effects on HIV-negative people. PIP: The impact of the escalating demand for HIV/AIDS-related care on hospital services in Nairobi, Kenya, was investigated in two prospective cross-sectional studies conducted at Kenyatta National Hospital. Data on age, gender, number of admissions, length of stay, HIV status, clinical AIDS, final diagnosis, case mix, and outcome were compared in a 1988-89 study that enrolled 506 consecutive patients in a total of 22 24-hour periods and in a 1992 study of 374 patients admitted in 15 24-hour periods. 18.7% of hospital patients in 1988-89 were HIV-positive compared with 38.5% in 1992, with a concomitant decline of 18% in the number of HIV-negative admissions. Clinical surveillance for AIDS consistently identified less than 40% of HIV-positive patients. Tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia were the leading diagnoses in both surveys among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. Diagnoses recorded for HIV-positive patients did not change over time; however, among HIV-negative patients, there was a significant narrowing in the range of diagnoses seen. Mortality among HIV-positive patients remained constant at 35% in both surveys. Among HIV-negative patients, mortality increased from 13.9% in 1988-89 to 23% in 1992 (2.6 and 3.5 deaths per 24-hour period, respectively). These findings suggest that increasing demand for hospital care by HIV-positive patients has been accompanied by deteriorating conditions for HIV-negative patients, especially an admissions selection process that favors HIV/AIDS patients. Recommended to address the worsening crisis in health care delivery are general guidelines on admission criteria that neither crowd out HIV-negative patients nor discriminate against those with HIV/AIDS.
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110 | 1993 | Disseminated Histoplasmosis In A Patient With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): A Case Report.East Afr Med J. 1993 Jan;70(1):61-2. Links Click to View Abstract
A 27 year old female with AIDS and disseminated histoplasmosis is presented. The clinical features include fever, weight loss, productive cough, splenomegaly and moderate pallor. The initial working diagnosis was pulmonary tuberculosis. The diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis was made terminally from bone marrow aspirate examination. Disseminated histoplasmosis with its varied clinical picture is likely to be missed in a patient with AIDS, and therefore a high index of suspicion is necessary for diagnosis. PIP: A 27-year old female from Nairobi was admitted to the medical wards of the Kenyatta National Hospital in May 1991. She presented with a 4-week history of productive cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. She acknowledged a history of contact with a patient known to have pulmonary tuberculosis. She has never received a blood transfusion. She was single and para 3 + 0. Examination revealed a sick patient, with moderate pallor, fever of 38 degrees Celsius, and who was wasted with moderate dehydration and oral thrush. There was no finger clubbing, lymphadenopathy, or pedal edema. Chest examination revealed bilateral basal pneumonia. The spleen was palpable 4 cm below the costal margin; the liver was not enlarged. The rest of the examination was normal. On admission, complete blood count showed a haemoglobin of 5.4 g/dl, total white cells were 12.5 x 10-9/L, with 82% polymorphonuclear cells and 18% lymphocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 85 mm/hour, and platelet count was normal. The anemia was normocytic, normochromic, and no malaria parasites were seen. Urea and electrolytes and liver function tests were normal. Sputum showed no acid fast bacilli on Ziel-Neelson Stain. HIV-1 antibodies were positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. Bone marrow aspirate revealed a hypercellular marrow with reversed M:E ration, dyserythropoesis, reticulum cell hyperplasia, plentiful golden yellow pigment, and clumps of Histoplasma capsulatum. Chest X-ray showed bilateral basal pneumonia. She was treated with antibiotics and intravenous fluids, but she remained febrile, her general condition progressively deteriorated, and she died a week after admission. Treatment for histoplasmosis had not been commenced, and no postmortem examination was carried out. |
111 | 1993 | Enterpreneurial Behaviour: A Manual For Higher Diploma In Enterpreneurship ILO, UNOP, Click to View Abstract
This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
112 | 1993 | Business Plan, A Manual For Higher Diploma In Entrepreneurship ILO, UNDP Click to View Abstract
This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
113 | 1993 | Simulating Plant Pathogen Epidemics Click to View Abstract
This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses.
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114 | 1993 | Informatics In Higher Education - Kenya Case Study Click to View Abstract
This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses.
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115 | 1993 | "Characteristics Of Real Property," Paper Presented To A Vision Consult Workshop In Kitwe, Zambia, 27th September, To 1st October, 1993. Click to View Abstract
This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
116 | 1993 | "Principles And Concepts In Real Property Management." Paper Presented To A Vision Consult Workshop In Kitwe, Zambia, 27th September, To 1st October, 1993. Click to View Abstract
This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
117 | 1993 | "Real Estate Sub-markets" Paper Presented To A Vision Consult Workshop In Kitwe, Zambia, 27th September, To 1st October, 1993. Click to View Abstract
This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
118 | 1993 | "Professional Management Practices" Paper Presented To A Vision Consult Workshop In Kitwe, Zambia, 27th September, To 1st October, 1993. Click to View Abstract
This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
119 | 1993 | "Development Priorities For Malindi", A Research Report Prepared For The Malindi Constituency Development Fund, March, 1993. Click to View Abstract
This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
120 | 1993 | Waruiru, R.M., Weda, E.H., Thamsborg, S.M., Munyua, W.K., Gathuma, J.M., Bogh, H.O. And Nansen, P. (1996). The Effects Of Anthelmintic Treatment On Nematode Parasitism And Liveweight Gains Of Dairy Calves Under Field Conditions In Kenya. Bull. Anim. Prod. Click to View Abstract
Bacillus cereus strains were tested for production of diarrheal enterotoxin by the reverse passive latex agglutination test and for presence of B. cereus enterotoxin gene (bceT) by polymerase chain reaction. About 50% of 56 B. cereus strains reacted positive in broth culture in the reverse passive latex agglutination test, while the bceT gene was detected in 41.1 % of the strains. A 741 bp probe prepared from the polymerase chain reaction product detected bceT gene in all strains that were positive with the polymerase chain reaction. This study indicated a likelihood of two or more enterotoxins being produced by B. cereus which may be involved in causing diarrheal type food poisoning. |
121 | 1993 | Mugivane Fred I. 1993. A Comparison Of The Homeless In Nairobi Kenya And Nashville, TN, USA African Urban Quarterly Volume & Nos. 3 And 4 Of August And November, 1993. Click to View Abstract
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122 | 1993 | Kilelu E.S. The Incidence Of Contagious Postular Dermatitis (orf) Virus In Kenya. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production. 1993. Click to View Abstract
Psychiatric morbidity among 200 medical in-patients at Kenyatta National Hospital was determined by a two-stage screening procedure, using the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) and standardized psychiatric interview (SPI). 44 (22%) of the total sample of 200 patients who were interviewed met the pre-established criteria for psychiatric morbidity; of these 59% comprised affective disorders. 4 (9%) of the psychiatric morbidity cases were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Referral seemed to be related to severity of illness and a previous history of psychiatric illness. There was no evidence in the notes that the psychiatric problems had been detected, treated or dealt with in any other way by the medical team in 34 patients out of 44 with psychiatric morbidity. Increase in the mental health input in the training of all health workers with emphasis on recognition and management of some of the commoner psychological problems is recommended. |
123 | 1993 | Muiva, M. N., Click to View Abstract
The gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43 |
124 | 1993 | Maillacheruvu K.Y., Parkin G.N., Chen Ye Peng, Wen-Chien Kuo, Oonge Z.I., And Lebduschka V.; 1993; Sulfide Toxicity In Anaerobic Systems Fed Sulfate And Various Organics. Click to View Abstract
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125 | 1993 | Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among High Risk Seronegative Prostitutes In Nairobi. Wilferford DM, Bwayo JJ, Hensel M, Emonyi W, Plummer FA, Et Al. Infectious Diseases 1993;167:141?7 Click to View Abstract
The factors responsible for the explosive spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be identified and debated. One of the most controversial factors has been male circumcision. This cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the association between circumcision status and infection with HIV-1 among men with genital ulcer disease. Eight hundred and ten men participated in the study, of whom 190 (23%) were HIV-1-positive. A logistic regression model adjusted for behavioral and historical showed that HIV-1 positivity was independently associated with being uncircumcised (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-7.2) and with a history of urethral discharge (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-2.8). This association could not be explained by measures of sexual exposure to HIV-1 among this population. Male circumcision should be considered as an intervention strategy for AIDS control. |
126 | 1993 | Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among High-risk Seronegative Prostitutes In Nairobi.Willerford DM; Bwayo JJ; Hensel M; Emonyi W; Plummer FA; Ngugi EN; Nagelkerke N; Gallatin WM; Kreiss J. J Infect Dis. 1993 Jun;167(6):1414-7. Click to View Abstract
The factors responsible for the explosive spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be identified and debated. One of the most controversial factors has been male circumcision. This cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the association between circumcision status and infection with HIV-1 among men with genital ulcer disease. Eight hundred and ten men participated in the study, of whom 190 (23%) were HIV-1-positive. A logistic regression model adjusted for behavioral and historical showed that HIV-1 positivity was independently associated with being uncircumcised (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-7.2) and with a history of urethral discharge (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-2.8). This association could not be explained by measures of sexual exposure to HIV-1 among this population. Male circumcision should be considered as an intervention strategy for AIDS control. |
127 | 1993 | Beta-2 Microglobulin As A Marker Of HIV Disease Status In Nairobi,Kenya.Garden GA;Moss GB;Emonyi W;Bwayo JJ;Velentgas P;Kreiss J.Int J STD AIDS.1993 Jan Feb;4(1):49-51. Click to View Abstract
The factors responsible for the explosive spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be identified and debated. One of the most controversial factors has been male circumcision. This cross-sectional study was conducted to measure the association between circumcision status and infection with HIV-1 among men with genital ulcer disease. Eight hundred and ten men participated in the study, of whom 190 (23%) were HIV-1-positive. A logistic regression model adjusted for behavioral and historical showed that HIV-1 positivity was independently associated with being uncircumcised (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-7.2) and with a history of urethral discharge (adjusted OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-2.8). This association could not be explained by measures of sexual exposure to HIV-1 among this population. Male circumcision should be considered as an intervention strategy for AIDS control. |
128 | 1993 | Influence Of Environment On The Performance Of Some Onion Cultivars In Kenya. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 1:15-24. Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
129 | 1993 | Production And Marketing Of Onions In Kenya: Status, Problems And Potential. Onions In The Tropics 5:18 - 23. Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
130 | 1993 | Machuka, J.S., Waithaka, Kimani And H.N.B. Gopalan. 1993. Embryo Culture And Gel Electrophoretic Identification Of Nucellar And Zygotic Seedlings Of Citrus Lemon L. And Citrus Sinensis L. Discovery And Innovation, 5(1): 75-80. Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
131 | 1993 | Njoroge, J.M., Waithaka, Kimani And Chweya, J.A. 1993. Effects Of Intercropping Young Compact Arabica Coffee Hybrid Cv. Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
132 | 1993 | Njoroge, J.M., Waithaka, Kimani And Chweya, J.A. 1993. Evaluation Of Replacement Methods Of Established Traditional Coffee Cv. Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
133 | 1993 | Acitivity Of Gardenia Jovis Tonantis On Isolated Rabbit Ileum And Rat Phrenic Nerve Diaphram. K.J. Achola. J.W. Mwangi And Rahab W. Munenge. (1993) Click to View Abstract
Department of Periodontology/ Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676 - 00202, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of oral hygiene habits and practices on the risk of developing oral leukoplakia. DESIGN: Case control study. SETTING: Githongo sublocation in Meru District. SUBJECTS: Eighty five cases and 141 controls identified in a house-to-house screening. RESULTS: The relative risk (RR) of oral leukoplakia increased gradually across the various brushing frequencies from the reference RR of 1.0 in those who brushed three times a day, to 7.6 in the "don't brush" group. The trend of increase was statistically significant (X2 for Trend : p = 0.001). The use of chewing stick as compared to conventional tooth brush had no significant influence on RR of oral leukoplakia. Non-users of toothpastes had a significantly higher risk of oral leukoplakia than users (RR = 1.8; 95% confidence levels (CI) = 1.4-2.5). Among tobacco smokers, the RR increased from 4.6 in those who brushed to 7.3 in those who did not brush. Among non-smokers, the RR of oral leukoplakia in those who did not brush (1.8) compared to those who brushed was also statistically significant (95% CL = 1.6-3.8). CONCLUSION: Failure to brush teeth and none use of toothpastes are significantly associated with the development of oral leukoplakia, while the choice of brushing tools between conventional toothbrush and chewing stick is not. In addition, failure to brush teeth appeared to potentiate the effect of smoking tobacco in the development of oral leukoplakia. Recommendations: Oral health education, instruction and motivation for the improvement of oral hygiene habits and practices; and therefore oral hygiene status, should be among the strategies used in oral leukoplakia preventive and control programmes.
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134 | 1993 | Biological Acitivity Of Lantana Trifolia. Submitted To International Journal And Pharmacognosy. K.J. Achola, J.W. Mwangi, And Rahab W. Munenge (1993) Click to View Abstract
Department of Periodontology/ Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676 - 00202, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of oral hygiene habits and practices on the risk of developing oral leukoplakia. DESIGN: Case control study. SETTING: Githongo sublocation in Meru District. SUBJECTS: Eighty five cases and 141 controls identified in a house-to-house screening. RESULTS: The relative risk (RR) of oral leukoplakia increased gradually across the various brushing frequencies from the reference RR of 1.0 in those who brushed three times a day, to 7.6 in the "don't brush" group. The trend of increase was statistically significant (X2 for Trend : p = 0.001). The use of chewing stick as compared to conventional tooth brush had no significant influence on RR of oral leukoplakia. Non-users of toothpastes had a significantly higher risk of oral leukoplakia than users (RR = 1.8; 95% confidence levels (CI) = 1.4-2.5). Among tobacco smokers, the RR increased from 4.6 in those who brushed to 7.3 in those who did not brush. Among non-smokers, the RR of oral leukoplakia in those who did not brush (1.8) compared to those who brushed was also statistically significant (95% CL = 1.6-3.8). CONCLUSION: Failure to brush teeth and none use of toothpastes are significantly associated with the development of oral leukoplakia, while the choice of brushing tools between conventional toothbrush and chewing stick is not. In addition, failure to brush teeth appeared to potentiate the effect of smoking tobacco in the development of oral leukoplakia. Recommendations: Oral health education, instruction and motivation for the improvement of oral hygiene habits and practices; and therefore oral hygiene status, should be among the strategies used in oral leukoplakia preventive and control programmes.
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135 | 1993 | Theorie Electromagnetique De Maxwell Et Ses Applications. Electrodynamique Relativiste. Click to View Abstract
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136 | 1993 | "Quality Of Medical Care And Choice Of Medical Treatment In Kenya: An Empirical Analysis," With Martha Ainsworth And Andrew Nyamete), Journal Of Human Resources, 28: 4, Pp. 838-862. Click to View Abstract
The role of pastoralist women in conflict resolution and management (study funded by SIDA though IMPACT) |
137 | 1993 | "Agricultural Land Use Patterns And Malaria Conditions In Kenya," (with Joseph Wang Click to View Abstract
The role of pastoralist women in conflict resolution and management (study funded by SIDA though IMPACT) |
138 | 1993 | The Legal Milieu Of The Environmentt:An Ovwerview. Click to View Abstract
Kent papers in POlitics and International Relations, Series 4, No. 4. |
139 | 1993 | Performance Of Advanced Generation Bean Lines Selected For Multiple Disease Resistance 1993 In J.B. Smithson (ed). Proceedings Of The Fourth Bean Research Workshop, March 3-7 1993 CIAT, African Workshop Series. Click to View Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium udum Butler, is an economically important disease of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill). Information on the mechanisms of resistance to this disease in pigeonpea is limited. To study the role of vascular occlusion in wilt resistance, isolates of F.udum were inoculated onto resistant and susceptible varieties of pigeonpea and observed under light and transmission electron microscopes. The presence of F. udum in wilt susceptible plants was characterized by mycelia and conidia in the xylem vessels, plugging in some vessels, disintegration of xylem parenchyma cells in the infected areas, and the formation of cavities due to heavy colonization in the pith cortex vascular bundle. Resistance to F. udum in the roots and stems of wilt resistant plants was associated with low fungal colonization and high occlusion due to tyloses and gels in the xylem vessels. There were significant differences (P = 0:05) in the number of xylem vessels occluded by tyloses in resistant and susceptible plants with a maximum of 22.5% and 8.0% occlusion, respectively. It is probable that tyloses and gels formed as a result of F. udum interaction in wilt resistant plants are part of a resistance mechanism. Key words: Fusarium wilt,cajanus cajan, resistance, tylose, vascular occlusion |
140 | 1993 | Level Of Seed-borne Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum On Common Bean Cv. Rosecoco - GLP2 From Small Scale Farmers In Kenya, African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, Kampala 14-18 June 1993. PP 260-262. Click to View Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium udum Butler, is an economically important disease of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill). Information on the mechanisms of resistance to this disease in pigeonpea is limited. To study the role of vascular occlusion in wilt resistance, isolates of F.udum were inoculated onto resistant and susceptible varieties of pigeonpea and observed under light and transmission electron microscopes. The presence of F. udum in wilt susceptible plants was characterized by mycelia and conidia in the xylem vessels, plugging in some vessels, disintegration of xylem parenchyma cells in the infected areas, and the formation of cavities due to heavy colonization in the pith cortex vascular bundle. Resistance to F. udum in the roots and stems of wilt resistant plants was associated with low fungal colonization and high occlusion due to tyloses and gels in the xylem vessels. There were significant differences (P = 0:05) in the number of xylem vessels occluded by tyloses in resistant and susceptible plants with a maximum of 22.5% and 8.0% occlusion, respectively. It is probable that tyloses and gels formed as a result of F. udum interaction in wilt resistant plants are part of a resistance mechanism. Key words: Fusarium wilt,cajanus cajan, resistance, tylose, vascular occlusion |
141 | 1993 | Mauri Yambo, Tracer Study Of ILO/KYTEC Clients In Selected Districts In Kenya, 1992-93. Draft Final Report To ILO/KYTEC, Nairobi. (November 1993). 58 Pp. Click to View Abstract
{ This paper proposes a new theory, a theory of the memetic sphere; and outlines its main features, based on library research. In Dawkinsian parlance, memes are ideas, phrases and sentences with a gene-like capacity to replicate. The theory maps the chain-reaction in the form of which this replication becomes what we know as the information explosion, and attempts to show what lies beyond the explosion. No known study has highlighted the similitudes between the memetic sphere and the physical universe. The theory is summarized in an Einsteinian equation |
142 | 1993 | Mburu, J. N. J. M. Kamau And M.S. Badamana (1993). Changes In Serum Levels In Vitamins B12, Feed Intake, Live Weight And Hematological Parameters In Deficient Small East African Goats. Internat. J. Vit. Nutr. Res 63 (1993) : 135 Click to View Abstract
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143 | 1993 | Toxicity Of The Orange Peel And Lemon Grass Oil To The Spider Mites, Tetranychus Urticae And Eutetranychus Orientalis With Effects On The Development And Reproduction. African J. Agric., 20: 95 Click to View Abstract
We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten |
144 | 1993 | J. Mbula Bahemuka. The Role And Support Of The Extended Family To Single Parents: A Diminishing Perspective". Proceedings Of A Conference On Women And Autonomy, VENA, Leiden University, November. Click to View Abstract
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145 | 1993 | J. Mbula Bahemuka And Mary Tiffens. "Social Institutions In Machakos District: 1930-1990". Overseas Development Institute Publication. Click to View Abstract
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146 | 1993 | R. O. Genga High-Frequency Sum-rule Expansion For Relativistic Quasi-One-Dimensional Quantum Plasma Dielectric Tensor IV: Radiation Effect; International Journal Of Theoretical Physics 33, 1661 (1993). Click to View Abstract
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147 | 1993 | R. O. Genga High-Frequency Relativistic Sum-rules For Quantum Dielectric Tensor II; Radiation Effect; ) Click to View Abstract
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148 | 1993 | R. O. Genga High-Frequency Sum-Rule Expansion For Relativistic Quantum Plasma Dielectric Tensor IV; Radiation Effect; International Journal Of Theoretical Physics Click to View Abstract
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149 | 1993 | Synthesis Of 1-Aminotetralin And Its Derivatives By Reductive Amination Of Their Corresponding 1-1 Tetralones (a Leuckart Reaction), Click to View Abstract
We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten |
150 | 1993 | Solvolysis Of Carboxamide Protected Asparagine And Glutamine Derivatives With Boron. Tris (trifluoroacetate) In Trifluroacetic Acid And In Acetic Acid Solution,' Click to View Abstract
We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten |
151 | 1993 | Synthesis Of 12,13 - Dihydroxyoctadec-9- Enoic And Nonanedoic Acids From Vernonia Gelamensis Seed Oil Click to View Abstract
We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten |
152 | 1993 | The Kenya Chemical Society Inagural Click to View Abstract
We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten |
153 | 1993 | Synthesis Of 12,13-dihydroxyoctadec-9-enoic, Octanedioic And Nonanedioic Acids From Vernonia Galamensis Seed Oil Click to View Abstract
We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten |
154 | 1993 | Bebora L.C., Oundo J.O., Khamala J., Saidi S., Sang W.K., Yamamoto H. And 16 Mukundi P.W. (1993): Some E. Coli Strains Causing Septicaemia In Chicks In Kenya.Kenya Veterinarian 17:1-3. Click to View Abstract
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155 | 1993 | Buoro, I.B.J., Mande, J.D. And Nyamwange, S.B. (1993). Isolation Of Nocardia Asteroids From A Dog With Harmorrhagic Cystitis. Journal Of Small Animal Practice. 34: 99-102. Click to View Abstract
An in vitro study of the antinematodal action of two groups of compounds which act on the receptor complex of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mammalian systems is described. The compounds, Ivermectin and two benzodiazepines, Diazepam and a water soluble Midazolam were tested singly or in combination against two microfilarial parasites Onchocerca lienalis (closely related to Onchocerca volvulus) and Brugia pahangi. The combination of ivermectin and diazepam at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml and 33 micrograms/ml respectively achieved the same effect on microfilarial motility as when ivermectin was given at 1 microgram/ml alone or diazepam at 66 micrograms/ml alone. Similarly when the combination of ivermectin at 0.1 microgram/ml and midazolam at 10 micrograms/ml was used it achieved the same effect as ivermectin at 1 microgram/ml alone or midazolam at 33 micrograms/ml alone. This showed that both benzodiazepines had a synergistic effect on the activity of ivermectin. The microfilariae of B. pahangi were insensitive to both groups of compounds at all concentrations used. |
156 | 1993 | Buoro, I.B.J. (1993). Pox-like Virus Particles In Skin Lesions Of 5 Nile Crocodiles In Kenya. Discovery And Innovation 3: 117-118. Click to View Abstract
An in vitro study of the antinematodal action of two groups of compounds which act on the receptor complex of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mammalian systems is described. The compounds, Ivermectin and two benzodiazepines, Diazepam and a water soluble Midazolam were tested singly or in combination against two microfilarial parasites Onchocerca lienalis (closely related to Onchocerca volvulus) and Brugia pahangi. The combination of ivermectin and diazepam at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml and 33 micrograms/ml respectively achieved the same effect on microfilarial motility as when ivermectin was given at 1 microgram/ml alone or diazepam at 66 micrograms/ml alone. Similarly when the combination of ivermectin at 0.1 microgram/ml and midazolam at 10 micrograms/ml was used it achieved the same effect as ivermectin at 1 microgram/ml alone or midazolam at 33 micrograms/ml alone. This showed that both benzodiazepines had a synergistic effect on the activity of ivermectin. The microfilariae of B. pahangi were insensitive to both groups of compounds at all concentrations used. |
157 | 1993 | Olima, Washington H.A. The Land Use Planning In Provincial Towns Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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158 | 1993 | Revenue Autonomy And Property Taxation In Anglophone East Africa: Opportunities, Emerging Trends And Challenges. Click to View Abstract
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159 | 1993 | Wahome, R.G., 1993. Vitamin Requirements In Pig Production. Click to View Abstract
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160 | 1993 | Mbuthia P G, W O Ogara, C M Ndarathi, M Kaburi, 1993. Liver Pathology Due To Tapeworms In Tilapia Fish In Kenya. Proceedings Of The IFS/SIPATH Seminar On Animal Diseases Of The Gastrointestinal Tract And Liver. Addis Ababa Ethiopia, September 20-25. Page Click to View Abstract
As part of a study to assess zoonotic milk-borne health risks, seasonal survey data and unpasteurized milk samples were collected between January 1999 and February 2000 from randomly selected informal milk market agents (220 and 236 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) and from households purchasing raw milk (213 and 219 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) in rural and urban locations in Central Kenya and screened for antibiotics, Brucella abortus (B. abortus) and presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli 0157:H7).The latter was assessed based on samples from consumer households only. Antibodies to B. abortus were screened using the indirect antibody Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the Milk Ring Test (MRT). The presence of E. coli 0157:H7 was assessed by culture, biochemical characterization, serological testing for production of verocytotoxin one (VTI) and two (VT2) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of genes encoding for the toxins. The prevalence of antibodies to B.abortus varied considerably ranging from none in milk sold in small units and originating from intensive production systems to over 10% in samples that were bulked or originating from extensive production systems. E. coli 0157:H7 was isolated from two samples (0.8%), one of which produced VTI. All urban consumers (100%) and nearly all rural consumers (96%) of marketed milk boiled the milk before consumption, mainly in tea, thus reducing chances of exposure to live pathogens and potential health risks. |
161 | 1993 | Ogara W O, P G Mbuthia, H Kaburi 1993. Fish Pathogens Isolated From Fish Species Inhabiting L. Naivasha And Aquaculture Systems Of Nyandarua District, Kenya. European Association Of Fish Pathologists (EAFP) 5th International Conference. Diseases Of Fish A Click to View Abstract
As part of a study to assess zoonotic milk-borne health risks, seasonal survey data and unpasteurized milk samples were collected between January 1999 and February 2000 from randomly selected informal milk market agents (220 and 236 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) and from households purchasing raw milk (213 and 219 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) in rural and urban locations in Central Kenya and screened for antibiotics, Brucella abortus (B. abortus) and presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli 0157:H7).The latter was assessed based on samples from consumer households only. Antibodies to B. abortus were screened using the indirect antibody Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the Milk Ring Test (MRT). The presence of E. coli 0157:H7 was assessed by culture, biochemical characterization, serological testing for production of verocytotoxin one (VTI) and two (VT2) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of genes encoding for the toxins. The prevalence of antibodies to B.abortus varied considerably ranging from none in milk sold in small units and originating from intensive production systems to over 10% in samples that were bulked or originating from extensive production systems. E. coli 0157:H7 was isolated from two samples (0.8%), one of which produced VTI. All urban consumers (100%) and nearly all rural consumers (96%) of marketed milk boiled the milk before consumption, mainly in tea, thus reducing chances of exposure to live pathogens and potential health risks. |
162 | 1993 | Kogi-Makau, W. (1993). Nutritional And Health Status Among The Samburu". Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
163 | 1993 | Gichuhi, W. Click to View Abstract
Fresh blood lymphocytes from nine health donors have been compared with samples from the same donors, recovered after period of 2 to 21 months storage in liquid nitrogen, for the capacity to respond to a range of mitogens in vitro. A microculture assay was used, requireing aliquots of only 25,000 cells. The mean levels of 14C-thymidine uptake for fresh and frozen samples were closely comparable when the cells had been stimulated by PHA, Pokeweed or mitomycin-C-treated allogeneic lymphoblastoid cells. Lymphocytes from six East African donors, frozen by a very simple technique, were recovered after 3 or more years storage in liquid nitrogen. Five of the samples were in good condition as judged by cell viability and the capacity to form spontaneous 'E' rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. These five samples also responded extremely well to PHA, PWM and mitomycin-C-treated allogeneic lymphoblastoid cells using the microculture assay. This study extends the range of applications of cell banks in which small aliquots of blood lymphocytes are stored in liquid nitrogen for periods of several years.
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164 | 1993 | Thaiya, A.G., Chege, J.N. And Wekesa, L.S. (1993). Efficacy Of Buparvaquone In Cattle In Kiambu District, Kenya. Bull. Anim. Prod. Afr. 41, 333-335 Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
165 | 1993 | Maina, A.K., Munyua, S.J.M., Mutiga, E.R. And Thaiya, A.G. (1993). Mammary Gland Infections In Free Range Goats In Kenya. Bulletin Animal Production Africa 41:333 Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
166 | 1993 | Haji, A.R.J., Challenges Of Social Work Training In Kenya. The Social Focus Vol. 1, Litho Press, Nairobi, 1993. Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
167 | 1993 | Onyango F.E., Wafula E.M., Kitonyi J.M.K Et Al. Hypoxaemia In Young Kenyan Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Infection.BMJ. 1993 Mar 6;306(6878):612-5. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES–To determine the prevalence, clinical correlates, and outcome of hypoxaemia in acutely ill children with respiratory symptoms. DESIGN–Prospective observational study. SETTING–Paediatric casualty ward of a referral hospital at 1670 m altitude in Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS–256 Infants and children under 3 years of age with symptoms of respiratory infection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES–Prevalence of hypoxaemia, defined as arterial oxygen saturation < 90% determined by pulse oximetry, and condition of patient on the fifth day after admission. RESULTS–Over half (151) of the children were hypoxaemic, and short term mortality was 4.3 times greater in these children. In contrast, the relative risk of a fatal outcome in children with radiographic pneumonia was only 1.03 times that of children without radiographic pneumonia. A logistic regression model showed that in 3-11 month old infants a respiratory rate > or = 70/min, grunting, and retractions were the best independent clinical signs for the prediction of hypoxaemia. In the older children a respiratory rate of > or = 60/min was the single best clinical predictor of hypoxaemia. The presence of hypoxaemia predicted radiographic pneumonia with a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 55%. CONCLUSIONS–Over half the children presenting to this referral hospital with respiratory symptoms were hypoxaemic. A group of specific clinical signs seem useful in predicting hypoxaemia. The clear association of hypoxaemia with mortality suggests that the detection and effective treatment of hypoxaemia are important aspects of the clinical management of acute infections of the lower respiratory tract in children in hospital in developing regions. PIP: In 1989, pediatricians followed 256 children 7 days to 36 months old with symptoms of respiratory infection at Kenyatta National Hospital (1670 m altitude) in Nairobi, Kenya. The symptoms were serious enough to warrant hospital admission for 209 of these children. The most common clinical diagnoses were pneumonia (53%) and bronchiolitis (33%). 59% of the children admitted to the hospital were hypoxemic (arterial oxygen saturation or + to 90%). 10% of all admitted children died. 90.4% of them were hypoxemic with arterial oxygen saturations ranging from 40-88%. Children with hypoxemia were 4.3 times more apt to die within 5 days than those with no hypoxemia (p = .02). On the other hand, children with radiographic pneumonia had a relative risk of short-term mortality of only 1.03. Hypoxemia on admission predicted short-term mortality with 90% sensitivity and 34% specificity. It predicted pneumonia with 71% sensitivity and 55% specificity (p .0001). Children who lived for at least 5 days had arterial oxygen saturations ranging from 41-98. Even though all of the children with clinically evident cyanosis were less than a year old, 89% of the hypoxemic infants less than 1 year old did not exhibit cyanosis. Mothers' reports of blueness in newborns and infants less than 2 months was the best predictor of hypoxemia (62% accuracy; p .05). For children 3-11 months old, the best predictors of hypoxemia, with an accuracy of 70%, were a respiratory rate of at least 70/minute (odds ratio [OR] 2.6; p .001). For children at least 12 months old, the sole best predictor was a respiratory rate of at least 60/minute (70% accuracy; OR 5.1; p .01). This study should be followed by well-designed studies of the clinical effectiveness of proper treatment with oxygen in preventing mortality in hypoxemic infants and children.
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168 | 1993 | Kitonyi J.M.K The Basic Radiological System (BRS) Experience In Kenya. East Afr Med J. 1993 Dec;70(12):793-6. Click to View Abstract
While Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
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169 | 1993 | Kitonyi JM. The Basic Radiological System Experience In Kenya.East Afr Med J. 1993 Dec;70(12):793-6. Click to View Abstract
While Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.
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170 | 1993 | Mutiga, E.R., Mbai, K., Tsuma, V.T., Karitu, P.F. And Ojiayo, O.(1993). Incidence And Causes Of Retained Afterbirth In Small Holder Dairy Herds. Indian J. Vet. Scie. 70: 333-336 Click to View Abstract
Mwaura F, K M Mavuti and W N Wamicha. . : |
171 | 1993 | Munyua, S.J.M. And Mbai, K. (1993). Treatment Of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia With Baytril(R) 10% Injectable. Click to View Abstract
Mwaura F, K M Mavuti and W N Wamicha. . : |
172 | 1993 | Munyua, S.J.M. And Mbai, K.(1993). Efficacy Of Baytril(R) 10% Injectable In The Treatment Of Piglet Scouring And Pneumonia. Click to View Abstract
Mwaura F, K M Mavuti and W N Wamicha. . : |
173 | 1993 | Jaleha A.A. "The Implications Of Motor Vehicle Thefts On The Underwriting Processes In Kenya", MBA Research Project, Click to View Abstract
Description:
This book describes four types of indigenous water retention structures used in East Africa. These structures are the Berkad tank, the Charco dam, sand wiers and hillside water retention ditches. |
174 | 1993 | Currently Developing A Manual For Distance Learning Undergraduate Students, " Principles Of Management Click to View Abstract
Description:
This book describes four types of indigenous water retention structures used in East Africa. These structures are the Berkad tank, the Charco dam, sand wiers and hillside water retention ditches. |
175 | 1993 | "The Case For An Extended Role For Kiswahili In Multi-party Kenya". In M.K. Magaju And K. Kabatesi(eds). A New Democratic Error? School Of Journalism, University Of Nairobi, Pp91-95 Click to View Abstract
Mwaura F, K M Mavuti and W N Wamicha. . : |
176 | 1993 | Economics Factors Affecting The Level Of Beef Production From Ranching: An Example For Kenya Click to View Abstract
Mwaura F, K M Mavuti and W N Wamicha. . : |
177 | 1993 | Musebe, R., W. Oluoch-Kosura And C. Wangia, 1993. Analysis Of Agricultural Credit Market In Vihiga Division Of Kakamega District, Kenya Click to View Abstract
The agricultural credit markets in Vihiga Divison of Kakamega District, Kenya, were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analyses applied to both secondary and primary data. The objective was to valuate the causes of the limited use of formal credit in the division. The following factors were responsible for the limited use of formal credit by the small-scale farmers: Firstly, the formal credit sources had tight and rigid eligibility criteria as well as cumbersome application procedures and credit delivery systems which also made the borrower cost to be high. Secondly, the supply of credit was below its demand and therefore there were not enough funds for every borrower. Thirdly, loan repayment schedules were incompatible with the cash-generating pattern of agricultural enterprises and this was a disincentive for would-be borrowers. Lastly, some farmers never applied for formal credit either because they were not aware of its existence or because of tight and rigid eligibility criteria associated with it. As a result of these factors, informal credit sources were the predominant sources of credit for the farmers.
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178 | 1993 | Oluoch-Kosura, W. 1993. Click to View Abstract
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179 | 1993 | Kyambi JM.Surgery: A Historical Perspective. Click to View Abstract
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180 | 1993 | Barrack SM, Kyambi JM, Ndungu J, Wachira N, Anangwe G, Safwat S.Intestinal Atresia And Stenosis As Seen And Treated At Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.East Afr Med J. 1993 Sep;70(9):558-64. Click to View Abstract
In this retrospective study carried out covering the period, 1978-1991, 62 neonates were seen, diagnosed and treated for intestinal atresia which included: duodenal atresia and stenosis, small bowel atresia and atresia of large bowel. Locations of obstruction were duodenal in 17 patients, jejunal in 25 patients, jejuno-ileal in 5 and colon in two. Duodenal atresia was noted in 9 infants and duodenal stenosis due to annular pancreas, Ladd's bands with malrotation of bowel in 8. Associated anomalies which were observed were anorectal malformations in 2 and malrotation in 2 infants. Birth weights ranged from 1450 gm to 3000 gm. Prematurity was recorded in 11 infants. Diagnosis of intestinal atresia in our patients was made clinically and radiologically. Intestinal atresia in neonates was differentiated from other causes of obstruction such as Meconium Ileus, Hirschsprung's disease, neonatal volvulus, rectal atresia in anorectal malformations. Treatment of infants with intestinal atresia was surgical. Surgical techniques used depended on pathological findings. In 36 patients, complications such as functional obstructions with vomiting and failure to thrive, malabsorption, aspiration, bronchopneumonia, sepsis were observed. Overall mortality rate in our cases was 25 (41.9%) out of 62 patients.
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181 | 1993 | Farmers Click to View Abstract
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182 | 1993 | Sampling Of Small-scale Farmers For Involvement In Farm Adoption Studies. In: Eastern African Journal Of Research And Development, Vol. 23 Click to View Abstract
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183 | 1993 | Synthesis Of 12,13-dihydroxyoctadec-9-enoic, Octanedioic And Nonanedioic Acids From Vernonia Galamensis Seed Oil Click to View Abstract
18) , P.M. Muturi, S. Dirlikov and P.M. Gitu. . |
184 | 1993 | Synthesis Of 1-Aminotetralin And Its Derivatives By Reductive Amination Of Their Corresponding 1-1 Tetralones (a Leuckart Reaction), Click to View Abstract
18) , P.M. Muturi, S. Dirlikov and P.M. Gitu. . |
185 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P.G., 1993. Some Diseases Of Farmed Tilapia In Kabete. The Kenya Veterinarian, 17: 13 Click to View Abstract
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186 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P.G., And T. A. Ngatia, 1993. Causes Of Mortalities In Rainbow Trouts (Salmo Giardneri) Farmed On Earth Ponds In Kiambu And Nyandarua Districts Of Kenya. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production In Africa, 41 (2): 155 Click to View Abstract
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187 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P.G., P.K. Gathumbi, O.Bwangamoi, And P.N. Wasike, 1993. Natural Besnoitiosis Is A Rabbit. Veterinary Parasitology, 45: 191 Click to View Abstract
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188 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P.G., H.F.A. Kaburia, T.A. Ngatia, And M. Kayihura, 1993. Tuna Fish Infection With Protozoa, Subphylum Myxosporean: An Aesthetic Case. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production In Africa, 41 (2): 117 Click to View Abstract
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189 | 1993 | Waruiru, R. M., P.G. Mbuthia, And C. O. Kimoro, 1993. Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Parasites And Liver Flukes In Calves In Mathira Division Of Nyeri District, Kenya. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production In Africa, 41: 291 Click to View Abstract
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190 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P.G., W.O. Ogara, C. M. Ndarathi, H.F.A. Kaburia, M. Kayihura, And D.K. Kagunya, 1993. Liver Pathology Due To Tapeworms In Tilapia Fish In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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191 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P.G. 1993. Fish Diseases In Central Kenya Region As Diagnosed At Kabete In The Period 1989 To 1992. Click to View Abstract
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192 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P.G., 1993. Poultry Bacterial Diseases. Click to View Abstract
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193 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P.G., 1993. Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). Click to View Abstract
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194 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P.G., And D.K. Kagunya, 1993. Fish Disease Investigation And Control In Aquaculture Ponds In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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195 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P. G., T.A. Ngatia, And J.P.O. Wamukoya, 1993. Occurrence Of Bovine Skin Diseases In Kenya. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production In Africa, 41: 311 Click to View Abstract
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196 | 1993 | Kimuyu P.K. Urbanization And Petroleum Products Consumption In Kenya Energy Policy 21:4, April. Click to View Abstract
research theories for high school students |
197 | 1993 | Kimuyu P.K. Steardship And The Creation Of Wealth In Adeyemo T. Edt. A Christian Mind In A Changing Africa. Nairobi, Association F Evangelicals Of Africa. Click to View Abstract
research theories for high school students |
198 | 1993 | Features Of Dog Ecology Relevant To Rabies Spread In Machakos District, Kenya Click to View Abstract
A random sample of households in Machakos District of Kenya was surveyed using personal interviews to determine features of dog ecology relevant to the spread of rabies. A mean of 1.3 dogs/households, a dog to person ratio of 1:1.96 and a mean of 10.4 dogs /km2 were estimated. The male to female ratio was 1:0.67 with 26% of the dog population being less than three months old. The dogs had a mean age of 1.8 years. The proportion of the dogs which fed on household leftovers and waste was 94.7%. Dogs were restricted in 19.4% of the households, while 69% of the dogs spent all of their time free outdoors. One-third of the dog population over three months old had been vaccinated against rabies. Considering the endemic status of rabies in Machakos District, methods which could be devised to control the disease are discussed. |
199 | 1993 | Intellectual Property Rights And Communication In Journal Of Media Development (1993) (with Bernard Sihanya). Click to View Abstract
Antibody responses to a conventional rabies preexposure regimen of a new purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) and a human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) were compared in 80 healthy Kenyan veterinary students. Forty-three of the students received the PVRV and 37 received the HDCV on days 0, 7, and 28. Antibody responses were monitored using the rapid fluorescent-focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and an inhibition enzyme immunoassay (INH EIA) on days 0, 7, 28, and 49. Both vaccines elicited a rapid antibody response. A good correlation between the RFFIT titers and the INH EIA titers was obtained (r = 0.90). Our results also showed that the INH EIA was more reproducible and might therefore be a suitable substitute for the more expensive and less reproducible RFFIT. The geometric mean titers determined by both tests in the two groups of students were statistically similar during the test period. The RFFIT and the INH EIA gave comparable geometric mean titers, which differed significantly only on day 28 in the PVRV group. The effect of the new PVRV is comparable to that of the more expensive HDCV, as determined by the present test systems. The PVRV could therefore be the vaccine of choice, especially in tropical rabies-endemic areas, where the high cost of the HDCV has confined its use to a privileged few. |
200 | 1993 | Encyclopedia Of Environmental Law, Sweet & Maxwell, 1993, (Asst. Editor) Click to View Abstract
Oyieke H.A. and Misra A.K: |
201 | 1993 | "The Use Of Compliance Monitoring In Water Pollution Prosecutions.. Click to View Abstract
Oyieke H.A. and Misra A.K: |
202 | 1993 | J.D. Mande, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.M. Mbiuki (1993). Mechanical Strength Of Some Plaster Of Paris Casts. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. 41, 151-153. Click to View Abstract
Five plaster of Paris casting bandages including Nairobi Enterprises, Salvagyps, Helm, Plasrum-gyps and Veronese, available on the Kenyan market were evaluated based on breaking strength. Helm plaster of Paris had a significantly higher mean maximum load compared to all the other products (p-0.050. Plasrun-gyps supported the highest mean maximum load per unit thickness. Based on this study, Helm and Plasrun-gyps are recommended as more suitable for cast application on the basis of their superior breaking strength.
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203 | 1993 | J.D. Mande, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.M. Mbiuki (1993). The Resistance To Abrasion Of Plaster Of Paris Casts P.M.F. Mbithi And S.M. Mbiuki (1993). Radiological Evaluation Of Plaster Cast Bandages. Bull. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. 41, 151-153. Click to View Abstract
Five plaster of Paris casting bandages including Nairobi Enterprises, salvagyps, helm, Plasrunpgyps and Veronese, available on the Kenyan market were evaluated based on their resistance to abrasion. The mean loss in mass per square area for Nairobi enterprises and Salvagyps was significantly lower (P<0.05) indicating that these two products were more resistance to abrasion. A new method of evaluation of resistance to abrasion is also described.
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204 | 1993 | J.D. Mande, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.M. Mbiuki (1993). Radiological Evaluation Of Plaster Cast Bandages. Bull. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. 41, 151-153. Click to View Abstract
Five plaster of Paris casting bandages including Nairobi Enterprises, salvagyps, helm, Plasrunpgyps and Veronese, available on the Kenyan market were evaluated based on their resistance to abrasion. The mean loss in mass per square area for Nairobi enterprises and Salvagyps was significantly lower (P<0.05) indicating that these two products were more resistance to abrasion. A new method of evaluation of resistance to abrasion is also described.
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205 | 1993 | D. O. Kihurani, V. M. Nantulya, S. M. Mbiuki, E. Mogoa, J. Nguhiu-Mwangi And P. M. F. Mbithi. Trypanosoma Brucei, T. Congolense And T. Vivax Infections In Horses On A Farm In Kenya Click to View Abstract
Equines are particularly susceptible to infection withTrypanosoma evansi andT. brucei, but rarely is naturalT. congolense andT. vivax infection seen in horses. An outbreak of trypanosomosis occurred in a herd of horses used for patrolling the pineapple fields on the Del Monte Farm, Thika, Kenya initially involving 6 horses. On subsequent screening of the entire group,T. brucei,T. congolense andT. vivax infections were detected in 16 of the 35 horses. The tests used for diagnosis included microscopic examination of stained blood smears, buffy coat technique, mouse inoculation and antigen detection enzyme immunoassay (antigen ELISA).
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206 | 1993 | Kidula NA, Kamau RK, Ojwang SBO, Et Al. A Survey Of Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Of Induced Abortion Among Nurses In Kisii District, Kenya. J Obstet Gynecol East Cent Afr 1993; 10: 10-12. Click to View Abstract
Kamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
207 | 1993 | Githiru PK, Kamau RK, Ndavi M, Et Al. Value Of Erect Lateral Pelvimetry In Management Of Patients With One Previous Cesarean Scar. J Obstet Gynecol East Cent Afr 1993; 10: 13-15. Click to View Abstract
Kamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
208 | 1993 | Nji PCF, Kamau RK, Ruminjo JK. Risk Factors For Abnormal Cervical Cytology Among Women Attending Colposcopy Clinic At Kenyatta National Hospital. J Obstet Gynecol East Cent Afr 1993; 10: 16-21. Click to View Abstract
Kamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
209 | 1993 | Kamau RK, Karanja JG, Kigondu CS, Et Al. Barriers To Contraceptive Use In Two Areas Of Kenya: Rural And Urban. Department Of Obstetrics And Gynecology, University Of Nairobi And Family Health International, USA, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Kamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
210 | 1993 | Kotonya, R. And Jensen, N.E., "No Effect Of Dieldrin On Progesterone Production In Gilts", Toxicology, 1993, Vol. 81, Pp.165-171. Click to View Abstract
Kamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
211 | 1993 | Harambe Fund Raising, School Journal, New Zealand Click to View Abstract
Kamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
212 | 1993 | Saved By A Leopard, Writer's Forum, A Journal Of The Writers's Association Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
Kamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
213 | 1993 | "Harambee Fund Raising" Published In NewZealand School Journal Click to View Abstract
Kamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
214 | 1993 | "Saved By Leopard" Published In Writers' Forum: A Journal Of The Writers Association Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
Kamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
215 | 1993 | Contrbuted To R.K Narayan: Contemporary Critical Perspectives.Ed. Geoffrey R. Kain, Michigan State University Press. East Lansing. Contribution From PHD Research On Third Worl Literature. Click to View Abstract
Kamau RK, Osoti AO, Njuguna EM. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 1%76-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the most common female cancer in Kenya. Despite being preventable, it is often diagnosed when it is already late. For this reason, only palliative therapy is provided. Hence, it is expected that their daily routines and that of their caregivers are severely disrupted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which diagnosis and treatment of inoperable cervical carcinoma affects quality of life (QOL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting Radiotherapy Department at the Kenyatta National Hospital. SUBJECTS: Women undergoing radiotherapy for inoperable cervical cancer. RESULTS: There is high prevalence of profound disruptions in nearly all domains of QOL. In the social domain, between 33% and 44% had the perception that family members and friends had withdrawn social support. Reduction in various economic facets was reported by 47.4%-52.6%, with 44.7% reporting a fall in the overall living standards. There were significant changes in the sexual domain, as a result in which 28.3% reported marital discordance. In the personality domain, decreased self-esteem and self-projection in life occurred in 30.9% and 36.2% respectively. On functional outcomes (EORTC QLQ-C30), only 32%-41% reported not being affected in the various facets of emotional function. Physical functions were affected in 19%-79%, role functions in 69%-75%; symptoms in 49%-80%; cognitive functions in 46%-56%; social functions in 63%-71% and financial aspects by 63%. On global QOL, 53% and 47% respectively reported high level disruption in overall physical health and overall QOL. CONCLUSION: Severe deterioration of QOL occurs as a result of diagnosis of inoperable cervical cancer and subsequent therapies. For this reason there is need to establish severe disease and end-of-life research and management services that would ensure better coping with cancer for patients and for home-based caregivers. PMID: 17633581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
216 | 1993 | Cooking Characteristics Of Three Sweetpotato Cultivars Grown In Kenya. Product Development For Root And Tuber Crops. Vol.2., Africa. 367-372.ISBN 92 9060 163 9.CIP/IITA/CIAT Click to View Abstract
Objective: To determine the pattern of breast disease at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH)
Study design: Retrospective descriptive study
Study setting: Kenyatta National Hospital, a University teaching and National Referral Hospital
Patients: Records of 1172 patients were reviewed.
Results: An average 469 new patients per year or 11 new patients per clinic visit were seen at the clinic over a two and a half year period. Females predominated (98.9%) in this series. The mean age was 34.71 years (range 1 to 96 years). The average age at menarche was 14.49 years and the mean duration of symptoms was 6.86 months. Only 2.6% of 843 patients had a positive family history of breast disease. Fibroadenoma was the commonest diagnosis made (33.2%) followed by ductal carcinoma (19.7%). Gynaecomastia was the most common lesion seen in males. Two thirds of patients presenting with tumors had masses measuring more than 5cm. Overall five conditions (fibroadenoma, ductal carcinoma, breast abscesses, fibrocystic disease and mastalgia) accounted for over 85% of all breast ailments. Surgery formed the main stay of care in over 80% of patients.
Conclusions: The pattern of breast diseases at KNH closely mirrors those reported in other studies in the region and beyond. This study indicates that a large proportion of patients presenting with breast disease are treated initially by surgery. It may be wise to consider other alternative forms of therapy where appropriate.
The Annals of African Surgery: 2008 June; Vol 2, pg 97-101. |
217 | 1993 | The Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Of Senecio Syringifolius And S. Hadiensis From Kenya":, Phytochemistry, 32, 1595-1602 Click to View Abstract
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218 | 1993 | Cold Solvent Extraction And Phyico-Chemical Study Of Avocado Oil", Internat. J. Biochemi Physics, 2, 81-84 Click to View Abstract
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219 | 1993 | Celebrating Womens Resistance: Kabira W. And Akinyi Nzioki: New Earth Publications Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
220 | 1993 | Democratic Change In Africa: Ed Kabira, Odoul And Nzomo; AAWORD/Acts Publication, Nairobi Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
221 | 1993 | Gender And Social Mythology In Delusions: Essays On Social Construction Of Gender; Ed. Kabira W. Masheti M. Mbugua W. African Womens Communication And Development Network, Nairobi Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
222 | 1993 | Gender And Ideology: In Democratic Change In Africa Ed. Kabira Oudoul And Nzomo. AAWORD/Acts Publication Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
223 | 1993 | The Oral Artist And The Gender Dimension In Relections On Theories And Methods Ed Okombo, Nandwa, Nairobi University Press Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
224 | 1993 | Kwasa TO, Townes B, Hill H, Carr J, Mwai S, Schaffer R. Related Articles, Links Behavioural Mechanisms In AIDS Patients Under Stress. East Afr Med J. 1993 Jan;70(1):43-5. Click to View Abstract
Clinical observation at the Kenyatta National Hospital showed unusually rapid deterioration of patients testing seropositive to HIV infection and being moved to a side room for nursing. This pilot study tested the hypothesis that deterioration was at least partly, mediated by B-endorphins and other endogeneous opioids. The study design was a prospective and comparative study looking at 6 HIV seropositive and 10 control (HIV seronegative) patients matched for sex, age, and clinical status at time of study. The laboratory measures compaired were baseline, and daily serum B-endorphin and ACTH. A significant variation is noted between the two groups. The significance of this study is discussed.
PIP: From among patients hospitalized at Kenyatta National Hospital, 6 subjects diagnosed as HIV positive by at least one HIV ELISA antibody test and 10 HIV negative control patients were enrolled into a study and matched for age, sex, level of education, and ethnic group. A baseline blood sample was obtained from each patient at 2.00 p.m. for complete blood count biochemical assays for B endorphin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as well as an HIV ELISA test. HIV positive patients were informed of ELISA test results and transferred to isolation rooms. Blood was drawn on the next 3 consecutive days. Concentration of ACTH was measured by radio-immunoassay. B-endorphin assay was almost the same as for ACTH. Assay sensitivity was 5 pg/ml with a range of 5-500 pg/ml. Multivariate and univariate analyses of variance with repeated measures were used to evaluate the differences in biochemical responses between HIV positive (under stress) patients and HIV negative (with no stress) patients. (ACTH and B endorphin concentrations in plasma were obtained on the day of diagnosis and at different times 1 and 72 hours thereafter. Change scores (pre-post 72 hours) in plasma ACTH and B- endorphin concentrations support the hypothesis that patients diagnoses to have AIDS experience stress mediated biochemical changes. The change score distributions predominantly indicated elevated concentrations of each neurohormone. By contrast, HIV, negative patients exhibited more random patterns of change following diagnosis. The results could be used in situations of stress-induced immuno-incompetency. Identification of significant effect of stress on neuroendocrine response and immune competence in patients diagnoses as HIV positive may suggest methods of prolonging the life of patients who otherwise have no definitive treatment. B endorphin antagonists such as Naltrexone may exert beneficial effects in selected HIV positive patients by modifying the endogenous opioid systems. |
225 | 1993 | Mbaria, J.M., Maitho, T. And Muchiri, D.J. 1993. Median Lethal Doss, Clinical Signs And Postmortem Changes In Acute Pyrethrins Toxicity Study In Sheep And Rabbits. The Pyrethrum Post. Vol. 19, 26-29 Click to View Abstract
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226 | 1993 | Jaoko WG (1993) Detection Of Circulating Immune Complex Associated Parasite Antigen In Human Loiasis: A New Approach To Diagnosis. Masters In Tropical Medicine Thesis, Liverpool School Of Tropical Medicine, University Of Liverpool. Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
227 | 1993 | Aulie, A., Kanui, T.I. And Kimwele, C.N. Growth Spurt In Anorexic Crocodiles Given Growth Hormone. Winter Meeting Of The Norwegian Physiological Society, 1993, P1(Abs.), Gulo. Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
228 | 1993 | Kanui, T.I., Karim, F., Towett, P.K., And Hole, K. The Opioid System And Underground Living In The Naked Mole-rat (Heterocephalus Glaber). Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
229 | 1993 | Karim, F., Kanui, T.I. And Mbugua, S. Effects Of Pethidine, Acetylsalicylic Acid And Hydrocortisone On Formalin-induced Pain In The Naked Mole-rat (Heterocephalus Glaber). African Journal Of Neuroscience 1 (1993) 97 (Abs). Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
230 | 1993 | Kanui, T.I., Karim, F. And Towett, P.K. The Formalin Test In The Naked Mole-rat Heterocephalus Glaber): Analgesic Effects Of Morphine, Nefopam And Paracetamol.Brain Research 600 (1993) 123-126. Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
231 | 1993 | Karim, F., Mbugua, S. And Kanui, T.I. Effects Of Codeine, Naproxen, Dexamethasone On Formalin-induced Pain In The Naked Mole-rat(Heterocephalus Glaber). Neuroreport 4 (1993) 25 Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
232 | 1993 | Kanui, T.I, Tjolsen, A., Lund, A., Mjellem-Joly, N. And Hole, K. Antinociceptive Effects Of Intrathecal A-adrenoceptor Antagonists And Clonidine In The Mouse Formalin Test. Neuropharmacology, 32 (1993) 367-371. Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
233 | 1993 | Towett, P.K. And Kanui, T.I. Effects Of Pethidine Acetylsalicylic Acid And Indomethacin On Pain And Behaviour In The Naked Mole-rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry And Behaviour 45 (1993) 153-159. Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
234 | 1993 | Kanui, T.I., Kimwele, C.N. And Aulie, A. Influence Of Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone On Growth And Feed Intake In Juvenile Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus Niloticus). Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology 106 (1993) : 381-384. Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
235 | 1993 | PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CAPRINE BESNOITIOSIS IN KENYA Click to View Abstract
Inoculation of cystozoites obtained from natural, chronic cases of caprine besnoitiosis produced clinical disease in goats but not in rabbits, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats or cattle. Histological examination of tissue sections from the experimental animals showed Besnoitia cysts only in goats. This, together with field observations that cattle reared together with goats having besnoitiosis do not contract the disease, suggests that the Besnoitia species that infects goats in Kenya is host-specific and is not Besnoitia besnoiti. We suggest that the name Besnoitia caprae be adapted for the pathogen.
Keywords; Besnoitia, clinical signs, conjuctiva, goats, infectivity, rabbits, rodents |
236 | 1993 | HYGIENE STATUS OF BOVINE CARCASES FROM THE THREE SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN NAIROBI, KENYA Click to View Abstract
A survey of hygienic quality of bovine carcases from three slaugherhouses with different throughput and management was assessed using total viable counts and coliform counts from 5 sites (hindquarter, flank, brisk, forequarter and neck) on each carcass. The total viable counts showed that all three slaughterhouses were equally contaminated with bacteria exceeding 105 per cm2; the coliform counts revealed that contamination of the flank and brisket sites differed between slaughterhouses. Factors attributed to this level of contamination and their controls were discussed. |
237 | 1993 | Yonga, G.O., Oyuga, H.W.W., Njeru, E.K. Influence Of Beta-blockade With Beta-1-selectivity Or Intrinsic Sympathomimetic Activity On Some Cardiorespiratory Responses To Exercise. East Afr. Med. J. 1993; 70:405-8. Click to View Abstract
Possession of beta-1-selectivity and intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) by beta-adrenergic blocking drugs have been found to modify the effects of these drugs on heart rate, blood pressure and pulmonary airway resistance both at rest and during exercise. In a randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial, 21 healthy male volunteers took placebo, propranolol (non-selective with no ISA), metoprolol (beta-1-selective with no ISA) and pindolol (non-selective with ISA) on separate occasions prior to an exercise test using the same protocol each time. Heart rate, blood pressure and peak respiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured before exercise and at exhaustion. No significant differences in percentage increase in heart rate after exercise were detected between placebo and all the three beta-blockers. All three drugs were associated with significantly lower percentage increases in systolic blood pressure with exercise compared to placebo; with metoprolol and propranolol causing lower increases than pindolol. The index of myocardial oxygen consumption, MVO2, was highest with pindolol. PEFR was reduced most by propranolol. Possession of beta-1-selectivity and ISA by beta-blocking drugs modifies their effects on cardio-respiratory responses to exercise amongst indigenous Kenyans. |
238 | 1993 | Battered Women: A Socio-legal Perspective Of Their Experiences In Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
ABSTRACT The literature and research on domestic violence against women have
received increased attention in the 1980's and 1990's, but research on wife beating/battering
is still sparse. This paper reports from a research project in Nairobi that focused on the legal
experiences of battered women and their perceptions of the violence. Findings reveal that the
problem of battering is rampant and most battered women do not seek legal intervention. It
was also found that a majority of the women remained in intimate relationships with their
batterers due to economic dependence on the batterers and lack of alternatives outside the
relationship.
Key Words: Domestic violence; Legal Experiences; Nairobi; Kenya.
|
239 | 1993 | E.M. Mathu, I.O. Nyambok (1993) Click to View Abstract
Tala Quarrry in African Geoscience Review Vol. 9 Number 4 pp. 385-396. |
240 | 1993 | I.O. Nyambok, J. Chorowicz, And E.M. Mathu (1993) Click to View Abstract
Tala Quarrry in African Geoscience Review Vol. 9 Number 4 pp. 385-396. |
241 | 1993 | S.J. Gaciri, R. Altherr, C.M. Nyamai And E.M. Mathu (1993) Click to View Abstract
Tala Quarrry in African Geoscience Review Vol. 9 Number 4 pp. 385-396. |
242 | 1993 | Nyamai, C.M., E.M. Mathu And W.M. Ngecu (1993) Click to View Abstract
Tala Quarrry in African Geoscience Review Vol. 9 Number 4 pp. 385-396. |
243 | 1993 | An Accurate Epidemiological Model Click to View Abstract
n/a |
244 | 1993 | Radiological Findings In Edentulous Kenyan Patients East African Medical Journal 1993; Vol. 3. Click to View Abstract
ABSTRACT The literature and research on domestic violence against women have
received increased attention in the 1980's and 1990's, but research on wife beating/battering
is still sparse. This paper reports from a research project in Nairobi that focused on the legal
experiences of battered women and their perceptions of the violence. Findings reveal that the
problem of battering is rampant and most battered women do not seek legal intervention. It
was also found that a majority of the women remained in intimate relationships with their
batterers due to economic dependence on the batterers and lack of alternatives outside the
relationship.
Key Words: Domestic violence; Legal Experiences; Nairobi; Kenya.
|
245 | 1993 | Mutiga, E.R., Mbai, K., Tsuma, V.T., Karitu, P.T. And Ojiayo, S.O. (1993). Incidence And Causes Of Retained Placenta In Small-holder Dairy Herds. Indian Vet. J., 70: 333-336, Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
246 | 1993 | Tsuma, V.T., Einarsson, S., Madej, A., Rojkittikhun, T. And Lundeheim, N. (1993). Peripheral Plasma Concentration Of B-endorphin And Cortisol In Sows Around Weaning. Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
247 | 1993 | Waruiru, R.M., Maingi, N. & Gichanga, E.J., 1993. Resistance Of Field Isolates Of H. Contortus To Thiabendazole And Fenbendazole In Kenya. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr., 4l: 203-07 Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
248 | 1993 | Waruiru, R.M., Mbuthia, P.G., Weda, E.H. & Kimoro, C.O., 1993. Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Parasites And Liver Flukes In Calves In Mathira Division Of Nyeri District, Kenya. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr., 41: 291-96. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
249 | 1993 | Waruiru, R.M., Weda, E.H, Ayuya, A.M & Kimoro, C.O., 1993. Fatal Haemonchosis In Heifers In Kiambu District, Kenya. A Case Study. Bull Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr., 41: 263-65. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
250 | 1993 | Taylor, J.F., Davis, S.K., Ruvuna, F., Rurangirwa, F., Bhebhe, E., Kogi, J.K., McGuire, T.C., Jasmer, D.P. & Waruiru, R.M., 1993. Quantitative And Mollecular Approaches To Genetic Improvement Of The Kenya Dual Purpose Goat. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
251 | 1993 | Waruiru, R.M., Weda, E.H. & Munyua, W.K., 1993. Seasonal Occurrence Of Gastrointestinal Helminths Of Cattle In Kiambu District, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
252 | 1993 | Waruiru, R.M., Ayuya, J.M., Kimoro, C.O. & Weda, E.H., 1993. Fatal Haemonchosis Calves In Kiambu District, Kenya: A Case Report. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
253 | 1993 | Waruiru, R.M., Mbuthia, P.G. & Kimoro, C.O., 1993. Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Parasites And Liver Flukes In Calves In Mathira Division Of Nyeri District, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
254 | 1993 | Waruiru, R.M., Weda, E.H. & Munyua, W.K., 1993. The Efficacy Of Triclabendazole And Oxyclozanide Against F. Gigantica In Naturally Infected Dairy Cattle. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
255 | 1993 | Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profiles In Mild To Moderate Hypertensives Seen At Kenyatta National Hospital.East Afr Med J. 1993 Nov;70(11):693-5 Click to View Abstract
Sixty newly diagnosed adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were assessed to determine their cardiovascular risk factor profiles. Detailed history and physical examinations were done. Resting 12-lead ECG was done and serum levels of uric acid, fasting cholesterol, and fasting glucose were determined. Twenty nine patients had hypertension and two or more cardiovascular risk factors. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors other than hypertension were electro-cardiovascular left ventricular hypertrophy (31.7%), obesity (28.3%) and hypercholesterolaemia (28.3%). About a half of these patients (48.3%) can be classified as high risk hypertensives. This calls for aggressive management of cardiovascular risk factors as a whole and not just hypertension alone if we are to reduce incidence of hypertensive complications. |
256 | 1993 | Mitogenic Activities In African Traditional Herbal Medicines:Planta Med. 1993 Aug;59(4):354-8 Click to View Abstract
Mitogenic activities in African traditional herbal medicines were examined using protein fractions obtained from their extracts by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Potent mitogenic activities for human and mouse lymphocytes were found in the three plants: Croton macrostachyus, Croton megalocarpus (Euphorbiaceae), and Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae). All the gel chromatographic patterns of these protein fractions progressed toward the smaller molecule site with pronase treatment, while their mitogenic activities decreased significantly. Protein fractions from these three plants induced mitogenesis both in human and mouse isolated T cells, but not in lymphocytes from athymic nude mice. By testing further fractionated protein fractions with gel filtration chromatography, it was found that all three plants contained several mitogens having different molecule sizes. |
257 | 1993 | Aspects Of Akan Phonology. University Of Wisconsin Press, 1993. Click to View Abstract
A simple gas chromatographic assay utilising alkali flame ionisation detection is described for the estimation of cyclophosphamide as its trifluoroacetate derivative from plasma. Examination of five patients following intravenous cyclophosphamide gave values of 8.9 h (SD 2.7) for the half-life and 0.061 liters/h/kg (SD 0.011) for whole-body clearance of the drug. |
258 | 1993 | Design Of A Regional Minimum Raingauge Network Click to View Abstract
A double antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for identification of thermostable muscle antigens of autoclaved meat samples is described. The assay differentiates heterologous thermostable muscle antigens from homologous at P 0.001. In model meat mixtures, the assay detects adulterants at the level of 1% at p0.001 even in phylogenetically related species such as buffalo and cattle. |
259 | 1993 | Njoroge E.M. (1993) A Study Of Experimental Water Intoxication In Calves. Click to View Abstract
The pathology of calves that died from experimental water intoxication was investigated. Oedema of the brain and urinary bladder, and renal damage were significant pathological findings in these calves. The findings were attributed to positive water balance in calves suffering from water intoxication |
260 | 1993 | Intestinal Atresia And Stenosis As Seen And Treated At Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
In this retrospective study carried out covering the period, 1978-1991, 62 neonates were seen, diagnosed and treated for intestinal atresia which included: duodenal atresia and stenosis, small bowel atresia and atresia of large bowel. Locations of obstruction were duodenal in 17 patients, jejunal in 25 patients, jejuno-ileal in 5 and colon in two. Duodenal atresia was noted in 9 infants and duodenal stenosis due to annular pancreas, Ladd's bands with malrotation of bowel in 8. Associated anomalies which were observed were anorectal malformations in 2 and malrotation in 2 infants. Birth weights ranged from 1450 gm to 3000 gm. Prematurity was recorded in 11 infants. Diagnosis of intestinal atresia in our patients was made clinically and radiologically. Intestinal atresia in neonates was differentiated from other causes of obstruction such as Meconium Ileus, Hirschsprung's disease, neonatal volvulus, rectal atresia in anorectal malformations. Treatment of infants with intestinal atresia was surgical. Surgical techniques used depended on pathological findings. In 36 patients, complications such as functional obstructions with vomiting and failure to thrive, malabsorption, aspiration, bronchopneumonia, sepsis were observed. Overall mortality rate in our cases was 25 (41.9%) out of 62 patients.
|
261 | 1993 | Intestinal Atresia And Stenosis As Seen And Treated At Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
In this retrospective study carried out covering the period, 1978-1991, 62 neonates were seen, diagnosed and treated for intestinal atresia which included: duodenal atresia and stenosis, small bowel atresia and atresia of large bowel. Locations of obstruction were duodenal in 17 patients, jejunal in 25 patients, jejuno-ileal in 5 and colon in two. Duodenal atresia was noted in 9 infants and duodenal stenosis due to annular pancreas, Ladd's bands with malrotation of bowel in 8. Associated anomalies which were observed were anorectal malformations in 2 and malrotation in 2 infants. Birth weights ranged from 1450 gm to 3000 gm. Prematurity was recorded in 11 infants. Diagnosis of intestinal atresia in our patients was made clinically and radiologically. Intestinal atresia in neonates was differentiated from other causes of obstruction such as Meconium Ileus, Hirschsprung's disease, neonatal volvulus, rectal atresia in anorectal malformations. Treatment of infants with intestinal atresia was surgical. Surgical techniques used depended on pathological findings. In 36 patients, complications such as functional obstructions with vomiting and failure to thrive, malabsorption, aspiration, bronchopneumonia, sepsis were observed. Overall mortality rate in our cases was 25 (41.9%) out of 62 patients.
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262 | 1993 | ODUORI, M. F.; JUN SAKAI And EIJI INOUE (1993). Combine Harvester Reel Stagger Click to View Abstract
Essential thrombocythaemia was diagnosed in a series of 18 patients on the basis of platelet counts greater than 1,000 X 10(9)/1. Radionuclide studies have been carried out to distinguish thrombocythaemia as a primary disease from polycythaemia vera, myelofibrosis and chronic granulocytic leukaemia presenting with high platelet counts. These have included blood volume and spleen function, and radio-iron (52Fe) has been used to demonstrate the presence of extramedullary (splenic) erythropoiesis. The value of these investigations in distinguishing between the various myeloproliferative disorders associated with thrombocythaemia is illustrated.
PMID: 3933244 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
263 | 1993 | SAKAI, JUN; EIJI INOUE And M. F. ODUORI (1993). Combine Harvester Reel Stagger Click to View Abstract
Essential thrombocythaemia was diagnosed in a series of 18 patients on the basis of platelet counts greater than 1,000 X 10(9)/1. Radionuclide studies have been carried out to distinguish thrombocythaemia as a primary disease from polycythaemia vera, myelofibrosis and chronic granulocytic leukaemia presenting with high platelet counts. These have included blood volume and spleen function, and radio-iron (52Fe) has been used to demonstrate the presence of extramedullary (splenic) erythropoiesis. The value of these investigations in distinguishing between the various myeloproliferative disorders associated with thrombocythaemia is illustrated.
PMID: 3933244 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
264 | 1993 | ODUORI, M. F.; JUN SAKAI And EIJI INOUE (1993). An Algorithm For Combine Harvester Reel Stagger Determination Based On Reel Kinematics And Crop Stem Deflection. International Conference For Agricultural Machinery And Process Engineering. Proceedings Of A Click to View Abstract
Essential thrombocythaemia was diagnosed in a series of 18 patients on the basis of platelet counts greater than 1,000 X 10(9)/1. Radionuclide studies have been carried out to distinguish thrombocythaemia as a primary disease from polycythaemia vera, myelofibrosis and chronic granulocytic leukaemia presenting with high platelet counts. These have included blood volume and spleen function, and radio-iron (52Fe) has been used to demonstrate the presence of extramedullary (splenic) erythropoiesis. The value of these investigations in distinguishing between the various myeloproliferative disorders associated with thrombocythaemia is illustrated.
PMID: 3933244 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
265 | 1993 | ODUORI, M. F.; JUN SAKAI And EIJI INOUE (1993). Aerodynamic Torque And Power On A Rotating Circular Disc - A Dimensional Analysis Approach. Journal Of Kyushu Branch Of The Japanese Society For Agricultural Machinery, No. 42, September 1993 Click to View Abstract
Essential thrombocythaemia was diagnosed in a series of 18 patients on the basis of platelet counts greater than 1,000 X 10(9)/1. Radionuclide studies have been carried out to distinguish thrombocythaemia as a primary disease from polycythaemia vera, myelofibrosis and chronic granulocytic leukaemia presenting with high platelet counts. These have included blood volume and spleen function, and radio-iron (52Fe) has been used to demonstrate the presence of extramedullary (splenic) erythropoiesis. The value of these investigations in distinguishing between the various myeloproliferative disorders associated with thrombocythaemia is illustrated.
PMID: 3933244 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
266 | 1993 | Mutiga, E.R., Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. And Azage, T. 1993. Luteolytic Effect Of PGF2 Alpha In Boran/Fresian Cross-bred Heifers. J. Agri. Sci. 120 : 103-106. Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
267 | 1993 | Mutiga, E.R., And Others 1993. Incidence And Causes Of Retained Placentas In Smallholder Dairy Herds In Kenya. Indian J. Vet. Med. 70 (4) : 333-336. Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
268 | 1993 | Tekelye Bekele, E. Burns, O.B. Kasali And Mutiga, E.R. 1993. The Effect Of Endoparasites On The Reproductive Performance Of On-farm Sheep In The Ethiopian Highlands. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 63 (1) : 8-12. Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
269 | 1993 | Mulei, C.M., Mutiga, E.R. And G.K. Gitau 1993. Retained Foetal Membranes In Cattle : Relationship Between Bacterial Isolates, Blood Picture And Systemic Involvement. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 63 : 235-238. Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
270 | 1993 | Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. And Mutiga, E.R. 1993. Peri-pubertal Plasma Progesterone Patterns In Ethiopian Menz Ewe Lambs. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 3: 31-38. Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
271 | 1993 | Ngeranwa, J.J.N., Gathumbi, P.K., Agumbah, G.J.O. And Mutiga, E.R. 1993. Pathogenesis Of Trypanosoma (brucei) (evansi) In Small East African Goats. Res. Vet. Sci. 54: 283-289. Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
272 | 1993 | Njenga, J.M., Bwangamoi, O., Mutiga, E.R., Kang Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
273 | 1993 | Mukasa-Mugerwa, E., Anindo, D., Lahlou-Kassi, A., Mutiga, E.R. And Sovani, S. 1993. Seasonal Variations In Sexual Behaviour And Ovarian Function Of Tropical Menz Sheep As Affected By Plane Nutrition. Nutr. Reprod. Development 33(6). Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
274 | 1993 | Mukasa-Mugerwa, E., Lahlou-Kassi, A., Sherington, J., Said, A.N. And Mutiga, E.R. 1993. Risk Of Perinatal Lamb Mortality In Relation To Birth Weight, Dam Live Weight Change And Stage Of Supplementation During Pregnancy In Ethiopian Menz Sheep. Prev. Vet. Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
275 | 1993 | Maina, A.K., Munyua, S.J., Mutiga, E.R. And Thaiya, A.G. 1993. Mammary Gland Infections In Free-range Goats In Kenya. Bull. Anim.hith.& Prod. Afr. 41 : 331. Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
276 | 1993 | Githure, J.I.; Hey, A.S.; Were, J.B.O.; Koech, K.; Mitema, E.S. And Kharazuni, A. (1993). Field Application Of An Elisa Using Redefined Leishmania Antigen For The Detection Of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med Hyg. 87: 423-424. Click to View Abstract
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277 | 1993 | . Kariuki, S.M. Olsvik, O. Mitema, E.S.; Gathuma, J.M. And Mirza N. (1993). Acquired Tetracycline Resistance Genes In Nosocomial Salmonella Typhimurium Infection In A Kenyan Hospital. E. Afr. Med. J. 70: 255-258. Click to View Abstract
Tetracyclines have been among the most widely used antibiotics worldwide. Plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance among hospital strains of bacteria has continued to rise and of major concern has been the transfer of resistance to pathogenic organisms. Bacteraemia due to hospital acquired S. typhimurium has been a major cause of morbidity at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), hence the need to study drug susceptibility pattern of this organism. This study also characterized the tetracycline resistance genes using oligonucleotide probes. Ninety seven S. typhimurium strains isolated from patients at KNH were used. Agar dilution method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Plasmids were isolated from each strain and the different plasmid profiles were grouped by their molecular weights into 6 patterns. Out of 97, 87 (88%) strains were resistant. MIC ranged from 1 microgram/ml to 128 micrograms/ml. Genes encoding for tetracycline resistance were located on plasmids of molecular weights 65 MDa, 5.2 or both. Plasmid-encoded antimicrobial resistance is likely to spread to other pathogenic organisms, reduce our ability to treat the infection and increase the cost and duration of treatment.
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278 | 1993 | Ngethe, S.; Horsberg, T.E.; Mitema, E.S. And Jugebrigtsen (1993). Species Differences In Hepatic Concentration Of Orally Administered 3H-AFB1 Between Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) And Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus). Aquaculture. 114: 355-358. Click to View Abstract
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279 | 1993 | Jahil R A, Ashley F P Wilson R.F. Wagaiyu E.G Concentrations Of Thiocyanate, Hypothiocyanite, Click to View Abstract
Department of Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, United Medical School of Guy's Hospital, London, UK. Resting and stimulated whole saliva was collected from 94 children aged 12-14 years and analyzed for thiocyanate, hypothiocyanite, 'free' and 'total' lysozyme, lactoferrin and secretory IgA. Clinical assessments of the amounts of plaque and gingival inflammation were made, and plaque was collected for determination of dry weight. An inverse relationship was observed between salivary thiocyanate concentrations in both resting and stimulated saliva and the amounts of plaque and gingival inflammation in these subjects (p < 0.05). Lactoferrin concentration in stimulated saliva was directly related to the amounts of plaque and gingivitis (p < 0.05). 'Total' lysozyme concentration in stimulated saliva was directly related to the amount of plaque (p < 0.05), and the 'free' lysozyme concentration in the same saliva was directly related to the amount of gingivitis (p < 0.05). The direct relationship observed between clinical measurements and both lysozyme and lactoferrin concentrations in saliva may have been due to contributions from gingival crevicular fluid. Cluster analysis identified three groups of subjects with different profiles in resting whole saliva, and in particular with different levels of secretory IgA. A statistically significant difference was observed in the quantity of plaque collected from subjects in two of these groups (p < 0.05). These results from cluster analysis using resting whole saliva from children confirmed the findings of a previous study with young adults.
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280 | 1993 | Nzioka B.M, Nyaga J.K., Wagaiyu E.G The Relationship Between Tooth Brushing Frequency And Personal Hygiene Habits In Teenagers. EAST AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol. 70, No.7 Pg. 445 Click to View Abstract
Department of Dental Surgery, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. A survey of 904, 14-17 year old school children from secondary schools around Nairobi was done to find out if there was any relationship between toothbrushing frequency and personal hygiene habits. The students completed a questionnaire anonymously in class. Female students brushed their teeth more often than the male students. 62.2% of the females and 50.1% of the males brushed their teeth more than once a day. Of those students who brushed their teeth more than once a day, 52% bathed daily, 22% used perfumes/deodorants daily and 50.1% always washed their hands after visiting the lavatory. No relationship was found between washing of hair and toothbrushing frequency. 69.7% males and 53.2% females gave toothache and tooth decay as the main reasons for mouth care. Those who brushed their teeth more frequently also visited the medical doctor regularly for routine check-ups. These findings indicated that toothbrushing was closely related to personal hygiene habits. |
281 | 1993 | Mwabe P.O., Mechanisms Governing Alkali Metal Capture By Kaolinite In A Downflow Combustor Click to View Abstract
Mbugua PM, Thairu K, Ng'ang'a JN, Telang BV.
A cholinomimetic substance was isolated from desiccated venom of Dendroaspis polylepis by one-dimensional ascending paper chromatography. The migratory and staining properties of the substance were compared with those of standard acetylcholine. Pharmacological and biochemical identification was carried out on various in vitro and in vivo biological test objects as well as with high-voltage paper electrophoresis. The assay of the cholinomimetic substance was done on both superfused guinea pig ileum and hamster stomach strips. The cholinomimetic substance content was 2.44 - 3.46mg/0.96gm of total protein in the desiccated venom.
PMID: 7100627 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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282 | 1993 | Jalil RA, Ashley FP, Wilson RF, Wagaiyu EG.Concentrations Of Thiocyanate, Hypothiocyanite, 'free' And 'total' Lysozyme, Lactoferrin And Secretory IgA In Resting And Stimulated Whole Saliva Of Children Aged 12-14 Years And The Relationship With Plaque Accu Click to View Abstract
Resting and stimulated whole saliva was collected from 94 children aged 12-14 years and analyzed for thiocyanate, hypothiocyanite, 'free' and 'total' lysozyme, lactoferrin and secretory IgA. Clinical assessments of the amounts of plaque and gingival inflammation were made, and plaque was collected for determination of dry weight. An inverse relationship was observed between salivary thiocyanate concentrations in both resting and stimulated saliva and the amounts of plaque and gingival inflammation in these subjects (p < 0.05). Lactoferrin concentration in stimulated saliva was directly related to the amounts of plaque and gingivitis (p < 0.05). 'Total' lysozyme concentration in stimulated saliva was directly related to the amount of plaque (p < 0.05), and the 'free' lysozyme concentration in the same saliva was directly related to the amount of gingivitis (p < 0.05). The direct relationship observed between clinical measurements and both lysozyme and lactoferrin concentrations in saliva may have been due to contributions from gingival crevicular fluid. Cluster analysis identified three groups of subjects with different profiles in resting whole saliva, and in particular with different levels of secretory IgA. A statistically significant difference was observed in the quantity of plaque collected from subjects in two of these groups (p < 0.05). These results from cluster analysis using resting whole saliva from children confirmed the findings of a previous study with young adults.
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283 | 1993 | A Discussion On Constitutive Equation For Granular Materials En-masse. East African Journal Of Engineering. 1(1): 27 - 38 Click to View Abstract
Differentiation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic (midgut) forms is an important first step in the establishment of an infection within the tsetse fly. This complex process is mediated by a wide variety of factors, including those associated with the vector itself, the trypanosomes and the bloodmeal. As part of an on-going project in our laboratory, we recently isolated and characterized a bloodmeal-induced molecule with both lectin and trypsin activities from midguts of the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis [Osir, E.O., Abubakar, L., Imbuga, M.O., 1995. Purification and characterization of a midgut lectin-trypsin complex from the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis. Parasitol. Res. 81, 276-281]. The protein (lectin-trypsin complex) was found to be capable of stimulating differentiation of bloodstream trypanosomes in vitro. Using polyclonal antibodies to the complex, we screened a G. fuscipes fuscipes cDNA midgut expression library and identified a putative proteolytic lectin gene. The cDNA encodes a putative mature polypeptide with 274 amino acids (designated Glossina proteolytic lectin, Gpl). The deduced amino acid sequence includes a hydrophobic signal peptide and a highly conserved N-terminal sequence motif. The typical features of serine protease trypsin family of proteins found in the sequence include the His/Asp/Ser active site triad with the conserved residues surrounding it, three pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide bridges and an aspartate residue at the specificity pocket. Expression of the gene in a bacterial expression system yielded a protein (M(r) approximately 32,500). The recombinant protein (Gpl) bound d(+) glucosamine and agglutinated bloodstream-form trypanosomes and rabbit red blood cells. In addition, the protein was found to be capable of inducing transformation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic forms in vitro. Antibodies raised against the recombinant protein showed cross-reactivity with the alpha subunit of the lectin-trypsin complex. These results support our earlier hypothesis that this molecule is involved in the establishment of trypanosome infections in tsetse flies. |
284 | 1993 | Selected Physical Properties Of Sorghum Grains. K1FST Review. 4(2): 49 - 67. Click to View Abstract
Differentiation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic (midgut) forms is an important first step in the establishment of an infection within the tsetse fly. This complex process is mediated by a wide variety of factors, including those associated with the vector itself, the trypanosomes and the bloodmeal. As part of an on-going project in our laboratory, we recently isolated and characterized a bloodmeal-induced molecule with both lectin and trypsin activities from midguts of the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis [Osir, E.O., Abubakar, L., Imbuga, M.O., 1995. Purification and characterization of a midgut lectin-trypsin complex from the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis. Parasitol. Res. 81, 276-281]. The protein (lectin-trypsin complex) was found to be capable of stimulating differentiation of bloodstream trypanosomes in vitro. Using polyclonal antibodies to the complex, we screened a G. fuscipes fuscipes cDNA midgut expression library and identified a putative proteolytic lectin gene. The cDNA encodes a putative mature polypeptide with 274 amino acids (designated Glossina proteolytic lectin, Gpl). The deduced amino acid sequence includes a hydrophobic signal peptide and a highly conserved N-terminal sequence motif. The typical features of serine protease trypsin family of proteins found in the sequence include the His/Asp/Ser active site triad with the conserved residues surrounding it, three pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide bridges and an aspartate residue at the specificity pocket. Expression of the gene in a bacterial expression system yielded a protein (M(r) approximately 32,500). The recombinant protein (Gpl) bound d(+) glucosamine and agglutinated bloodstream-form trypanosomes and rabbit red blood cells. In addition, the protein was found to be capable of inducing transformation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic forms in vitro. Antibodies raised against the recombinant protein showed cross-reactivity with the alpha subunit of the lectin-trypsin complex. These results support our earlier hypothesis that this molecule is involved in the establishment of trypanosome infections in tsetse flies. |
285 | 1993 | Rheological Models For Shelled Maize En-masse. Proceedings Of The 6th International Congress On Engineering And Food. Makuhari, Chiba, Japan, May 23-27. Click to View Abstract
Differentiation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic (midgut) forms is an important first step in the establishment of an infection within the tsetse fly. This complex process is mediated by a wide variety of factors, including those associated with the vector itself, the trypanosomes and the bloodmeal. As part of an on-going project in our laboratory, we recently isolated and characterized a bloodmeal-induced molecule with both lectin and trypsin activities from midguts of the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis [Osir, E.O., Abubakar, L., Imbuga, M.O., 1995. Purification and characterization of a midgut lectin-trypsin complex from the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis. Parasitol. Res. 81, 276-281]. The protein (lectin-trypsin complex) was found to be capable of stimulating differentiation of bloodstream trypanosomes in vitro. Using polyclonal antibodies to the complex, we screened a G. fuscipes fuscipes cDNA midgut expression library and identified a putative proteolytic lectin gene. The cDNA encodes a putative mature polypeptide with 274 amino acids (designated Glossina proteolytic lectin, Gpl). The deduced amino acid sequence includes a hydrophobic signal peptide and a highly conserved N-terminal sequence motif. The typical features of serine protease trypsin family of proteins found in the sequence include the His/Asp/Ser active site triad with the conserved residues surrounding it, three pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide bridges and an aspartate residue at the specificity pocket. Expression of the gene in a bacterial expression system yielded a protein (M(r) approximately 32,500). The recombinant protein (Gpl) bound d(+) glucosamine and agglutinated bloodstream-form trypanosomes and rabbit red blood cells. In addition, the protein was found to be capable of inducing transformation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic forms in vitro. Antibodies raised against the recombinant protein showed cross-reactivity with the alpha subunit of the lectin-trypsin complex. These results support our earlier hypothesis that this molecule is involved in the establishment of trypanosome infections in tsetse flies. |
286 | 1993 | Yong Yoon; World Economic Booms And Crisis, Adjustment Policies And The Current Account: A Decomposition Analysis For Kenya 1972-1993, University Of Nairobi Click to View Abstract
In contrast with mammalian cells, little is known about the control of Ca2+ entry into primitive protozoans. Here we report that Ca2+ influx in pathogenic Trypanosoma brucei can be regulated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid (AA). Several PLA2 inhibitors blocked Ca2+ entry; 3-(4-octadecyl)-benzoylacrylic acid (OBAA; IC50 0.4+/-0.1 microM) was the most potent. We identified in live trypanosomes PLA2 activity that was sensitive to OBAA and could be stimulated by Ca2+, suggesting the presence of positive feedback control. The cell-associated PLA2 activity was able to release [14C]AA from labelled phospholipid substrates. Exogenous AA (5-50 microM) also initiated Ca2+ entry in a manner that was inhibited by the Ca2+ antagonist La3+ (100 microM). Ca2+ entry did not depend on AA metabolism or protein kinase activation. The cell response was specific for AA, and fatty acids with greater saturation than tetraeicosanoic acid (AA) or with chain lengths less than C20 exhibited greatly diminished ability to initiate Ca2+ influx. Myristate and palmitate inhibited PLA2 activity and also inhibited Ca2+ influx. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ca2+ entry into T. brucei can result from phospholipid hydrolysis and the release of eicosanoic acids. |
287 | 1993 | Omondi, L.N. (1993) Reduplication And The Lexicon. Proceedings Of The LAUD Symposium, 1993. Click to View Abstract
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288 | 1993 | 1993. 22nd- 24th March The International LAUD-Symposium, Duisburg University Click to View Abstract
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289 | 1993 | 1993, 27th-29th September. The Second International LICCA Conference Maseru, Lesotho Click to View Abstract
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290 | 1993 | A. A. M. WASIKE: An Analytical And Numerical Study Of A System Of Linearly Two Coupled Oscillators With A Time Lag In The Coupling; Click to View Abstract
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291 | 1993 | LL.M Course Work Essay (1993), University Of Nairobi. The Individual As A Subject Or Object Of International Law Click to View Abstract
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Hepatocellular carcinoma results when cancerous cells are localized in the liver. It is distributed globally with high prevalence in sub-Saharan African, southern Asia, China and Japan. Diagnosis is experimental and in many cases inaccurate due to unreliability of markers. Prognosis is poor and the cost of treatment prohibitive. Conventional radiation and chemotherapy lead to loss of hair, fertility and general weakening of the body`s immune system increasing a patient`s risk to infection. These observations underscore the need for improved, or additional methods of cancer diagnosis and management. We investigated the effect of polysaccharide rich Pleurotus pulmonarius fruit body extracts on progression of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in CBA mice. Addition of Pleurotus pulmonarius extracts in diet delayed progression of carcinogenesis suggesting that these extracts may be useful as adjuvants to conventional cancer therapies.
Key words: carcinogenesis; mice; mushroom extracts; pleurotus pulmunarius
Corresponding author: Ms Carolyne Wasonga, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: carox27@yahoo.ca
Charles O.A. Omwandho, Susanne E. Gruessner, John Falconer, Hans-R Tinneberg, Timothy K. Roberts. IS OVINE PLACENTAL IGG TOXIC TO HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD NATURAL KILLER CELLS? |
292 | 1993 | 1993. Effect Of Deflowering And Defoliation During Reproductive Phase On Flower And Pod Abscission And Yield Of Pigeon Peas (Cajanus Cajan). Discovery And Innovation, 5: 377-380. Click to View Abstract
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Hepatocellular carcinoma results when cancerous cells are localized in the liver. It is distributed globally with high prevalence in sub-Saharan African, southern Asia, China and Japan. Diagnosis is experimental and in many cases inaccurate due to unreliability of markers. Prognosis is poor and the cost of treatment prohibitive. Conventional radiation and chemotherapy lead to loss of hair, fertility and general weakening of the body`s immune system increasing a patient`s risk to infection. These observations underscore the need for improved, or additional methods of cancer diagnosis and management. We investigated the effect of polysaccharide rich Pleurotus pulmonarius fruit body extracts on progression of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in CBA mice. Addition of Pleurotus pulmonarius extracts in diet delayed progression of carcinogenesis suggesting that these extracts may be useful as adjuvants to conventional cancer therapies.
Key words: carcinogenesis; mice; mushroom extracts; pleurotus pulmunarius
Corresponding author: Ms Carolyne Wasonga, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: carox27@yahoo.ca
Charles O.A. Omwandho, Susanne E. Gruessner, John Falconer, Hans-R Tinneberg, Timothy K. Roberts. IS OVINE PLACENTAL IGG TOXIC TO HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD NATURAL KILLER CELLS? |
293 | 1993 | Munyua S.J. M., R.G. Wahome, B.M. Mitaru, G.J.O. Agumbah And Kiptoon J.C. (1993). Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
294 | 1993 | The Educational Mission Of The Church: An African Perspective Click to View Abstract
The Educational Mission of the Church: An African Perspective |
295 | 1993 | Kisia, S. M. (1993). Volume Densities And Absolute Volumes Of Mitochondria In Body Trunk Red Muscle Of A Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus (Trewavas). Acta Biologica Hungarica 44(2-3), Pp. 243-248. Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
296 | 1993 | Human Leptospirosis In Turkana District Of Kenya: Serological Findings. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Pro. Afr. (Submitted). Click to View Abstract
Bovine foscioliosis coused by F. giganticais widespread in There is a large collection of reports of fasciolosis in Kenya based on abattoir data records from veterinary investigation laboratories (VILS) as well as reports on a few farm study was carried out to improve on the reports.
Diagnosis of fasciola infection has traditionally been based on detection of typical eggs in the faeces. A variety of other techniques are now available eg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which has shown to be sensitive and useful.
Three agro-ecological zoned were defined depending on the reported prevalence; high risk, medium risk and low risk zones. Two study districts were picked at random from each zone. The study farms were selected using the two stage cluster sampling.
Faecal and blood samples were collected on the farm. Serum was later harvested. ELISA and faecal sedimatation tests (FST) were carried out.
A total of 2434 faecal and blood samples were screened. ELISA achieved the highest (66%) positive rate of the samples from Kwale district and the lowest (23%) rate in Nakuru. An overall positive prevalence of (43%) for fasciolosis was achieved. The faecal sedimentation test showed prevalence of 19%. In both tests high prevalence were observed in Kwale and Kilifi districts. ELSA was always positive when FST was positive but not the converse.
The on-famr survey utilizing two reliable diagnostic tests was meant to improve on existing abattoir reports. Both tests showed fair to good agreements. The higher detection by ELISA might be due to deworming and other reasons. It was concluded that on-farm surveys are better than retrogressive studies; thought the latter are cheaper and faster., the current prevalence of fasciolosis are different from past reports with coastal showing higher than expected prevalences. |
297 | 1993 | Serological Survey Of Leptospiral Antibodies In Cattle, Sheep And Goats In Nyandarua District Of Kenya. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Pro. Afr. (1994), 42: 335-337. Click to View Abstract
Bovine foscioliosis coused by F. giganticais widespread in There is a large collection of reports of fasciolosis in Kenya based on abattoir data records from veterinary investigation laboratories (VILS) as well as reports on a few farm study was carried out to improve on the reports.
Diagnosis of fasciola infection has traditionally been based on detection of typical eggs in the faeces. A variety of other techniques are now available eg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which has shown to be sensitive and useful.
Three agro-ecological zoned were defined depending on the reported prevalence; high risk, medium risk and low risk zones. Two study districts were picked at random from each zone. The study farms were selected using the two stage cluster sampling.
Faecal and blood samples were collected on the farm. Serum was later harvested. ELISA and faecal sedimatation tests (FST) were carried out.
A total of 2434 faecal and blood samples were screened. ELISA achieved the highest (66%) positive rate of the samples from Kwale district and the lowest (23%) rate in Nakuru. An overall positive prevalence of (43%) for fasciolosis was achieved. The faecal sedimentation test showed prevalence of 19%. In both tests high prevalence were observed in Kwale and Kilifi districts. ELSA was always positive when FST was positive but not the converse.
The on-famr survey utilizing two reliable diagnostic tests was meant to improve on existing abattoir reports. Both tests showed fair to good agreements. The higher detection by ELISA might be due to deworming and other reasons. It was concluded that on-farm surveys are better than retrogressive studies; thought the latter are cheaper and faster., the current prevalence of fasciolosis are different from past reports with coastal showing higher than expected prevalences. |
298 | 1993 | Professional Practice In Changing Times Held On October 29 - 30, 1993 Click to View Abstract
Bovine foscioliosis coused by F. giganticais widespread in There is a large collection of reports of fasciolosis in Kenya based on abattoir data records from veterinary investigation laboratories (VILS) as well as reports on a few farm study was carried out to improve on the reports.
Diagnosis of fasciola infection has traditionally been based on detection of typical eggs in the faeces. A variety of other techniques are now available eg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which has shown to be sensitive and useful.
Three agro-ecological zoned were defined depending on the reported prevalence; high risk, medium risk and low risk zones. Two study districts were picked at random from each zone. The study farms were selected using the two stage cluster sampling.
Faecal and blood samples were collected on the farm. Serum was later harvested. ELISA and faecal sedimatation tests (FST) were carried out.
A total of 2434 faecal and blood samples were screened. ELISA achieved the highest (66%) positive rate of the samples from Kwale district and the lowest (23%) rate in Nakuru. An overall positive prevalence of (43%) for fasciolosis was achieved. The faecal sedimentation test showed prevalence of 19%. In both tests high prevalence were observed in Kwale and Kilifi districts. ELSA was always positive when FST was positive but not the converse.
The on-famr survey utilizing two reliable diagnostic tests was meant to improve on existing abattoir reports. Both tests showed fair to good agreements. The higher detection by ELISA might be due to deworming and other reasons. It was concluded that on-farm surveys are better than retrogressive studies; thought the latter are cheaper and faster., the current prevalence of fasciolosis are different from past reports with coastal showing higher than expected prevalences. |
299 | 1993 | Kaimenyi J.T, Ndungu F.L, Maina S.W And Chindia M. Oral Hygiene Habits And Dental Health Awareness Of Kenyan Children Aged 9 Years In Peri Urban And Urban School. East Afr. Med J. 1993 Feb; 70(2):67-70 Click to View Abstract
Joint exhibition of paintings and sculptures |
300 | 1993 | The Study Of The Development Of Multimodal Transport Services In Kenya. United Nations Development Programme, Nairobi, November 1993. Click to View Abstract
The safety and immunogenicity of plasmid pTHr DNA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine candidates were evaluated in four Phase I clinical trials in Kenya and Uganda. Both vaccines, expressing HIV-1 subtype A gag p24/p17 and a string of CD8 T-cell epitopes (HIVA), were generally safe and well-tolerated. At the dosage levels and intervals tested, the percentage of vaccine recipients with HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses, assessed by a validated ex vivo interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISPOT assay and Cytokine Flow Cytometry (CFC), did not significantly differ from placebo recipients. These trials demonstrated the feasibility of conducting high-quality Phase 1 trials in Africa. |
301 | 1993 | Role Of Non-Motorized Transport Services In Nairobi: A Paper To The Velocity Conference, Nottingham, U.K. September 1993. Click to View Abstract
The safety and immunogenicity of plasmid pTHr DNA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine candidates were evaluated in four Phase I clinical trials in Kenya and Uganda. Both vaccines, expressing HIV-1 subtype A gag p24/p17 and a string of CD8 T-cell epitopes (HIVA), were generally safe and well-tolerated. At the dosage levels and intervals tested, the percentage of vaccine recipients with HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses, assessed by a validated ex vivo interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISPOT assay and Cytokine Flow Cytometry (CFC), did not significantly differ from placebo recipients. These trials demonstrated the feasibility of conducting high-quality Phase 1 trials in Africa. |
302 | 1993 | "The Role Of Entrepreneurship In Promoting Sustainable Economic Development In Kenya" ILO/ National Center For Enterprise Development (1994): Proceedings Of A National Seminar On Entrepreneurship Lead Institutions In Kenya - ILO/National Click to View Abstract
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303 | 1993 | An Accurate Epidemiological Model Click to View Abstract
This paper investigates the possibilities of applying emerging management theories and techniques to constitutionally created offices in Kenya and East African region. The benefits from application of these theories, particularly in the judicial services are highlighted. |
304 | 1993 | An Accurate Epidemiological Model Click to View Abstract
This paper investigates the possibilities of applying emerging management theories and techniques to constitutionally created offices in Kenya and East African region. The benefits from application of these theories, particularly in the judicial services are highlighted. |
305 | 1993 | Mebrahtu Y.B., Hendricks L.D., Oster C.N., Lawyer P.G., Perkins P.V., Pamba H.O., Koech D.K.and Roberts C.R.: Leishmania Donovani Parasites In The Nasal Secretions And Tonsilo-pharyngeal Mucosa And Urine Centrifuges Of Visceral Lieshmaniasis Patients In K Click to View Abstract
This paper investigates the possibilities of applying emerging management theories and techniques to constitutionally created offices in Kenya and East African region. The benefits from application of these theories, particularly in the judicial services are highlighted.
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306 | 1993 | Mebrahtu Y.B., Van Eys G.J.J.M., Lawyer P.G., Pamba H.O., Koech D.K., Roberts C.R., Perkins P.V., Were J.B. And Hendricks L.D.: Human Cuteneous Leishmaniasis Caused By Leishmania Donovani S.L. In Kenya. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 86: 556, 1993 Click to View Abstract
This paper investigates the possibilities of applying emerging management theories and techniques to constitutionally created offices in Kenya and East African region. The benefits from application of these theories, particularly in the judicial services are highlighted.
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307 | 1993 | The Prepared Cellulase Solution Digestion For Screening Forage Grass Germplasm For Digestibility. Click to View Abstract
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308 | 1993 | Syagga,P.M.(1993),Promoting The Use Use Appropriate Building Materials In Shelter Provision In Kenya Habitat International,Vol.17 No.3,PP143-154. Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
309 | 1993 | Syagga, P.M. (1993), "Waste Management In Eastern And Central African Region". Report And Proceedings Of An IDRC Workshop, 4-6 May, 1993, Ottawa, Pp 190 - 203. Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
310 | 1993 | Syagga, P.M. (1993), Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
311 | 1993 | Syagga, P.M. And E.M. Aligula (1993), Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
312 | 1993 | Syagga, P.M. (1993), Promoting Sustainable Construction Industry Activities: A Regional Overview For The African Region. Prepared For UNCHS (Habitat) (50 Pages). Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
313 | 1993 | Syagga, P.M. And E. Aligula (1993), Nairobi Housing Condition Survey Report. Department Of Land Development, University Of Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
314 | 1993 | Syagga, P.M. (1993), Promoting Sustainable Construction Industry Activities: A Regional Overview For The African Region. Prepared For UNCHS (Habitat) (50 Pages). Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
315 | 1993 | Biamah, E.K.; F.N. Gichuki And P. G. Kaumbutho (1993). Tillage Methods And Soil And Water Conservation In Eastern Africa. Soil Tillage Research, 27 (1993) 105-123. Elsevier Science Publishers, The Netherlands. Click to View Abstract
In semi arid Kenya, the occurrence of flush floods and soil erosion on agricultural watersheds is attributed to intense rainstorm events of short duration. Thus when agricultural watersheds have no erosion control structures in place, the generation of direct runoff would increase with cultivation. Of the two components of runoff namely, runoff volume and peak runoff discharge, the consideration of peak runoff discharge rate is critical to the design of effective hydraulic structures for controlling floods and soil erosion. In order to accurately predict a watershed's peak runoff discharge, it is important to select a model that is deterministic and yet simple to use. The model should be able to consider the time distribution of runoff response as influenced by Watershed characteristics. The time to peak runoff discharge is largely influenced by the time of concentration. The time of concentration depends on the shape, size and relief of the watershed. In Iiuni Watershed, the Nash model, a parsimonious deterministic model, was selected to predict peak runoff discharges. This model uses the instantaneous unit hydrograph principle to simulate the direct runoff hydrographs and estimate peak runoff discharge. The Nash model was applied using input parameters derived from the watershed's rainfall-runoff characteristics. The results obtained showed that the Nash model was good in predicting peak runoff discharges. This statistic of comparison, R2 (coefficient of efficiency) for the model was above 70% for the model which is indicative of good model prediction of peak runoff discharge (Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970). From this analysis, the Nash model is recommended for the estimation of peak runoff discharge from un-gauged agricultural watersheds in Kenya.
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316 | 1993 | Biamah, E.K., Gichuki, F.N., Kaumbutho, P.G., 1993. Tillage Methods And Soil And Water Conservation In Eastern Africa. Soil & Tillage Research, 27: 105-123. Click to View Abstract
This paper reviews some research studies on tillage methods influencing soil and moisture conservation in the eastern African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Ethiopia during the past four decades. Most of these studies were conducted in marginal rainfall (semi arid ) areas and on shallow soils of various textures (sandy clay loam, sandy clay, clay and loam). The studies were meant to establish the effects of tillage and residue management practices on physico-chemical soil properties (i.e. structure, bulk density, soil moisture and organic matter contents), runoff and infiltration. This review emphasizes the importance of appropriate tillage and residue management methods (contour bunds and terraces, minimum tillage, tied ridging, mulching and conventional tillage) in providing soil conditions favourable for soil moisture conservation and subsequent crop performance and yield on smallholder farms. |
317 | 1993 | YongaG.O OGOLA E.N Juma F.D Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profiles In Patients Seen At Kenyatta National Hospital With Mild To Moderate Hypertension. East Africa J.70: 693,1993 Click to View Abstract
Sixty newly diagnosed adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were assessed to determine their cardiovascular risk factor profiles. Detailed history and physical examinations were done. Resting 12-lead ECG was done and serum levels of uric acid, fasting cholesterol, and fasting glucose were determined. Twenty nine patients had hypertension and two or more cardiovascular risk factors. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors other than hypertension were electro-cardiovascular left ventricular hypertrophy (31.7%), obesity (28.3%) and hypercholesterolaemia (28.3%). About a half of these patients (48.3%) can be classified as high risk hypertensives. This calls for aggressive management of cardiovascular risk factors as a whole and not just hypertension alone if we are to reduce incidence of hypertensive complications. |
318 | 1993 | Yonga G.O OGOLA E.N. Juma F.D Metabolic Effects Of Popranolol And Hydroflumethiazide In Kenyans With Mild To Moderate Hypertension. East Africa Med J.70: 696,199Yonga G.O OGOLA E.N. Juma F.D Metabolic Effects Of Popranolol And Hydroflumethiazide In Kenyan Click to View Abstract
Sixty newly diagnosed adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were assessed to determine their cardiovascular risk factor profiles. Detailed history and physical examinations were done. Resting 12-lead ECG was done and serum levels of uric acid, fasting cholesterol, and fasting glucose were determined. Twenty nine patients had hypertension and two or more cardiovascular risk factors. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors other than hypertension were electro-cardiovascular left ventricular hypertrophy (31.7%), obesity (28.3%) and hypercholesterolaemia (28.3%). About a half of these patients (48.3%) can be classified as high risk hypertensives. This calls for aggressive management of cardiovascular risk factors as a whole and not just hypertension alone if we are to reduce incidence of hypertensive complications. |
319 | 1993 | Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profiles In Mild To Moderate Hypertensives Seen At Kenyatta National Hospital.East Afr Med J. 1993 Nov;70(11):693-5 Click to View Abstract
Sixty newly diagnosed adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were assessed to determine their cardiovascular risk factor profiles. Detailed history and physical examinations were done. Resting 12-lead ECG was done and serum levels of uric acid, fasting cholesterol, and fasting glucose were determined. Twenty nine patients had hypertension and two or more cardiovascular risk factors. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors other than hypertension were electro-cardiovascular left ventricular hypertrophy (31.7%), obesity (28.3%) and hypercholesterolaemia (28.3%). About a half of these patients (48.3%) can be classified as high risk hypertensives. This calls for aggressive management of cardiovascular risk factors as a whole and not just hypertension alone if we are to reduce incidence of hypertensive complications. |
320 | 1993 | Yonga GO, Ogola EN, Orinda DA.Metabolic Effects Of Propranolol And Hydroflumethiazide Treatment In Kenyans With Mild To Moderate Essential Hypertension.East Afr Med J. 1993 Nov;70(11):696-700. Click to View Abstract
In a prospective single-blind comparative trial, sixty newly diagnosed mild to moderate hypertensives were randomly assigned to either propranolol or hydroflumethiazide monotherapy. Baseline fasting serum glucose lipid profiles, serum uric acid and potassium levels, were determined at the beginning of the trial. Repeat levels were determined at completion of twelve weeks of treatment. Propranolol treatment significantly reduced HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.02) and increased both VLDL and total serum triglycerides (p < 0.01). Hydroflumethiazide significantly increased total and LDL-chole-sterol, fasting serum glucose and uric acid levels (p < 0.01); potassium levels were significantly lowered (p < 0.01). Treatment with either propranolol or hydroflumethiazide is associated with significant metabolic side-effects which require regular monitoring and intervention as appropriate. |
321 | 1993 | Ogola EN, Yonga GO.Comparative Study Of The Efficacy And Tolerability Of Hydroflumethiazide Versus Propranolol In Africans With Mild To Moderate Hypertension.East Afr Med J. 1993 May;70(5):277-9. Click to View Abstract
Sixty patients with Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) of 100-110mmHg matched for age, sex and Bp levels were randomly assigned to propranolol 80mg daily or Hydroflumethiazide (HFM) 50mg daily. HFM causes a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP within 4 weeks compared both with baseline and propranolol (SBP 143.7 +/- 12.3 vs 158.1 +/- 10.9mmHg, P < 0.05; DBP 92.0 +/- 4.5 vs 102.4 +/- 5.1mmHg, P < 0.05), (SBP 143.7 +/- 12.2 vs 152 +/- 11.0mmHg P < 0.05; DBP 92.0 +/- 4.5 vs 101.1 +/- 6.1mmHg, P < 0.05), respectively. Propranolol produced no significant difference from the baseline at 4 weeks (SBP 152.0 +/- H.0 vs 154.1 +/- 11.5mmHg NS; DBP 101.1 +/- 6.1 vs 102.2 +/- 5.6mmHg, NS). Reduction in BP by HFM was maintained after 8 and 12 weeks with further reduction but which did not achieve statistical significance. Increased dose of propranolol (160mg daily) after 4 weeks caused significant reduction in BP by 8 week (SBP 146.8 +/- 11.8 vs 152.0 +/- 11.0mmHg, P < 0.05; DBP 95.9 +/- 4.4 vs 101.1 +/- 6.1mmHg P < 0.05), which was maintained upto 12 weeks. The values however remained higher than in the HFM group. More patients in the HFM group achieved target BP (< 140/90), SBP 53.8% vs 29.6% P < 0.05, DBP 69.2% vs 14.8% P < 0.01. Incidence of side effects was similar and will be discussed. Thiazides are superior to B'blockers as initial monotherapy in black hypertensives.
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322 | 1993 | Towett, P.K. And Kanui, T.I. (1993). Effects Of Pethidine On Thermal Pain And Behaviour In The Mole-rat. Pharmacol. Biochem And Behav., 45, 153-159. Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing.
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323 | 1993 | Towett, P.K. And Kanui, T.I. (1993). Effects Of Pethidine, Acetylsalicylic Acid And Indomethacin On Pain And Behaviour In The Naked Mole-rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry And Behaviour, 45, 153-159 Click to View Abstract
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324 | 1993 | Kanui, T.I., Karim, F. And Towett, P.K. (1993). The Formalin Test In The Naked Mole-rat (Heterocephalus Glaber): Analgesic Effects Of Morphine, Nefopam And Paracetamol. Brain Research, 600, 123-126. Click to View Abstract
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325 | 1993 | A Retrospective Study Of Childhood Poisoning In Kenya Click to View Abstract
A literature survey revealed lack of adequate information on poisoning in Kenya, thus providing the impetus for the present work. In this, study, a 3 year retrospective survey of human poisoning in 19 Kenyan District, Provincial hospitals and Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), representing approximately 40% of such public hospitals in the country, was carried out. Cases of poisoning were identified by diagnosis codes entered on hospital records at the time of discharge. A total of 1904 cases of poisoning were recorded and the information analyzed with particular focus on childhood poisoning. Distribution pattern with respect to poisoning agents, age and sex is presented. Children aged 0-5 years account for 29.78% while those aged 6-14 years account for 10.24% of cases of poisoning recorded. In the age group 0-5 years, Kerosine, drugs and organophosphates account for 41.09, 23.81 and 15.17% of poisoning cases respectively. It is concluded that any preventive measures targeted at children must focus on the 3 classes of poisons which together account for approximately 80% of all classes of poisoning in children.
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326 | 1993 | The Value Of Ultrasonography In The Diagnosis Of Ectopic Pregnancy At The Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Over a six-month-period, from 1st March 1988 to 30th September 1988, 127 patients suspected of having ectopic gestation at the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) were referred for sonographic examination, of whom 100 (78.7%) had enough data for a final diagnosis. During sonography, ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed in 31 (31%) patients, out of whom 15 (48.4%) were confirmed to have ectopic gestation at laparotomy. Of the 69 who were thought to have other gynaecological disorders at sonographic examination, 2 (2.9%) were later found to have other ectopic gestation at surgery. Of the 17 patients who had ectopic gestation finally, extrauterine gestational sac with a demonstrable foetal pole were observed in only 6 (35.3%) cases, thus allowing a confident diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy by sonography. An empty, bulky uterus, demonstrable adnexal mass, pseudo-gestational sac and fluid in the culde-sac, together improved the sonographic positive predictive value to 67.0%. This study has shown that sonography can be used in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy at the KNH. However, in order to improve its reliability, further studies are recommended involving a combination of pregnancy test and sonography. PIP: Between March and September 1988 at the Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, clinicians included all patients (127) referred for ultrasonography due to suspected ectopic pregnancy (age range, 18-45 years) in a study to determine whether ultrasonography can be used to accurately diagnose ectopic pregnancy. The researchers examined only the records of 100 patients who had data adequate enough to make a final diagnosis. Based on sonography, clinicians believed 31 women had an ectopic pregnancy, but laparotomy confirmed that just 15 (48.4%) of these women actually had an ectopic pregnancy. Based on sonography, they did not suspect ectopic pregnancy in the other 69 patients, but laparotomy revealed that 2 patients (2.9%) did indeed have an ectopic pregnancy. Thus, the overall ectopic pregnancy rate among the 100 women was 17%. The remaining 83 women had other gynecological conditions. 52.9% of the women with an actual ectopic pregnancy had a pseudogestational sac, which had a positive predictive value of 53% and a negative predictive value of 90%. A pseudogestational sac had a sensitivity of 53% and specificity of 90%. Just 6 ectopic pregnancy cases (35.3%) had an extrauterine gestational sac with a clear fetal pole and a fetal heart beat. An enlarged uterus was more common in women with an ectopic pregnancy than in those with other conditions (82.4% vs. 51.8%; p .05). Every ectopic pregnancy case had a complex adnexal mass compared to just 48.2% of those with other conditions (p .001). When a woman had all these conditions combined–an empty, enlarged uterus; distinct adnexal mass; a pseudogestational sac; and fluid in the cul-de-sac-sonography's positive predictive value increased to 67%. The researchers recommended additional studies using a combination of the urinary pregnancy test and sonography to improve sonography's reliability. PMID: 8181431 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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327 | 1993 | HIV Infection Among Patients With Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease At The Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
AIDS continues to exert considerable strain on the economy, as well as social aspects of our lives. Previous studies have identified the categories of people most at risk of contracting and developing HIV infection and AIDS. In this study, 20.9% of women with acute pelvic infection at the Kenyatta National Hospital, were found to be seropositive for HIV, much higher than the general population in Kenya. Though there was no direct correlation between one's age and serological status, most of the women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were young, quite sexually active, and involved with several partners. 49.0% of the entire group and 53.7% of the women who were seropositive, were married. This underlines the fact that marital status does not appear to offer any protection against HIV infection. The fact that majority of these women had started coitus quite early, they were not using any protective measure against STDs or HIV infection, and that they were involved with several partners, indicate that we are very far from winning the fight against HIV infection and AIDS. There is need to revise the currently operative programmes with a view to making them more effective, in preventing transmission and spread of HIV infection. PMID: 8261972 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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328 | 1993 | Opere, A.O., Mutua, F.M. And L.A. Ogallo (1993): Catchment Spatial Characteristics Derived From Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Proceedings Of The First International Workshop For The African Meteorological Society, 8-12 February 1993, KICC, Nairobi, Click to View Abstract
Oral infection with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a frequent and well documented complication in immunosuppressed individuals including patients on immunosuppressive medication. We report the development of severe oral infection with HSV type 1 in a 34 year old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus and end stage renal disease (ESRD) following cadaveric renal transplantation at the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh. The role of acyclovir in therapy and chemoprophylaxis is discussed. |
329 | 1993 | Amayo EO, Riyat MS, Okelo GB, Adam AM, Toroitich K.Disseminated Histoplasmosis In A Patient With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): A Case Report. East Afr Med J. 1993 Jan;70(1):61-2. Click to View Abstract
A 27 year old female with AIDS and disseminated histoplasmosis is presented. The clinical features include fever, weight loss, productive cough, splenomegaly and moderate pallor. The initial working diagnosis was pulmonary tuberculosis. The diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis was made terminally from bone marrow aspirate examination. Disseminated histoplasmosis with its varied clinical picture is likely to be missed in a patient with AIDS, and therefore a high index of suspicion is necessary for diagnosis. PIP: A 27-year old female from Nairobi was admitted to the medical wards of the Kenyatta National Hospital in May 1991. She presented with a 4-week history of productive cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. She acknowledged a history of contact with a patient known to have pulmonary tuberculosis. She has never received a blood transfusion. She was single and para 3 + 0. Examination revealed a sick patient, with moderate pallor, fever of 38 degrees Celsius, and who was wasted with moderate dehydration and oral thrush. There was no finger clubbing, lymphadenopathy, or pedal edema. Chest examination revealed bilateral basal pneumonia. The spleen was palpable 4 cm below the costal margin; the liver was not enlarged. The rest of the examination was normal. On admission, complete blood count showed a haemoglobin of 5.4 g/dl, total white cells were 12.5 x 10-9/L, with 82% polymorphonuclear cells and 18% lymphocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 85 mm/hour, and platelet count was normal. The anemia was normocytic, normochromic, and no malaria parasites were seen. Urea and electrolytes and liver function tests were normal. Sputum showed no acid fast bacilli on Ziel-Neelson Stain. HIV-1 antibodies were positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. Bone marrow aspirate revealed a hypercellular marrow with reversed M:E ration, dyserythropoesis, reticulum cell hyperplasia, plentiful golden yellow pigment, and clumps of Histoplasma capsulatum. Chest X-ray showed bilateral basal pneumonia. She was treated with antibiotics and intravenous fluids, but she remained febrile, her general condition progressively deteriorated, and she died a week after admission. Treatment for histoplasmosis had not been commenced, and no postmortem examination was carried out. |
330 | 1993 | Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatocellular Carcinoma And Liver Cirrhosis In Kenya. East Afr Med J. 1993 Apr;70(4 Suppl):34-6. Click to View Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most common malignancy in Kenyan males occurring with a peak incidence at 40 years of age. A worldwide correlation has been noted between the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and prevalence of hepatitis B virus. Liver biopsies with histological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cirrhosis and the normals were reviewed by the authors. They were then stained for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis e core antigen (HBcAg). Only 2.5% of normal livers were positive for HBsAg compared with 33% of HCC and 25% of cirrhosis respectively. Hepatitis core antigen was not demonstrated in normal liver biopsies but it was present in 11.5% of HCC and 14% of cirrhosis. Background cirrhosis was noted in 52% of biopsies showing HCC. It is clear that a causal association exists between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and both liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Higher antigen markers, up to 80% have been reported in South East Asia and India. This difference may be due to the type of biopsy examined (needle biopsy vs open biopsy) but the possibility that other factors such as aflatoxin and non A/non B hepatitis viruses play a more significant role in the causation of liver disease in Kenya than has previously been assumed should be explored. |
331 | 1993 | Current Concepts In The Recognition And Classification Of Pain With Special Emphasis On Orofacial Pain: A Review.East Afr Med J. 1993 Nov;70(11):709-12. Review.PMID: 8033773 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Click to View Abstract
Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Kenya. Despite extensive investigation, pain cannot always be adequately diagnosed or cured. Subsequently, the management of pain can be daunting. The diagnosis of pain, however, is crucial to its effective management because of the grave influence that pain has on the quality of life. The biggest drawback in the management of pain is the lack of understanding, on the part of the practitioner, of the peripheral and central modulation of pain. The objective of this paper is to briefly review the current concepts in the recognition of and classification of pain, with emphasis on orofacial pain. PMID: 8033773 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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332 | 1993 | Rostom R. S, 1992: Patterns Of Aerial Triangulation By Independent Models", Int. Arch. Of Photogrammetry. & Remote. Sensing., XVII ISPRS Congress, Washington D. C., Aug. 1992, Vol. XXIX, Part B3, Commission III, Pp 241-249 Click to View Abstract
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333 | 1993 | Hypoxaemia In Young Kenyan Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Infection. BMJ . 1993 Mar 6; 306 ( 6878 ): 612-5 . PMID: 8369033 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Onyango FE, Steinhoff MC, Wafula EM, Wariua S, Musia J, Kitonyi J. Click to View Abstract
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
OBJECTIVES–To determine the prevalence, clinical correlates, and outcome of hypoxaemia in acutely ill children with respiratory symptoms. DESIGN–Prospective observational study. SETTING–Paediatric casualty ward of a referral hospital at 1670 m altitude in Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS–256 Infants and children under 3 years of age with symptoms of respiratory infection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES–Prevalence of hypoxaemia, defined as arterial oxygen saturation < 90% determined by pulse oximetry, and condition of patient on the fifth day after admission. RESULTS–Over half (151) of the children were hypoxaemic, and short term mortality was 4.3 times greater in these children. In contrast, the relative risk of a fatal outcome in children with radiographic pneumonia was only 1.03 times that of children without radiographic pneumonia. A logistic regression model showed that in 3-11 month old infants a respiratory rate > or = 70/min, grunting, and retractions were the best independent clinical signs for the prediction of hypoxaemia. In the older children a respiratory rate of > or = 60/min was the single best clinical predictor of hypoxaemia. The presence of hypoxaemia predicted radiographic pneumonia with a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 55%. CONCLUSIONS–Over half the children presenting to this referral hospital with respiratory symptoms were hypoxaemic. A group of specific clinical signs seem useful in predicting hypoxaemia. The clear association of hypoxaemia with mortality suggests that the detection and effective treatment of hypoxaemia are important aspects of the clinical management of acute infections of the lower respiratory tract in children in hospital in developing regions.
PIP: In 1989, pediatricians followed 256 children 7 days to 36 months old with symptoms of respiratory infection at Kenyatta National Hospital (1670 m altitude) in Nairobi, Kenya. The symptoms were serious enough to warrant hospital admission for 209 of these children. The most common clinical diagnoses were pneumonia (53%) and bronchiolitis (33%). 59% of the children admitted to the hospital were hypoxemic (arterial oxygen saturation or + to 90%). 10% of all admitted children died. 90.4% of them were hypoxemic with arterial oxygen saturations ranging from 40-88%. Children with hypoxemia were 4.3 times more apt to die within 5 days than those with no hypoxemia (p = .02). On the other hand, children with radiographic pneumonia had a relative risk of short-term mortality of only 1.03. Hypoxemia on admission predicted short-term mortality with 90% sensitivity and 34% specificity. It predicted pneumonia with 71% sensitivity and 55% specificity (p .0001). Children who lived for at least 5 days had arterial oxygen saturations ranging from 41-98. Even though all of the children with clinically evident cyanosis were less than a year old, 89% of the hypoxemic infants less than 1 year old did not exhibit cyanosis. Mothers' reports of blueness in newborns and infants less than 2 months was the best predictor of hypoxemia (62% accuracy; p .05). For children 3-11 months old, the best predictors of hypoxemia, with an accuracy of 70%, were a respiratory rate of at least 70/minute (odds ratio [OR] 2.6; p .001). For children at least 12 months old, the sole best predictor was a respiratory rate of at least 60/minute (70% accuracy; OR 5.1; p .01). This study should be followed by well-designed studies of the clinical effectiveness of proper treatment with oxygen in preventing mortality in hypoxemic infants and children.
PMID: 8369033 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PMCID: PMC1676956
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334 | 1993 | The Entrepreneur And Entrepreneurship Click to View Abstract
This research examines the relationship between commercial banks (CBs) and the small enterprise sector (SES) and identifies constraints' which impede the flow of financial assistance from the commercial banks to the latter in Kenya. The variables that were examined included; requirements for successful loan application, lending levels, degree of risk attached to small enterprise lending, levels of economic impact and stages in business development at which banks become willing to support. For the small enterprises, the study sought to profile the business and its owner and, to examine its financing. The sampling units were drawn from CBs and SES within Nairobi. In data collection, questionnaires, interview and document review was employed. The study found that high interest rates and long processing procedures kept small businesses away from banks. The study established that, on the part of the banks, the entrepreneurs lacked business management skills and did not keep proper records. Moreover, the banks experienced general reproach from the small business owners, based upon conventional beliefs.
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335 | 1993 | Effect Of Noise And Inertia On Modulation Induced Negative Differential Resistance Click to View Abstract
This research examines the relationship between commercial banks (CBs) and the small enterprise sector (SES) and identifies constraints' which impede the flow of financial assistance from the commercial banks to the latter in Kenya. The variables that were examined included; requirements for successful loan application, lending levels, degree of risk attached to small enterprise lending, levels of economic impact and stages in business development at which banks become willing to support. For the small enterprises, the study sought to profile the business and its owner and, to examine its financing. The sampling units were drawn from CBs and SES within Nairobi. In data collection, questionnaires, interview and document review was employed. The study found that high interest rates and long processing procedures kept small businesses away from banks. The study established that, on the part of the banks, the entrepreneurs lacked business management skills and did not keep proper records. Moreover, the banks experienced general reproach from the small business owners, based upon conventional beliefs.
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336 | 1993 | Factors Influencing Achievements In Physics And Chemistry Among Female Secondary School Students In Kenya. Research Proposal Presented To African Academy Of Sciences, Program On Research Priorities For The Education Of Girls And Women In Africa Click to View Abstract
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337 | 1993 | Rostom R. S, 1992: Patterns Of Aerial Triangulation By Independent Models", Int. Arch. Of Photogrammetry. & Remote. Sensing., XVII ISPRS Congress, Washington D. C., Aug. 1992, Vol. XXIX, Part B3, Commission III, Pp 241-249 Click to View Abstract
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338 | 1993 | Mwangi, R.W. (1993). Cell Biology For Distance Education (manuscript Completed For CEES). Click to View Abstract
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339 | 1993 | Karim, F., Kanui, T.I. And Mbugua S.W.(1993). Effects Of Pethidine, Acetylsalicylic Acid And Hydrocortisone On Formalin-induced Pain In The Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus Glaber). African Journal Of Neurosciences,Vol.1,No.1,Pg.91. Click to View Abstract
Measurement of tooth lengths was carried out on 537 extracted human teeth. The teeth were collected from adults aged 17 years and above and preserved in formalin. The tooth lengths were obtained by taking measurements off calibrated graph paper. The lengths obtained in this study were comparable to previous data reported in the literature. However, this new data will provide useful guidelines in Kenya for the management of endodontic patients especially in the purchase and stocking of the most appropriate endodontic instruments. |
340 | 1993 | Karim, F., Kanui, T.I. And, Mbugua S.W.(1993). Effects Of Codein, Naproxen And Dexamethasone On Formalin-induced Pain In The Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus Glaber). Nuero Report. Vol.1, No.1, Pg.25-28. Click to View Abstract
Measurement of tooth lengths was carried out on 537 extracted human teeth. The teeth were collected from adults aged 17 years and above and preserved in formalin. The tooth lengths were obtained by taking measurements off calibrated graph paper. The lengths obtained in this study were comparable to previous data reported in the literature. However, this new data will provide useful guidelines in Kenya for the management of endodontic patients especially in the purchase and stocking of the most appropriate endodontic instruments. |
341 | 1993 | Mbugua, S.W. (1993). A Perspective Of The Kenya Veterinary Board On Curriculum Development And Veterinary Needs Into The 21st Century. Kenya Veterinary Association Annual Scientific Meeting In Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Measurement of tooth lengths was carried out on 537 extracted human teeth. The teeth were collected from adults aged 17 years and above and preserved in formalin. The tooth lengths were obtained by taking measurements off calibrated graph paper. The lengths obtained in this study were comparable to previous data reported in the literature. However, this new data will provide useful guidelines in Kenya for the management of endodontic patients especially in the purchase and stocking of the most appropriate endodontic instruments. |
342 | 1993 | African Art Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
343 | 1993 | Clemetson DB, Moss GB, Willerford DM, Hensel M, Emonyi W, Holmes KK, Plummer F, Ndinya-Achola J, Roberts PL, Hillier S, Et Al. Department Of Medicine, University Of Washington, Seattle.Detection Of HIV DNA In Cervical And Vaginal Secretions. Prevalence An Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE–Factors that influence heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including sexually transmitted diseases, contraceptive practices, sexual practices, HIV-related immunosuppression, and presence of cervical ectopy and the penile foreskin, have been identified through cross-sectional and prospective cohort epidemiological studies. To more directly characterize factors that influence infectivity, we conducted a study of HIV shedding from the genital tract in women. DESIGN–Ninety-seven HIV-seropositive women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Nairobi, Kenya, completed a questionnaire and underwent a physical examination and an evaluation for sexually transmitted diseases. Cervical and vaginal secretions were obtained for HIV DNA detection using polymerase chain reaction amplification. RESULTS–Human immunodeficiency virus DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 28 (33%) of 84 cervical samples and 13 (17%) of 77 vaginal samples. The prevalence of HIV was higher in specimens from the endocervix than from the vaginal wall (P = .002), and there was no correlation between presence of virus at the two sites. After adjusting for age, cervical HIV shedding was independently associated with oral contraceptive pill use (odds ratio [OR], 11.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 77.6), cervical mucopus (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 0.9 to 41.4; P = .05), cervical ectopy (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.5 to 16.9), and pregnancy (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 16.3). CONCLUSIONS–Human immunodeficiency virus was detected in one third of cervical samples and one sixth of vaginal samples. The presence of HIV DNA in cervical secretions was significantly associated with oral contraceptive pill use, cervical ectopy, and pregnancy. There was a marginally significant association with cervical mucopus. The identification of factors that increase the infectivity of women suggests potential strategies for reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV. |
344 | 1993 | GUTHUA, S.W., CHINDIA, M.L., Challenges Of Managing Gunshot Injuries In Developing Countries. IADR, November, 1993 - (Abs). Click to View Abstract
Loss of 1st and 2nd molars among adolescents due to dental caries is not uncommon in developing countries. Whilst their replacement is indicated, conventional methods of treatment, namely, bridging and dentures are in most cases inaccessible because of prohibitive cost. Given that it is in the same age group that diagnosis of unfavourably embedded wisdom teeth becomes feasible, autotransplantation of the latter to replace the unsalvageable 1st and 2nd molars could be an alternative treatment. Available literature suggests a success rate of over 82% based on follow-up studies of over ten years. Observations at the Dental School Clinic of the University of Nairobi, Kenya, indicate that the time it takes the transplant to 'take' and assume its functional position is 4 to 8 weeks and 2.5 to 3.5 months respectively. Since the method is relatively straightforward, we are of the view that training undergraduates and practising dental surgeons in this technique should enhance utilisation of otherwise "useless" teeth to replace the lost 1st and 2nd molars in occlusal rehabilitation.
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345 | 1993 | CHINDIA, ML., AWANGE, D.O., GUTHUA, S.W., MWANIKI, D.L, Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck's Disease) In Kenyan African Girls. Case Reports. East Afr. Med. J.: 70(9): 595-596, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Loss of 1st and 2nd molars among adolescents due to dental caries is not uncommon in developing countries. Whilst their replacement is indicated, conventional methods of treatment, namely, bridging and dentures are in most cases inaccessible because of prohibitive cost. Given that it is in the same age group that diagnosis of unfavourably embedded wisdom teeth becomes feasible, autotransplantation of the latter to replace the unsalvageable 1st and 2nd molars could be an alternative treatment. Available literature suggests a success rate of over 82% based on follow-up studies of over ten years. Observations at the Dental School Clinic of the University of Nairobi, Kenya, indicate that the time it takes the transplant to 'take' and assume its functional position is 4 to 8 weeks and 2.5 to 3.5 months respectively. Since the method is relatively straightforward, we are of the view that training undergraduates and practising dental surgeons in this technique should enhance utilisation of otherwise "useless" teeth to replace the lost 1st and 2nd molars in occlusal rehabilitation.
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346 | 1993 | GUTHUA S.W., MWANIKI, D.L., CHINDIA, M.L.: Reliability Of Clinical Criterial In Diagnosing HIV: An Experience From A Developing Country, Kenya. Proceedings Of 2nd International Workshop On The Oral Manifestations Of HIV Infection, San Francisco, Californi Click to View Abstract
Loss of 1st and 2nd molars among adolescents due to dental caries is not uncommon in developing countries. Whilst their replacement is indicated, conventional methods of treatment, namely, bridging and dentures are in most cases inaccessible because of prohibitive cost. Given that it is in the same age group that diagnosis of unfavourably embedded wisdom teeth becomes feasible, autotransplantation of the latter to replace the unsalvageable 1st and 2nd molars could be an alternative treatment. Available literature suggests a success rate of over 82% based on follow-up studies of over ten years. Observations at the Dental School Clinic of the University of Nairobi, Kenya, indicate that the time it takes the transplant to 'take' and assume its functional position is 4 to 8 weeks and 2.5 to 3.5 months respectively. Since the method is relatively straightforward, we are of the view that training undergraduates and practising dental surgeons in this technique should enhance utilisation of otherwise "useless" teeth to replace the lost 1st and 2nd molars in occlusal rehabilitation.
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347 | 1993 | KAIMENYI, J.T., GUTHUA, S.W. WHO International Survey Of Orofacial Mutilations And NOMA (Cancrum Oris) At Kenyatta National Hospital. December-January, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Loss of 1st and 2nd molars among adolescents due to dental caries is not uncommon in developing countries. Whilst their replacement is indicated, conventional methods of treatment, namely, bridging and dentures are in most cases inaccessible because of prohibitive cost. Given that it is in the same age group that diagnosis of unfavourably embedded wisdom teeth becomes feasible, autotransplantation of the latter to replace the unsalvageable 1st and 2nd molars could be an alternative treatment. Available literature suggests a success rate of over 82% based on follow-up studies of over ten years. Observations at the Dental School Clinic of the University of Nairobi, Kenya, indicate that the time it takes the transplant to 'take' and assume its functional position is 4 to 8 weeks and 2.5 to 3.5 months respectively. Since the method is relatively straightforward, we are of the view that training undergraduates and practising dental surgeons in this technique should enhance utilisation of otherwise "useless" teeth to replace the lost 1st and 2nd molars in occlusal rehabilitation.
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348 | 1993 | GUTHUA, S.W., MWANIKI D.L., CHINDIA, M.L. Reliability Of Clincal Criteria In Diagnosing HIV: An Experience From A Developing Country, Kenya. 2nd International Conference On Oral Manifestations Of HIV Infection. San Francisco, California, U.S.A. February, Click to View Abstract
Loss of 1st and 2nd molars among adolescents due to dental caries is not uncommon in developing countries. Whilst their replacement is indicated, conventional methods of treatment, namely, bridging and dentures are in most cases inaccessible because of prohibitive cost. Given that it is in the same age group that diagnosis of unfavourably embedded wisdom teeth becomes feasible, autotransplantation of the latter to replace the unsalvageable 1st and 2nd molars could be an alternative treatment. Available literature suggests a success rate of over 82% based on follow-up studies of over ten years. Observations at the Dental School Clinic of the University of Nairobi, Kenya, indicate that the time it takes the transplant to 'take' and assume its functional position is 4 to 8 weeks and 2.5 to 3.5 months respectively. Since the method is relatively straightforward, we are of the view that training undergraduates and practising dental surgeons in this technique should enhance utilisation of otherwise "useless" teeth to replace the lost 1st and 2nd molars in occlusal rehabilitation.
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349 | 1993 | GUTHUA, S.W., CHINDIA, M.L. Appropriate Management Of Oral Primary Malignant Melanoma And Osteogenic Sarcoma. Kenya Association Of Clinical Pathologists (KACP) Conference. Intercontinental Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya. 18th September, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Loss of 1st and 2nd molars among adolescents due to dental caries is not uncommon in developing countries. Whilst their replacement is indicated, conventional methods of treatment, namely, bridging and dentures are in most cases inaccessible because of prohibitive cost. Given that it is in the same age group that diagnosis of unfavourably embedded wisdom teeth becomes feasible, autotransplantation of the latter to replace the unsalvageable 1st and 2nd molars could be an alternative treatment. Available literature suggests a success rate of over 82% based on follow-up studies of over ten years. Observations at the Dental School Clinic of the University of Nairobi, Kenya, indicate that the time it takes the transplant to 'take' and assume its functional position is 4 to 8 weeks and 2.5 to 3.5 months respectively. Since the method is relatively straightforward, we are of the view that training undergraduates and practising dental surgeons in this technique should enhance utilisation of otherwise "useless" teeth to replace the lost 1st and 2nd molars in occlusal rehabilitation.
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350 | 1993 | SUNDWA, M.T., WALA, O.O., CHINDIA, M.L., GUTHUA, S.W. Amelogenesis Imperfecta: A Clinical And Radiological Study. Kenya Association Of Clinical Pathologist (KACP) Conference. Intercontinental Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya.16th September, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Loss of 1st and 2nd molars among adolescents due to dental caries is not uncommon in developing countries. Whilst their replacement is indicated, conventional methods of treatment, namely, bridging and dentures are in most cases inaccessible because of prohibitive cost. Given that it is in the same age group that diagnosis of unfavourably embedded wisdom teeth becomes feasible, autotransplantation of the latter to replace the unsalvageable 1st and 2nd molars could be an alternative treatment. Available literature suggests a success rate of over 82% based on follow-up studies of over ten years. Observations at the Dental School Clinic of the University of Nairobi, Kenya, indicate that the time it takes the transplant to 'take' and assume its functional position is 4 to 8 weeks and 2.5 to 3.5 months respectively. Since the method is relatively straightforward, we are of the view that training undergraduates and practising dental surgeons in this technique should enhance utilisation of otherwise "useless" teeth to replace the lost 1st and 2nd molars in occlusal rehabilitation.
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351 | 1993 | Chindia ML, Awange DO, Guthua SW, Mwaniki DL. Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck's Disease) In Three Kenyan Girls: Case Reports. East Afr Med J. 1993 Sep;70(9):595-6. Click to View Abstract
We report the first three patients diagnosed with focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease) in Kenya. Clinically they presented as focal or diffuse papillomatous lesions in the oral mucosa. Histopathological features rule out other similar lesions inter alia multiple fibro-epithelial and viral warts.
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352 | 1993 | Tole NM, Guthua SW, Imalingat B.Radiation Dose As A Factor In The Choice Of Routine Pre-operative Dental Radiographs.East Afr Med J. 1993 May;70(5):297-301. Click to View Abstract
Radiation doses received by patients during dental x-ray examinations were measured in 95 patients referred to the X-ray Department of the Teaching Dental Hospital, University of Nairobi. The mean skin dose for single periapical films was 5.96 milligray (596 millirads) with the bitewing view recording a mean dose of 5.57 milligray (mGy). During a 14-film full-mouth periapical survey, mean doses ranged from 10.3-16.2 mGy for the upper jaw and 10.1-13.5 mGy for the lower jaw, respectively, depending on the region of dentition. In these full-mouth examinations, the distribution of skin dose over different parts of the dentition showed a characteristic pattern which may be explained by the overlap of radiation fields in the aggregated series of exposure. Orthopantomography recorded lower mean skin doses of 3.26 mGy in the molar region and 2.67 mGy at the posterior midline at the level of the 2nd cervical vertebra. The relative merits of intra-oral radiography versus orthopantomography are discussed, with radiation dosage as one of the factors to be considered. Some observations are made on measures to reduce patient dose. |
353 | 1993 | Synthesis Of 1-aminotetralin And Its Derivatives By Reductive Amination Of Their Corresponding 1-tetralones Click to View Abstract
Tetralones were converted to their corresponding N-formyl derivatives using ammonia and formic acid at 170-180 degrees Celsius. These were then hydrolyzed to the corresponding amines using acid and base. In all cases base hydrolysis gave better yields as compared to acid hydrolysis. |
354 | 1993 | Muchiri, L., Adwok, J.A., Penner, W. Et Al. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology In The Diagnosis Of Breast Lumps Click to View Abstract
The decision to pay out earnings or retain dividends has been a subject of debate for many scholars. The effect of dividend on the firm value and cost of capital have been covered in attempt to resolve the dividend puzzle. This research paper tests the applicability of constant dividend model by companies listed at the Nairobi stock exchange. Data was collected from annual reports and share price schedules obtained from Nairobi stock exchange and Capital market Authority for a population of 20 companies that paid dividends consistently from 2002 to 2008. The data was then analyzed by re-computing the dividends that should have been paid if the dividend constant model was applied. This recomputed figure was later compared to the dividend as paid out by the companies thought the years of study. Paired sample t-test statistic was also performed to determine whether there is a significant difference between the two dividend figures. The findings of the research established that the dividend model was not employed by the companies listed at the Nairobi stock exchange. Most firms instead adopted stable and predictable policy where a specific amount of dividend per share each year was paid periodically. In some years there was a slight adjustment of the dividend paid after an increase in earnings, but only by a sustainable amount. The study shows that the relationship between the stock market prices and the dividend paid from the constant dividend model is uneven from one year to another and where there was a relationship it was insignificant. Though a share would be highly priced, a high dividend per share was not always declared. |
355 | 1993 | Gichunge H. (1993): International Contracting For The Construction Industry In Changing Times. A Paper Presented In A.A.K Professional Practice Conference On 29th Click to View Abstract
This integrative review on the teaching of reading in Kenyan primary schools provides a foundation for the growing movement there to improve reading education. In gathering sources for this review, we took an inclusive historical stance. Thus, we did not dismiss research reports that lacked traditional indicators of quality such as being published in peer-reviewed journals. We used multiple methods to find relevant research and associated documents, including two trips to Kenya. The review is organized by six topics: (a) language of instruction, (b) reading instruction, (c) reading materials, (d) reading culture, (e) assessment, and (f) teacher development. The review concludes with six proposals for policymakers, educational researchers, and teacher educators for the development of reading instruction based on what we learned in reviewing the literature. The first proposals are intended specifically to address the teaching of reading in Kenya, but they may be relevant to other sub-Saharan nations. The final proposal encourages others to conduct similar reviews to make possible a handbook of reading in Africa. |
356 | 1993 | Anterior Teeth Morpho-metric Parameters In Kenya Africans"; Archs Oral Bio, Vol39, No.4 Pp. 337-342 Click to View Abstract
The removal of deciduous canine tooth buds in early childhood is a practice that has been documented in Kenya and in neighboring countries. This paper describes the occurrence, rationale and method of this practice amongst rural Kenyan Maasai. In a group of 95 children aged between six months and two years, who were examined in 1991/92, 87% were found to have undergone the removal of one or more deciduous canine tooth buds. In an older age group (3-7 years of age), 72% of the 111 children examined exhibited missing mandibular or maxillary deciduous canines. It was found that the actual removal of a deciduous tooth bud is often performed by middle-aged Maasai women who enucleate the developing tooth using a pointed pen-knife. There exists a strong belief among the Maasai that diarrhoea, vomiting and other febrile illnesses of early childhood are caused by the gingival swelling over the canine region, and which is thought to contain 'worms' or 'nylon' teeth. The immediate and long-term hazards of this practice include profuse bleeding, infection and damage to the developing permanent canines. A multi-disciplinary approach involving social anthropologists in addition to dental and medical personnel, is recommend in order to discourage this harmful operation that appears to be on the increase.
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357 | 1993 | Hassanali J., G. Pokhariyal. Anterior Tooth Relationships In Kenyan Africans. Archives Of Oral Biology ; 38: 337-342 (1993) Click to View Abstract
Dental plaster casts of 235 Maasai, 116 Kikuyu and 61 Kalenjin children aged 3-16 yr were studied to determine the incidence and magnitude of diastemas, overbite, overjet and anterior open bite. The highest prevalence of diastema was amongst the Maasai (61.3%), of overbite (84%) and overjet (99%) amongst the Kikuyu, and of anterior open bite amongst Kalenjin (24%), with values greater than 0.4 mm up to 11.5 mm. Comparison of the mean values showed that diastema (1.77 mm) and overjet (4.4 mm) were greatest in Maasai, overbite (3.53 mm) in Kalenjin, and anterior open bite (3.50 mm) in Kikuyu. In the total sample, the prevalence and mean of diastema were 49%, 1.68 mm; of overbite 77.4%, 2.96 mm; of overjet 88.6%, 3.83 mm; and of anterior open bite 16.5%, 2.69 mm (with values between 0.4-11.5 mm), while 5.5% had an edge-to-edge bite (-0.5-0.5 mm). The prevalence of diastema decreased whilst its magnitude increased with age. The mean values of overbite and overjet increased, while those for anterior open bite decreased with age. The mean values of diastema, overbite and overjet were greater amongst the females, but the difference was significant only for overjet. The high prevalence and greater values of measurements of anterior tooth relations may be related to variable growth of the bimaxillary dentoalveolar complex and soft tissue influences. This may be important in orthodontic treatment planning, dental prostheses and other clinical dental treatments in Kenyan populations. |
358 | 1993 | J. Hassanali, P. Amwayi. Biometric Analysis Of Dental Casts Of Maasai Who Had Extractions Of Mandibular Central Incisors And Of The Kikuyu. European Journal Of Orthodontics ; 15: 513-518 (1993) Click to View Abstract
Dental plaster casts of 93 Maasai and 79 Kikuyu children age 12-15 years were analysed. Four biometric measurements were taken of the maxillary and mandibular casts: intercanine distance (C-C), inter-molar distance (M-M), canine arch circumference (C-C ACirc.), and molar arch circumference (M-M ACirc.). Incisor space (IS) was also measured in the mandibular casts. The mean values of all measurements except (M-M) in the mandibular casts were significantly reduced in the Maasai who had permanent central incisors extracted compared to the non-extracted Maasai and the Kikuyu. The mean incisor space in the Maasai with extractions was 6.3 mm compared to 11.7 mm in the non-extracted Maasai group. The extent of reduction of IS, C-C, C-C ACirc. and M-M ACirc. following extractions of the incisors may depend on the mesial drift of lateral incisors, jaw growth and soft tissue influence. The position of the tongue and occlusal relationship of the molars may prevent bucco-lingual movements maintaining a constant M-M. There was no significant difference in the mandibular cast dimensions of the non-extracted Maasai and the Kikuyu. Analysis of the maxillary cast dimensions of the Maasai with extraction, non-extracted Maasai and Kikuyu showed no significant differences suggesting that the extraction of mandibular incisors has no effect on maxillary arch dimensions. The variability in growth of the dento-alveolar complex itself may explain why the dental arch dimensions are similar in the Maasai and Kikuyu despite ethnic differences. There was no significant difference between the male and female dental arch dimensions. |
359 | 1993 | Hassanali J, Amwayi P. Biometric Analysis Of The Dental Casts Of Maasai Following Traditional Extraction Of Mandibular Permanent Central Incisors And Of Kikuyu Children.Eur J Orthod. 1993 Dec;15(6):513-8.Click Here To Read Click to View Abstract
Dental plaster casts of 93 Maasai and 79 Kikuyu children age 12-15 years were analysed. Four biometric measurements were taken of the maxillary and mandibular casts: intercanine distance (C-C), inter-molar distance (M-M), canine arch circumference (C-C ACirc.), and molar arch circumference (M-M ACirc.). Incisor space (IS) was also measured in the mandibular casts. The mean values of all measurements except (M-M) in the mandibular casts were significantly reduced in the Maasai who had permanent central incisors extracted compared to the non-extracted Maasai and the Kikuyu. The mean incisor space in the Maasai with extractions was 6.3 mm compared to 11.7 mm in the non-extracted Maasai group. The extent of reduction of IS, C-C, C-C ACirc. and M-M ACirc. following extractions of the incisors may depend on the mesial drift of lateral incisors, jaw growth and soft tissue influence. The position of the tongue and occlusal relationship of the molars may prevent bucco-lingual movements maintaining a constant M-M. There was no significant difference in the mandibular cast dimensions of the non-extracted Maasai and the Kikuyu. Analysis of the maxillary cast dimensions of the Maasai with extraction, non-extracted Maasai and Kikuyu showed no significant differences suggesting that the extraction of mandibular incisors has no effect on maxillary arch dimensions. The variability in growth of the dento-alveolar complex itself may explain why the dental arch dimensions are similar in the Maasai and Kikuyu despite ethnic differences. There was no significant difference between the male and female dental arch dimensions. |
360 | 1993 | Hassanali J, Pokhariyal GP.Anterior Tooth Relations In Kenyan Africans. Arch Oral Biol. 1993 Apr;38(4):337-42.(ABSTRACT) Click to View Abstract
Dental plaster casts of 235 Maasai, 116 Kikuyu and 61 Kalenjin children aged 3-16 yr were studied to determine the incidence and magnitude of diastemas, overbite, overjet and anterior open bite. The highest prevalence of diastema was amongst the Maasai (61.3%), of overbite (84%) and overjet (99%) amongst the Kikuyu, and of anterior open bite amongst Kalenjin (24%), with values greater than 0.4 mm up to 11.5 mm. Comparison of the mean values showed that diastema (1.77 mm) and overjet (4.4 mm) were greatest in Maasai, overbite (3.53 mm) in Kalenjin, and anterior open bite (3.50 mm) in Kikuyu. In the total sample, the prevalence and mean of diastema were 49%, 1.68 mm; of overbite 77.4%, 2.96 mm; of overjet 88.6%, 3.83 mm; and of anterior open bite 16.5%, 2.69 mm (with values between 0.4-11.5 mm), while 5.5% had an edge-to-edge bite (-0.5-0.5 mm). The prevalence of diastema decreased whilst its magnitude increased with age. The mean values of overbite and overjet increased, while those for anterior open bite decreased with age. The mean values of diastema, overbite and overjet were greater amongst the females, but the difference was significant only for overjet. The high prevalence and greater values of measurements of anterior tooth relations may be related to variable growth of the bimaxillary dentoalveolar complex and soft tissue influences. This may be important in orthodontic treatment planning, dental prostheses and other clinical dental treatments in Kenyan populations. |
361 | 1993 | "The Autobiographical Impulse In African And African American Literature." In The Americas Before And After Columbus. Eds. Godfrey Okoth And Patrick K. Kakwenzire. Kampala: USIS Click to View Abstract
This integrative review on the teaching of reading in Kenyan primary schools provides a foundation for the growing movement there to improve reading education. In gathering sources for this review, we took an inclusive historical stance. Thus, we did not dismiss research reports that lacked traditional indicators of quality such as being published in peer-reviewed journals. We used multiple methods to find relevant research and associated documents, including two trips to Kenya. The review is organized by six topics: (a) language of instruction, (b) reading instruction, (c) reading materials, (d) reading culture, (e) assessment, and (f) teacher development. The review concludes with six proposals for policymakers, educational researchers, and teacher educators for the development of reading instruction based on what we learned in reviewing the literature. The first proposals are intended specifically to address the teaching of reading in Kenya, but they may be relevant to other sub-Saharan nations. The final proposal encourages others to conduct similar reviews to make possible a handbook of reading in Africa. |
362 | 1993 | American Studies In Eastern Africa. Nairobi: University Of Nairobi Press Click to View Abstract
This integrative review on the teaching of reading in Kenyan primary schools provides a foundation for the growing movement there to improve reading education. In gathering sources for this review, we took an inclusive historical stance. Thus, we did not dismiss research reports that lacked traditional indicators of quality such as being published in peer-reviewed journals. We used multiple methods to find relevant research and associated documents, including two trips to Kenya. The review is organized by six topics: (a) language of instruction, (b) reading instruction, (c) reading materials, (d) reading culture, (e) assessment, and (f) teacher development. The review concludes with six proposals for policymakers, educational researchers, and teacher educators for the development of reading instruction based on what we learned in reviewing the literature. The first proposals are intended specifically to address the teaching of reading in Kenya, but they may be relevant to other sub-Saharan nations. The final proposal encourages others to conduct similar reviews to make possible a handbook of reading in Africa. |
363 | 1993 | Tuna Fish Infection With Protozoa, Subphylum Mycosporeay As Aesthetic Case. Bull. Anim. Hlth And Production Afric. 1993. Click to View Abstract
A double antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for identification of thermostable muscle antigens of autoclaved meat samples is described. The assay differentiates heterologous thermostable muscle antigens from homologous at P 0.001. In model meat mixtures, the assay detects adulterants at the level of 1% at p0.001 even in phylogenetically related species such as buffalo and cattle. |
364 | 1993 | J. M. Mbaria, T. E. Maitho And D. J. Muchiri (1993). Median Lethal Doses, Clinical Signs And Post-mortem Changes In Acute Pyrethrin Toxicity Study In Sheep And Rabbits. Pyrethrum Post, 19(1): 26-29. Click to View Abstract
ABSTRACT: The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep were infected orally with 10000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%)). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4, 6, 8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05). The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed. |
365 | 1993 | Ongwenyi, G.S., S.M. Kithiia And F.O. Denga (1993) An Overview Of Soil Erosion And Sedimentation Problems In Kenya. In Sediment Problems: Strategies For Monitoring, Prediction And Control (Proceedings Of The 4th Joint IAMAP-IAHS Assembly In Yokohama, Japa Click to View Abstract
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Faecal samples from 372 pigs were examined using the modified McMaster technique and post-mortem examination of 30 pigs carried out.
Out of the 372 pigs examined, 308 (83%) were excreting nematode eggs. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Strongyles (75%), Strongyloides spp (26.6%), Trichuris spp (7.8%), Ascaris spp (5.4%) and Metastrongylus spp (0.3%). Coproculture of Strongyle-type nematode egg positive faecal samples revealed the presence of Oesophagostomum spp (74%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (22%) and Trichostrongylus spp (4%). The post-mortem examination revealed presence of Hyostrongylus rubidus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomun dentatum, Trichuris suis and Metastrongylus pudendodectus. The highest prevalence of helminth infections was recorded in finishers (88%) and the lowest in adults (79%). The highest mean helminth egg per gram of faeces (epg) was recorded in adults (1,175) and the lowest was in piglets (526). Pigs from Riana division had the highest prevalence (91%) of infection and mean epg (1,109), while those from Asego Division had the lowest prevalence (50%) and mean epg (100). Female pigs recorded a higher mean epg (567) compared to males (416). Age had significant influence on infection with Strongyles (p = 0.04) with growers and finishers recording higher levels of infection than adults. Sex had significant effect on the prevalence of infections with Strongyles (p = 0.028) and Ascaris suum (p = 0.012) with females recording higher levels of infection than males. Division of origin of pigs had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Ascaris suum (p = 0.000) and Strongyles (p = 0.000) with the mean epgs for Riana and Ndhiwa divisions being significantly higher than those of Pala Division. This study indicates that helminths are highly prevalent in the study area with low to moderate levels of infections and may be one of the contributing factors to low productivity. Therefore, there is need to formulate appropriate control measures for the parasites in order to increase livestock productivity. |
366 | 1993 | Women And Elections In Kenya - Seminar Paper Presented At The Centre For African Studies, Edinburgh University, Scotland Click to View Abstract
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367 | 1993 | Changing Kinship And Gender Relationships In Kenya: The Influence Of Structural Adjustment Programes. Seminar Paper Presented In Sociology Departmetn, Glasgow University Click to View Abstract
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368 | 1993 | On Cognition : Ascent From Sense Knowledge To Knowledge Of Essence With Publisher For Evaluation Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
369 | 1993 | Understanding Philosophy: A Text For Science Based Students Of Philosophy - 1993. Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
370 | 1993 | Use Of Ethanol In Diesel Engines: Published In The September/October 1993, Issue Of The Kenya Engineer Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
371 | 1993 | V. A Cost Effective Method Of Ethanol Fumigation Is Small Diesel Engines Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
372 | 1993 | Okumbe, J.A. And Abagi, O., Financing Of Education In Kenya, UNDP/Govemment Of Kenya Project Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
373 | 1993 | Okumbe, J.A. "Supervisory Management Course - Job Analysis And Description", Lecture Series Presented To Supervising Managers With The Kenya Posts And Telecommunications, At The KCCT, Nairobi, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
374 | 1993 | Henry W. Mutoro (with G. Abungu). "Coast/Interior Relations." Archaeology Of Africa: Food Metals And Towns 1993; Pp 694-704. Click to View Abstract
Settlement pattern studies are concerned with relics of human occupation in the past. In an archaeological record, these relics either appear in clusters or individually in the form of pestholes, house floors, house foundations or as middens. On aerial photographs and topographic maps relics of past human occupation can be identified by the presence of circular or rectangular depressional features and stunted vegetation cover in the midst of a flourishing vegetation community. Past human settlements can also be identified in actual field observation as ruins: building structures, walled fortresses, moats, monuments and mounds.
Irrespective of their nature and conditions of preservation, past settlements are a reflection of human behaviour through time and space. The archaeological evidence that is found preserved in them can shed much light on our knowledge of past culture. The essential archaeological problem in the analysis and interpretation of settlement, however, is that architectural remains and other settlement data cannot be understood simply by their description, distribution, cultural attribution and chronology - as they have been from the early anthropological work of Morgan (1881) and Mindeleff (1890) through the first large-scale regional archaeological syntheses, such as Childe's (e.g. 1934) in Europe and Willey (1953) in South America up to the common archaeological survey work of today.
With the influence of modern cultural ecology, geography and sociobiology, settlement analysis has been transformed into a concern with environmental and ecological processes. Settlements are part of a complex integration of culture and ecology within a regional environment. As a result, settlement analysis in archaeology must attend not only to the physical layout of the environment, but also to the social and historical aspects of environmental interaction.
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375 | 1993 | Henry W. Mutoro. "Inter-Kaya Relationships: The Case Of Kenya Coastal Hinterland Site." World Archaeological Congress, Intercongress,Mombasa, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Settlement pattern studies are concerned with relics of human occupation in the past. In an archaeological record, these relics either appear in clusters or individually in the form of pestholes, house floors, house foundations or as middens. On aerial photographs and topographic maps relics of past human occupation can be identified by the presence of circular or rectangular depressional features and stunted vegetation cover in the midst of a flourishing vegetation community. Past human settlements can also be identified in actual field observation as ruins: building structures, walled fortresses, moats, monuments and mounds.
Irrespective of their nature and conditions of preservation, past settlements are a reflection of human behaviour through time and space. The archaeological evidence that is found preserved in them can shed much light on our knowledge of past culture. The essential archaeological problem in the analysis and interpretation of settlement, however, is that architectural remains and other settlement data cannot be understood simply by their description, distribution, cultural attribution and chronology - as they have been from the early anthropological work of Morgan (1881) and Mindeleff (1890) through the first large-scale regional archaeological syntheses, such as Childe's (e.g. 1934) in Europe and Willey (1953) in South America up to the common archaeological survey work of today.
With the influence of modern cultural ecology, geography and sociobiology, settlement analysis has been transformed into a concern with environmental and ecological processes. Settlements are part of a complex integration of culture and ecology within a regional environment. As a result, settlement analysis in archaeology must attend not only to the physical layout of the environment, but also to the social and historical aspects of environmental interaction.
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376 | 1993 | Henry W. Mutoro. "Culture And Anthropology Of Bungoma District." BPG Workshop '93: Theme: Bungoma, Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow: Bungoma Development In The 21st Century, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Settlement pattern studies are concerned with relics of human occupation in the past. In an archaeological record, these relics either appear in clusters or individually in the form of pestholes, house floors, house foundations or as middens. On aerial photographs and topographic maps relics of past human occupation can be identified by the presence of circular or rectangular depressional features and stunted vegetation cover in the midst of a flourishing vegetation community. Past human settlements can also be identified in actual field observation as ruins: building structures, walled fortresses, moats, monuments and mounds.
Irrespective of their nature and conditions of preservation, past settlements are a reflection of human behaviour through time and space. The archaeological evidence that is found preserved in them can shed much light on our knowledge of past culture. The essential archaeological problem in the analysis and interpretation of settlement, however, is that architectural remains and other settlement data cannot be understood simply by their description, distribution, cultural attribution and chronology - as they have been from the early anthropological work of Morgan (1881) and Mindeleff (1890) through the first large-scale regional archaeological syntheses, such as Childe's (e.g. 1934) in Europe and Willey (1953) in South America up to the common archaeological survey work of today.
With the influence of modern cultural ecology, geography and sociobiology, settlement analysis has been transformed into a concern with environmental and ecological processes. Settlements are part of a complex integration of culture and ecology within a regional environment. As a result, settlement analysis in archaeology must attend not only to the physical layout of the environment, but also to the social and historical aspects of environmental interaction.
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377 | 1993 | Henry W. Mutoro. "Teaching Of Scriptures As A Guide To Realization Of Divinity In Humankind: A Historical Perspective." Vision 2000: Centenary Of Swami Vivekananda's World Parliament Of Religions, Nairobi, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Settlement pattern studies are concerned with relics of human occupation in the past. In an archaeological record, these relics either appear in clusters or individually in the form of pestholes, house floors, house foundations or as middens. On aerial photographs and topographic maps relics of past human occupation can be identified by the presence of circular or rectangular depressional features and stunted vegetation cover in the midst of a flourishing vegetation community. Past human settlements can also be identified in actual field observation as ruins: building structures, walled fortresses, moats, monuments and mounds.
Irrespective of their nature and conditions of preservation, past settlements are a reflection of human behaviour through time and space. The archaeological evidence that is found preserved in them can shed much light on our knowledge of past culture. The essential archaeological problem in the analysis and interpretation of settlement, however, is that architectural remains and other settlement data cannot be understood simply by their description, distribution, cultural attribution and chronology - as they have been from the early anthropological work of Morgan (1881) and Mindeleff (1890) through the first large-scale regional archaeological syntheses, such as Childe's (e.g. 1934) in Europe and Willey (1953) in South America up to the common archaeological survey work of today.
With the influence of modern cultural ecology, geography and sociobiology, settlement analysis has been transformed into a concern with environmental and ecological processes. Settlements are part of a complex integration of culture and ecology within a regional environment. As a result, settlement analysis in archaeology must attend not only to the physical layout of the environment, but also to the social and historical aspects of environmental interaction.
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378 | 1993 | Henry W. Mutoro (with Namachanja C.FK.). "Transition To Multi-Party Democracy: A Case Study Of Kimilili Constituency In Bungoma District,1993." Transition To Multi-Party Democracy Seminar, Nairobi, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Settlement pattern studies are concerned with relics of human occupation in the past. In an archaeological record, these relics either appear in clusters or individually in the form of pestholes, house floors, house foundations or as middens. On aerial photographs and topographic maps relics of past human occupation can be identified by the presence of circular or rectangular depressional features and stunted vegetation cover in the midst of a flourishing vegetation community. Past human settlements can also be identified in actual field observation as ruins: building structures, walled fortresses, moats, monuments and mounds.
Irrespective of their nature and conditions of preservation, past settlements are a reflection of human behaviour through time and space. The archaeological evidence that is found preserved in them can shed much light on our knowledge of past culture. The essential archaeological problem in the analysis and interpretation of settlement, however, is that architectural remains and other settlement data cannot be understood simply by their description, distribution, cultural attribution and chronology - as they have been from the early anthropological work of Morgan (1881) and Mindeleff (1890) through the first large-scale regional archaeological syntheses, such as Childe's (e.g. 1934) in Europe and Willey (1953) in South America up to the common archaeological survey work of today.
With the influence of modern cultural ecology, geography and sociobiology, settlement analysis has been transformed into a concern with environmental and ecological processes. Settlements are part of a complex integration of culture and ecology within a regional environment. As a result, settlement analysis in archaeology must attend not only to the physical layout of the environment, but also to the social and historical aspects of environmental interaction.
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379 | 1993 | Onyango, C.A., Keya, E.L. And Imungi, J.K. 1993. Aspects Of Cassava-cereal Composite Flour Quality And Appropriate Use In Some Kenyan Food Products. Discovery And Innovation 15:241. Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
380 | 1993 | Imungi, J.K. 1993. Storage And Ripening Of Kenyan Mangoes. Presented At The International Symposium On Post Harvest Handling Of Tropical Fruit, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 19 - 23 July, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
381 | 1993 | Imungi, J.K. 1993. Solar Dehydration Of Cassava For Production Of Flour For Local Foods In Kenya. In:Product Development For Root Tuber Crops. Eds. Scott, G.J., Fergusson, P.I. And Herrera, J.E. CIP Proc. Volume III: Africa, Pp 323-326. ISBN 92-9060-160-4 Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
382 | 1993 | Imungi, J.K. 1993. Storage And Ripening Of Kenyan Mangoes. In: Post Harvest Handling Of Tropical Fruits. Eds. Champ BIR. Highley E. And Johnson, G.I. ACIAR Proceedings No. 50. Pp. ISBN 186320 1017. Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
383 | 1993 | Barongo, J.O., 1993 Microcomputer Based Analysis Of Electromagnetic Profiling Data From Tropical Geological Environments, Proceedings Of The Fifth Conference On The Geology Of Kenya, Nairobi, Click to View Abstract
n/a |
384 | 1993 | Munyua S.J. M., R.G. Wahome, B.M. Mitaru, G.J.O. Agumbah And Kiptoon J.C. (1993). Click to View Abstract
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Cellular network coverage planning efficiency is traditionally evaluated through various network metrics assessing the Quality of Service (QoS). When it comes to coverage service, however, user satisfaction can be considered the logical metric of performance. This study presents a hybrid Quality of Experience (QoE) index that can be used as a basis of network coverage planning efficiency assessment. A spatial analysis framework is employed to evaluate the user perceived QoS offered by one of the leading cellular service providers in Kenya as perceived by consumers under everyday conditions of use. Regions where subscribers may be experiencing low service quality service were identified. The study shows that urban based consumers tend to have higher quality expectations than the rural users. |
385 | 1993 | Mwangi J, Gatei DG.Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatocellular Carcinoma And Liver Cirrhosis In Kenya. East Afr Med J. 1993 Apr;70(4 Suppl):34-6. Click to View Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third most common malignancy in Kenyan males occurring with a peak incidence at 40 years of age. A worldwide correlation has been noted between the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and prevalence of hepatitis B virus. Liver biopsies with histological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cirrhosis and the normals were reviewed by the authors. They were then stained for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis e core antigen (HBcAg). Only 2.5% of normal livers were positive for HBsAg compared with 33% of HCC and 25% of cirrhosis respectively. Hepatitis core antigen was not demonstrated in normal liver biopsies but it was present in 11.5% of HCC and 14% of cirrhosis. Background cirrhosis was noted in 52% of biopsies showing HCC. It is clear that a causal association exists between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and both liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Higher antigen markers, up to 80% have been reported in South East Asia and India. This difference may be due to the type of biopsy examined (needle biopsy vs open biopsy) but the possibility that other factors such as aflatoxin and non A/non B hepatitis viruses play a more significant role in the causation of liver disease in Kenya than has previously been assumed should be explored. |
386 | 1993 | J.D. MANDE, P.M.F. MBITHI, J.A.N. NGUHIU, S.M. MBIUKI (1993) Cestrum Poisoning In A Young Horse - A Case Report. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Productivity In Africa. 41: 139-141. Click to View Abstract
Ventrodorsal pelvic radiographs were made of 32 adult dogs under general anaesthesis. The hip jints were evaluated according to the severity of osteorthritic changes graded as 0,1,2 or 3. the dogs were euthanized, the hip joints opened and the ligamentum capitis femoris dissected out in toto. The volume of each ligament was determined using a water displacement technique and the mean volume compared to the four radiographic grades of osteoarthritis. There was an inverse correlation (r=075) between the mean volume of the ligamentum capitis femoris and the increasing ceverity of osteoarthritis as assesses by radiography. The results confirmed the crucial role of radiography in the clinical evaluation of hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis in the adult dog. Assessment of the volume of the ligamentum capitis femoris revealed that it is an important tool for research in canine hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. Keywords: hip dysplasia, hip join, ligamentum capitis femoris, osteoarthritis ventrodorsal pelvic radiography., |
387 | 1993 | J.D. MANDE, P.M.F. MBITHI, S.M. MBIUKI (1993). The Breaking Strength And Resistance To Abrasion Of Some Casting Bandages. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Productivity In Africa. 41: 143 -146. Click to View Abstract
Ventrodorsal pelvic radiographs were made of 32 adult dogs under general anaesthesis. The hip jints were evaluated according to the severity of osteorthritic changes graded as 0,1,2 or 3. the dogs were euthanized, the hip joints opened and the ligamentum capitis femoris dissected out in toto. The volume of each ligament was determined using a water displacement technique and the mean volume compared to the four radiographic grades of osteoarthritis. There was an inverse correlation (r=075) between the mean volume of the ligamentum capitis femoris and the increasing ceverity of osteoarthritis as assesses by radiography. The results confirmed the crucial role of radiography in the clinical evaluation of hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis in the adult dog. Assessment of the volume of the ligamentum capitis femoris revealed that it is an important tool for research in canine hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. Keywords: hip dysplasia, hip join, ligamentum capitis femoris, osteoarthritis ventrodorsal pelvic radiography., |
388 | 1993 | J.D. MANDE, P.M.F. MBITHI, S.M. MBIUKI (1993). Resistance To Abrasion Of Plaster Casting Bandages Available In Kenya. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Productivity In Africa. 41: 151 -153. Click to View Abstract
Ventrodorsal pelvic radiographs were made of 32 adult dogs under general anaesthesis. The hip jints were evaluated according to the severity of osteorthritic changes graded as 0,1,2 or 3. the dogs were euthanized, the hip joints opened and the ligamentum capitis femoris dissected out in toto. The volume of each ligament was determined using a water displacement technique and the mean volume compared to the four radiographic grades of osteoarthritis. There was an inverse correlation (r=075) between the mean volume of the ligamentum capitis femoris and the increasing ceverity of osteoarthritis as assesses by radiography. The results confirmed the crucial role of radiography in the clinical evaluation of hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis in the adult dog. Assessment of the volume of the ligamentum capitis femoris revealed that it is an important tool for research in canine hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. Keywords: hip dysplasia, hip join, ligamentum capitis femoris, osteoarthritis ventrodorsal pelvic radiography., |
389 | 1993 | I.B.J. BUORO, J.D.MANDE, S.B. NYAMWANGE (1993) Isolation Of Norcardia Asteroides From A Dog With Hemorrhagic Cystitis. Journal Of Small Animal Practice. 31, 99-102. Click to View Abstract
Ventrodorsal pelvic radiographs were made of 32 adult dogs under general anaesthesis. The hip jints were evaluated according to the severity of osteorthritic changes graded as 0,1,2 or 3. the dogs were euthanized, the hip joints opened and the ligamentum capitis femoris dissected out in toto. The volume of each ligament was determined using a water displacement technique and the mean volume compared to the four radiographic grades of osteoarthritis. There was an inverse correlation (r=075) between the mean volume of the ligamentum capitis femoris and the increasing ceverity of osteoarthritis as assesses by radiography. The results confirmed the crucial role of radiography in the clinical evaluation of hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis in the adult dog. Assessment of the volume of the ligamentum capitis femoris revealed that it is an important tool for research in canine hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. Keywords: hip dysplasia, hip join, ligamentum capitis femoris, osteoarthritis ventrodorsal pelvic radiography., |
390 | 1993 | Leke, R.J.I.; Oduma, J.A.; Bassol-Mayagoita, S.; Bacha, A.M. & Grigor, K.N. (1993). Regional And Geographical Variations In Infertility: Effects Of Environmental, Cultural And Socioeconomic Factors. Environ. Health Persp. Suppls. 101 (Suppl 2): 73-80. Click to View Abstract
This publication bring together upto 15 papers presented at the inagural conference of the world Association of Sign Language Interpreters by experts form around the globe. the pares highlight the importance of of worjing together and sharing a global responsibility for the development of interpreting services worldwide. This is a valuable resource for all sign language interpreters, students and interpreter trainers, and contains much to interest those who wish to know more about the situation of Sign Language interpratation form an internation perspective. |
391 | 1993 | Performance Evaluation Of The Generalized Type-11 Hybrid ARQ Scheme With Noisy Feedback On Markov Channels, V.K. Oduol, S. D. Morgera, IEEE Transactions On Communications, Click to View Abstract
The paper shows that in the analysis of a queuing system with fixed-size batch arrivals, there emerges a set of polynomials which are a generalization of Chebyshev polynomialsof the second kind. The paper uses these polynomials in assessing the transient behaviour of the overflow (equivalently call blocking) probability in the system. A key figure to noteis the proportion of the overflow (or blocking) probability resident in the transient component,which is shown in the results to be more significant at the beginning of the transient and naturally decays to zero in the limit of large t. The results also show that the significanceof transients is more pronounced in cases of lighter loads, but lasts longer for heavier loads. |
392 | 1993 | Njoka T.J.1993 - Animal Production In The Tropics, Possibilities And Constraints. Invited Paper For The Workshop On Human Livelihoods In Drylands: Constraints And Possibilities Conference Sponsored By Swedish University Of Agricultural Sciences, Sjudarhjd Click to View Abstract
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393 | 1993 | External Quality Control Performance In Clinical Chemistry Experience In Kenya M. J. N. Mbiti, P. J. Ojwang And D.A.O. Orinda E. A. Med. Journal Vol. 70, No. 4 April, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Analysis of eleven biochemical laboratory tests was done during an International External Quality Assessment Scheme (IEQAS) in which the clinical chemistry laboratory at Kenyatta National Hospital participated. Technicon SMA II continuous flow system was used in the biochemical analyses apart from glucose which was assayed manually by the glucose oxidase method. Using the standard deviation index (SDI), twenty six percent of the results were found to be outside the two standard deviation (2SD) limit. However, when variance index score (VIS) was used, 42% of the results were found to be outliers. Overall, our laboratory performed poorly compared to other laboratories in both the IEQAS and the United Kingdom External Quality Assurance Scheme (UKEQAS). This poor performance is attributed to the use of improper equipment which is not regularly maintained, lack of diagnostic reagents, lack of quality control (QC) materials and inadequate staff training in the field of quality control. |
394 | 1993 | Yonga GO, Ogola EN, Orinda DA. Metabolic Effects Of Propranolol And Hydroflumethiazide Treatment In Kenyans With Mild To Moderate Essential Hypertension.East Afr Med J. 1993 Nov;70(11):696-700. Click to View Abstract
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya. In a prospective single-blind comparative trial, sixty newly diagnosed mild to moderate hypertensives were randomly assigned to either propranolol or hydroflumethiazide monotherapy. Baseline fasting serum glucose lipid profiles, serum uric acid and potassium levels, were determined at the beginning of the trial. Repeat levels were determined at completion of twelve weeks of treatment. Propranolol treatment significantly reduced HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.02) and increased both VLDL and total serum triglycerides (p < 0.01). Hydroflumethiazide significantly increased total and LDL-chole-sterol, fasting serum glucose and uric acid levels (p < 0.01); potassium levels were significantly lowered (p < 0.01). Treatment with either propranolol or hydroflumethiazide is associated with significant metabolic side-effects which require regular monitoring and intervention as appropriate. |
395 | 1993 | Mbiti MJ, Ojwang PJ, Orinda DA. External Quality Control Performance In Clinical Chemistry: Experience In Kenya.East Afr Med J. 1993 Apr;70(4 Suppl):16-20. Click to View Abstract
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
Analysis of eleven biochemical laboratory tests was done during an International External Quality Assessment Scheme (IEQAS) in which the clinical chemistry laboratory at Kenyatta National Hospital participated. Technicon SMA II continuous flow system was used in the biochemical analyses apart from glucose which was assayed manually by the glucose oxidase method. Using the standard deviation index (SDI), twenty six percent of the results were found to be outside the two standard deviation (2SD) limit. However, when variance index score (VIS) was used, 42% of the results were found to be outliers. Overall, our laboratory performed poorly compared to other laboratories in both the IEQAS and the United Kingdom External Quality Assurance Scheme (UKEQAS). This poor performance is attributed to the use of improper equipment which is not regularly maintained, lack of diagnostic reagents, lack of quality control (QC) materials and inadequate staff training in the field of quality control. |
396 | 1993 | African Examples: Inspirations For Achievment And Personal Fulfilment Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. PMID: 11957248 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
397 | 1993 | The Impact Of The Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies On The Long Rains In East Africa. Click to View Abstract
Meteorological elements are observed to display diurnal and/ or semi diurnal variability. Therefore the ability of the UK 11-level GCM to correctly simulate these diurnal variations of weather elements may be used as a measure of how realistic the model is compared to the real atmosphere. The model is forced by the diurnal variation of insolation. In order to study the diurnal cycle of the GCM, the simulated April 1986 sub-daily fields were kept, sampled at every 6 hours. All the data were instantaneous values, apart from rainfall, snowfall, evaporation and sensible heat fluxes which were each accumulated over each time step (10 minutes) for the 6 hours period. The variables were then averaged over the model month (30 days). The mean daily fields were computed separately for 0600 GMT, 1200 GMT, 1800GMT and 0000 GMT. The diurnal variation of three variables, namely; surface temperature, rainfall and wind were examined. The simulated surface temperature indicated similar diurnal characteristic as the observed. Thus there was an increase in temperature from morning to afternoon, followed by a general decrease at night. The simulated diurnal variation of the precipitation, particularly the afternoon maximum, was consistent with the general observed diurnal variation of precipitation over many areas in East Africa. The simulated wind anomaly vector was observed to rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the southern hemisphere. Such a diurnal behaviour of the wind has been observed in the real atmosphere. This characteristic is associated with the zonal movement of the region of maximum insolation (low pressure) from east to west. |
398 | 1993 | Attitudes & Problems Of Implementing A Policy Of English Across The Curriculum. A Paper Presented At A National Seminar Analysis English Across The Curriculum, Nairobi 1993 Click to View Abstract
Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. An epidemic of meningococcal disease occurred in Nairobi, Kenya, during 1989, outside the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa. About 3800 cases occurred between April and November (250/100,000 population). The case-fatality rate was 9.4% among hospitalized patients. Areas that included Nairobi's largest slums had particularly high attack rates. The epidemic displayed an unusual age distribution, with high attack rates among those 20-29 years old. A vaccination campaign was conducted. By early January, the weekly case count had fallen to 25 from a high of 272 (in September). A case-control study estimated the vaccine efficacy to be 87% (95% confidence interval, 67%-95%). A model estimated that the vaccination campaign reduced the number of cases by at least 20%. Multilocus enzyme electrophoretic typing demonstrated that the strain responsible for this large epidemic is closely related to strains that caused other recent epidemics, documenting further spread of what may be a particularly virulent clonal complex of group A Neisseria meningitidis.
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399 | 1993 | Women And AIDS: The Vulnerability Issue Click to View Abstract
Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. An epidemic of meningococcal disease occurred in Nairobi, Kenya, during 1989, outside the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa. About 3800 cases occurred between April and November (250/100,000 population). The case-fatality rate was 9.4% among hospitalized patients. Areas that included Nairobi's largest slums had particularly high attack rates. The epidemic displayed an unusual age distribution, with high attack rates among those 20-29 years old. A vaccination campaign was conducted. By early January, the weekly case count had fallen to 25 from a high of 272 (in September). A case-control study estimated the vaccine efficacy to be 87% (95% confidence interval, 67%-95%). A model estimated that the vaccination campaign reduced the number of cases by at least 20%. Multilocus enzyme electrophoretic typing demonstrated that the strain responsible for this large epidemic is closely related to strains that caused other recent epidemics, documenting further spread of what may be a particularly virulent clonal complex of group A Neisseria meningitidis.
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400 | 1993 | Effective Ways Of Communicating The Dangers Of HIV Infection Among Rural Women In Kenya Click to View Abstract
Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. An epidemic of meningococcal disease occurred in Nairobi, Kenya, during 1989, outside the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa. About 3800 cases occurred between April and November (250/100,000 population). The case-fatality rate was 9.4% among hospitalized patients. Areas that included Nairobi's largest slums had particularly high attack rates. The epidemic displayed an unusual age distribution, with high attack rates among those 20-29 years old. A vaccination campaign was conducted. By early January, the weekly case count had fallen to 25 from a high of 272 (in September). A case-control study estimated the vaccine efficacy to be 87% (95% confidence interval, 67%-95%). A model estimated that the vaccination campaign reduced the number of cases by at least 20%. Multilocus enzyme electrophoretic typing demonstrated that the strain responsible for this large epidemic is closely related to strains that caused other recent epidemics, documenting further spread of what may be a particularly virulent clonal complex of group A Neisseria meningitidis.
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401 | 1993 | The Role Of People Living With HIV And AIDS In AIDS Education And Awareness. A Poster And Oral Presentation At The 8th International Conference Of AIDS In Africa: Morocco, Marakech 12th - 16th December 1993 Click to View Abstract
Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. An epidemic of meningococcal disease occurred in Nairobi, Kenya, during 1989, outside the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa. About 3800 cases occurred between April and November (250/100,000 population). The case-fatality rate was 9.4% among hospitalized patients. Areas that included Nairobi's largest slums had particularly high attack rates. The epidemic displayed an unusual age distribution, with high attack rates among those 20-29 years old. A vaccination campaign was conducted. By early January, the weekly case count had fallen to 25 from a high of 272 (in September). A case-control study estimated the vaccine efficacy to be 87% (95% confidence interval, 67%-95%). A model estimated that the vaccination campaign reduced the number of cases by at least 20%. Multilocus enzyme electrophoretic typing demonstrated that the strain responsible for this large epidemic is closely related to strains that caused other recent epidemics, documenting further spread of what may be a particularly virulent clonal complex of group A Neisseria meningitidis.
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402 | 1993 | Mbeche, O. O., And S. O. Omol, "A Health Service Distribution For Kenyatta National Hospital In Nairobi" African Urban Quarterly Journal, Vol. 7, August 1993. Click to View Abstract
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This study was conducted in two seasons of2002 at Tigoni, Central Kenya to determine effectiveness of insecticides; neern extract and mineral oil in managing potato aphids and their associated virus diseases. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. In each season, the number of aphids in five randomly selected plants per treatment was recordced in situ. Virus symptoms (i.ncidence) were scored and expressed as a percentage to the total plant population per plot. Forty-five days after emergence, 10 plants each from guard rows and inner rows were randomly selected and serologically assayed for Potato Virus Y (PVY) and Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) using DAS ELISA test. Results showd that three aphid species Aphis gossypii (Glover), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) colonized on the variety with A. gossypii being the most dominant while M. persicae was least. Higher aphid population coincided with the short rains experienced in one of the seasons. Synthetic insecticides (Bifethrin and dimethoate) were the most effective among the treatments in reducing aphid infestation while the neem extract and mineral oil (DC- Tron) had no significant (P<0.05) difference. However, mineral-oil treated plots recorded the lowest PVY incidence while bifenthrin-Ireated plots had the lowest PLRV incidence. It is suggested that a combination of synthetic insecticides and mineral oil could playa major role in reduction of the aphids and their associated vectors. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 |
403 | 1993 | Okombo 1993 'Language Policy For DEFA Basic Education For Forum. Vol. 3,45-51 Click to View Abstract
isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died.
Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance; |
404 | 1993 | Communication Theory' In The Industrial Court: A Course Book For Trade Unionist. Kenya: FES And COTU Click to View Abstract
isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died.
Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance; |
405 | 1993 | With Chege, G.Wa E.A.E.P Primary English 6 Nairobi: East African Education Publishers Click to View Abstract
isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died.
Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance; |
406 | 1993 | Kaimenyi, J.T. Karongo, P. And Ocholla T.J. (1993). Radiological Findings In Edentulous Kenyan Patients. East African Medical Journal 70:179-181. Click to View Abstract
Department of Dental Surgery, Dental School, College of Health Sciences, Nairobi. Seven hundred and seventy five files of edentulous patients seen at the Department of Dental Surgery, University of Nairobi were scrutinized for the presence or absence of routine radiographs prior to treatment. 180 (23.2%) had radiographs. 26% of the radiographs had 51 positive radiological findings. 17.3% were roots, 3.9% were unerupted teeth, 6.7% were radiopacities and 0.6% were radiolucencies. 52.9% of the radiological findings were in the mandible and 47.1% were in the maxilla. In the mandible, 44.4% of the radiological findings were in the anterior region and 55.6% were found posteriorly. 66.7% of the maxillary radiological findings were in the anterior region and 33.3% were found posteriorly. Since some of the positive radiological findings such as the retained roots and unerupted teeth might lead to infection, cysts or poor dentures fit, it is recommended that whenever possible, all edentulous patients be examined radiographically prior to treatment. |
407 | 1993 | Kaimenyi, J.T. (1993). Periodontal Health Status In Africa After Decades Of Development. East African Medical Journal 70:369:371. Click to View Abstract
Department of Dental Surgery, Dental School, College of Health Sciences, Nairobi. Seven hundred and seventy five files of edentulous patients seen at the Department of Dental Surgery, University of Nairobi were scrutinized for the presence or absence of routine radiographs prior to treatment. 180 (23.2%) had radiographs. 26% of the radiographs had 51 positive radiological findings. 17.3% were roots, 3.9% were unerupted teeth, 6.7% were radiopacities and 0.6% were radiolucencies. 52.9% of the radiological findings were in the mandible and 47.1% were in the maxilla. In the mandible, 44.4% of the radiological findings were in the anterior region and 55.6% were found posteriorly. 66.7% of the maxillary radiological findings were in the anterior region and 33.3% were found posteriorly. Since some of the positive radiological findings such as the retained roots and unerupted teeth might lead to infection, cysts or poor dentures fit, it is recommended that whenever possible, all edentulous patients be examined radiographically prior to treatment. |
408 | 1993 | Kaimenyi, J.T. (1993). Is Periodontal Disease On The Increase In Kenya? A Review. East African Medical Journal 70:519-522. Click to View Abstract
Department of Dental Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya. During a recent scientific meeting held in Botswana (16th-19th October 1991), it was reported that the oral health situation in developing countries was typified by an increase in the prevalence of dental diseases. Kenya was cited as one of the typical examples of this worrying trend. For there to be an increase in dental diseases, there must be a concomitant increase or an upward shift in the main aetiological factor(s) or factors associated with dental diseases. This paper looks at these factors in relation to periodontal disease and reviews some of the major prevalence studies of periodontal disease that have been carried out in Kenya. It also presents some arguments to show that there is no unequivocal evidence that periodontal disease is on the increase in Kenya. |
409 | 1993 | Kaimenyi, J.T. (1993). Inappropriateness Of The Term Click to View Abstract
Department of Dental Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditionally, diseases that affect the periodontium have over the years been referred to as periodontal disease. This implies that these diseases are a single disease entity or only one disease, "periodontal disease," affects the periodontium. To date, dental literature is replete with several diseases that affect the periodontium. Most of these diseases exhibit unique bacteriological, immunological, biochemical and clinical features. It is these characteristics that qualify them to be regarded as individual or different disease entities. Biased by these recent reports on distinct diseases that affect the periodontium, several dental authors have written articles where they have preferred the term "periodontal diseases" to "periodontal disease," when discussing and reporting on the diseases that affect the periodontium. This paper suggests and discusses the reasons why scientists have continued to use the term periodontal disease and presents arguments why this terminology is inappropriate. It is suggested that the term "periodontal disease" be replaced by the term "periodontal diseases". |
410 | 1993 | Kaimenyi, J.T. (1993). Oral Hygiene And Dental Health. East African Medical Journal 70:65. Click to View Abstract
Department of Dental Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditionally, diseases that affect the periodontium have over the years been referred to as periodontal disease. This implies that these diseases are a single disease entity or only one disease, "periodontal disease," affects the periodontium. To date, dental literature is replete with several diseases that affect the periodontium. Most of these diseases exhibit unique bacteriological, immunological, biochemical and clinical features. It is these characteristics that qualify them to be regarded as individual or different disease entities. Biased by these recent reports on distinct diseases that affect the periodontium, several dental authors have written articles where they have preferred the term "periodontal diseases" to "periodontal disease," when discussing and reporting on the diseases that affect the periodontium. This paper suggests and discusses the reasons why scientists have continued to use the term periodontal disease and presents arguments why this terminology is inappropriate. It is suggested that the term "periodontal disease" be replaced by the term "periodontal diseases". |
411 | 1993 | Kaimenyi, J.T. (1993) The Need For Dental Auxiliaries. Proceedings For The 3rd Continuing Education Course For All Categories Of Oral Health Personnel. Pages 147-163. 19th Click to View Abstract
Department of Dental Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditionally, diseases that affect the periodontium have over the years been referred to as periodontal disease. This implies that these diseases are a single disease entity or only one disease, "periodontal disease," affects the periodontium. To date, dental literature is replete with several diseases that affect the periodontium. Most of these diseases exhibit unique bacteriological, immunological, biochemical and clinical features. It is these characteristics that qualify them to be regarded as individual or different disease entities. Biased by these recent reports on distinct diseases that affect the periodontium, several dental authors have written articles where they have preferred the term "periodontal diseases" to "periodontal disease," when discussing and reporting on the diseases that affect the periodontium. This paper suggests and discusses the reasons why scientists have continued to use the term periodontal disease and presents arguments why this terminology is inappropriate. It is suggested that the term "periodontal disease" be replaced by the term "periodontal diseases". |
412 | 1993 | Kaimenyi, J.T. (1993) Dental Scaling: Patients Fears. Africa Health July Issue PP.21-23. Click to View Abstract
Department of Dental Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditionally, diseases that affect the periodontium have over the years been referred to as periodontal disease. This implies that these diseases are a single disease entity or only one disease, "periodontal disease," affects the periodontium. To date, dental literature is replete with several diseases that affect the periodontium. Most of these diseases exhibit unique bacteriological, immunological, biochemical and clinical features. It is these characteristics that qualify them to be regarded as individual or different disease entities. Biased by these recent reports on distinct diseases that affect the periodontium, several dental authors have written articles where they have preferred the term "periodontal diseases" to "periodontal disease," when discussing and reporting on the diseases that affect the periodontium. This paper suggests and discusses the reasons why scientists have continued to use the term periodontal disease and presents arguments why this terminology is inappropriate. It is suggested that the term "periodontal disease" be replaced by the term "periodontal diseases". |
413 | 1993 | Kaimenyi JT.Inappropriateness Of The Term "periodontal Disease". Indian J Dent Res. 1993 Jul-Dec;4(3-4):81-9. Click to View Abstract
Traditionally, diseases that affect the periodontium have over the years been referred to as periodontal disease. This implies that these diseases are a single disease entity or only one disease, "periodontal disease," affects the periodontium. To date, dental literature is replete with several diseases that affect the periodontium. Most of these diseases exhibit unique bacteriological, immunological, biochemical and clinical features. It is these characteristics that qualify them to be regarded as individual or different disease entities. Biased by these recent reports on distinct diseases that affect the periodontium, several dental authors have written articles where they have preferred the term "periodontal diseases" to "periodontal disease," when discussing and reporting on the diseases that affect the periodontium. This paper suggests and discusses the reasons why scientists have continued to use the term periodontal disease and presents arguments why this terminology is inappropriate. It is suggested that the term "periodontal disease" be replaced by the term "periodontal diseases". |
414 | 1993 | Kaimenyi JT, Ndungu FL, Maina SW, Chindia M.Oral Hygiene Habits And Dental Health Awareness Of Kenyan Children Aged 9-15 Years In A Peri-urban And Urban School.East Afr Med J. 1993 Feb;70(2):67-70. Click to View Abstract
The oral hygiene habits and dental health awareness of 541 Kenyan children from a peri-urban and urban school and aged 9-15 years, were investigated. 80.2% of the urban children and 43.1% of the peri-urban children had visited a dentist before. 12.4% of the urban children and 9.2% of the peri-urban children knew that bacteria cause dental caries. Over 87% of the children from either school knew that dental caries and periodontitis can be prevented. The main reason for visiting a dentist was to have tooth extraction. Failure to brush teeth was believed to be the cause of gingival bleeding by 38.9% of the peri-urban children and 37.6% of the urban children. 67.2% of the peri-urban children and 39.5% of the urban children brushed their teeth thrice daily. 21.1% of the peri-urban children and 2% of the urban children used a chewing stick to brush their teeth. More urban children (96.5%) used a toothbrush than peri-urban children (64.8%). None of the children from either school admitted using traditional cleaning aids such as the finger and charcoal. It is concluded that there were no consistent differences in oral hygiene habits and dental health awareness between peri-urban and urban children. |
415 | 1993 | Mukathe D,N(1993)Islam And Education Click to View Abstract
isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died.
Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance; |
416 | 1993 | Surgical Aspects Of Live Donor Kidney Transplants In Kenya Click to View Abstract
Review of twenty cases of live-donor kidney transplants in Kenya for a period of 5 years (1985-1989) and the follow up study results revealed that there were both high graft losses, high morbidity and mortality due to various complications pertaining to surgery and immunosuppression. The most serious complications were intercurrent infections, acute or chronic rejection, pulmonary embolism, steroid induced diabetes, pneumonia, and myocardial infarction. At the end of the first year follow up, there were only twelve graft patients alive. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was not available for assessing the anatomical and functional behaviour of the transplanted kidneys. This would have assisted in early diagnosis of the degree and onset of rejection for appropriate treatment before the death of the allografts. It would also assist in differentiating perfusional problems from rejection.
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417 | 1993 | Ogonda, G. (1993), Ingetration Fo Children With Physical Disabilities, Who Benefits Click to View Abstract
Summing multipliers is an important class of operators in the geometric theory of general Banach spaces. They are particularly useful in the study of the structure of the classical spaces. The work done by Grothendieck and Pietsch provides a good basis for the study of this class of operators. The topic of this study is Aspects on (p,q)-summing multipliers. (p,q)-summing multipliers are sequences of bounded linear operators mapping weakly p-summable sequences into strongly q-summable sequences. This study is concerned with using the concepts of absolute and p-summing multipliers to characterize the space of all (p,q)-summing multipliers. In particular we show that the space of all (p, q)-summing multipliers is complete. This is accomplished through a detailed study of the concepts of the summing operators and absolute and p-summing multipliers |
418 | 1993 | Ogoda G. (1993). Physically And Neurologically Impaired Childre Click to View Abstract
Summing multipliers is an important class of operators in the geometric theory of general Banach spaces. They are particularly useful in the study of the structure of the classical spaces. The work done by Grothendieck and Pietsch provides a good basis for the study of this class of operators. The topic of this study is Aspects on (p,q)-summing multipliers. (p,q)-summing multipliers are sequences of bounded linear operators mapping weakly p-summable sequences into strongly q-summable sequences. This study is concerned with using the concepts of absolute and p-summing multipliers to characterize the space of all (p,q)-summing multipliers. In particular we show that the space of all (p, q)-summing multipliers is complete. This is accomplished through a detailed study of the concepts of the summing operators and absolute and p-summing multipliers |
419 | 1993 | "Population And Development": In Working Papers On Demography And Development, European Parliament, Directorate General For Research ( Public Hearing Held By The Committee On Development And Co-operation, Brussels, 25 November, 1993) Click to View Abstract
The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
420 | 1993 | "Population And Natural Resources Use"; A Paper For The Population Summit Of The World Academies Of Sciencies Held In New Delhi, India, October 24. Click to View Abstract
The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
421 | 1993 | "Agrarian Reform In Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessment Of State Responses To The African Agrarian Crisis And Their Implications For Agricultural Development". In Thomas J. Basset And CrummeyD.E. Land In African Agrarian Systems (Chapter 9) University Of Wisco Click to View Abstract
The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
422 | 1993 | "Constitutions Without Constitutionalism: An African Political Paradox" In Douglas Greenberg S.N. Kartz, B. Oliviero And S.C. Wheatley (Eds) Constitutionalism And Democracy: Transitions In The Contemporary World (Chapter 4) OUP, New York Click to View Abstract
The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
423 | 1993 | "Population Growth And Agricultural Change In Kisii Dirctrict, Kenya: Sustained Symbiosis? (with John O. Oucho) (Chapter 6) In B. L. Turner II, Goran Hyden And Robert Kates, Population Growth And Agricultural Change In Africa, University Press Of Florida Click to View Abstract
The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
424 | 1993 | "Human And People's Rights: What Point Is Africa Trying To Make? In Ronald Cohen, Goran Hyden And Winston Nagan Human Rights And Governance In Africa (Chapter 3), University Press Of Florida Click to View Abstract
The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
425 | 1993 | I.O. Kibwage And J.M. Nguyo (1993). In Vitro Evaluation Of Carbamazepine 200 Mg Tablets. Click to View Abstract
A comparative in-vitro performance of carbamazepine 200mg tablet products available on the Kenyan market was evaluated. The products which include the innovator product, Tegretol, have similar quality consonant with pharmacopoeial specifications. A batch of one of the products had a carbamazepine content of 106.6% label claim which was outside the upper limits of 105%. One product packaged in multiple-unit containers of a 1000, had an unacceptable high friability of 6.82% loss in weight. All products had good dissolution profiles and released at least 70% of the dose within 45 minutes. Drug dissolution from tablets was found to vary between batches for one product. At each sampling time, most generics had wide variations in amount of dissolved drug. The effect of such variations on tablet efficacy cannot be ascertained in the absence of bioavailability data.
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426 | 1993 | K.A. Patel And I.O. Kibwage. (1993). The Community Pharmacist. Click to View Abstract
A comparative in-vitro performance of carbamazepine 200mg tablet products available on the Kenyan market was evaluated. The products which include the innovator product, Tegretol, have similar quality consonant with pharmacopoeial specifications. A batch of one of the products had a carbamazepine content of 106.6% label claim which was outside the upper limits of 105%. One product packaged in multiple-unit containers of a 1000, had an unacceptable high friability of 6.82% loss in weight. All products had good dissolution profiles and released at least 70% of the dose within 45 minutes. Drug dissolution from tablets was found to vary between batches for one product. At each sampling time, most generics had wide variations in amount of dissolved drug. The effect of such variations on tablet efficacy cannot be ascertained in the absence of bioavailability data.
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427 | 1993 | Effect Of The Chronic Dose Of Diazepam On The Intensity And Characteristics Of The Precipitated Abstinence Syndrome In The Dog. Sloan JW, Martin WR, Wala E.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993 Jun;265(3):1152-62. Click to View Abstract
The ability of different chronic doses of diazepam to produce dependence was studied in groups of six dogs who received diazepam p.o. (0.05625, 0.225, 0.5625, 4.5, 9 or 36 mg/kg/day) every 8 hr. After 5 to 6 weeks of stabilization, the intensity of precipitated abstinence was measured by benzodiazepine-precipitated abstinence scores (BPAS) after the p.o. administration of graded doses of the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil (0.66, 2, 6, 18, 36 and 72 mg/kg or a placebo). A modified Latin square design was used. Dogs receiving the two lowest stabilization doses of diazepam showed only liminal signs of precipitated abstinence even with 72 mg/kg of flumazenil. The intensity of the precipitated abstinence syndrome increased with the stabilization dose of diazepam. There was also a dose-related increase in BPAS for increasing doses of flumazenil for all doses of diazepam except the 9-mg/kg/day dose. Not only were quantitative differences observed in precipitated abstinence signs for different levels of diazepam dependence, but the pattern of abstinence signs differed also. Dogs dependent on high doses of diazepam were more sensitive to flumazenil than those dependent on lower doses. Furthermore, seizure activity was seen only in dogs dependent on 9 and 36 mg/kg/day of diazepam. BPAS increased linearly with plasma and brain total and free levels of the sum of diazepam and its metabolites (oxazepam and nordiazepam), but not with free plasma and brain levels of diazepam. |
428 | 1993 | Okeyo, A.M. And A.B. Carles. L993. Animal Fibre Industry In Kenya: Past Present And Future Prospects With Special Reference To Wool. Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
429 | 1993 | Mbogoh, S., M. O. Odhiambo, And J. Karugia (1993). Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. PMID: 6535699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
430 | 1993 | 'Reflections On Poverty, Legal Structures And Democracy And Their Implications For Audlt Education', In Convergence, Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
431 | 1993 | 'Law Of Contract', In Friedrich Ebert Foundation And Central Organisations Of Trade Unions: The Industrial Court: A Course Book For Trade Unionist (Nairobi, FEF/COTU) Chapter 2 Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
432 | 1993 | 'Labour Laws', Ibid. Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
433 | 1993 | 'Communication In Court, Ibid., Chapter 10 Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
434 | 1993 | 'Mock Trials And Court Visits', Ibid., Chapter 11 Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
435 | 1993 | Labour Law And Relations Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
436 | 1993 | Communication Theory And Skills Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
437 | 1993 | Social Science Research For Paralegal Workers Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
438 | 1993 | The Law Relating To Associations: A Reference Summary Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
439 | 1993 | Gathumbi, J.K. (1993). A Survey Of Mycotoxigenic Fungi And Mycotoxins In Poultry Feeds. MSc Thesis. University Of Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Abstract in Bellamy, M. and B. Greenshields (eds), Issues in Agricultural Development: Sustainability and Cooperation. IAAE Occasional Paper No. 6. Dartmouth Publishing Co. Ltd, Aldershot. |
440 | 1993 | Non-Governmental Organizations In Kenya: NGO-State Relations In A Changing Society (A Paper, Presented At The Festival Seminars On Images Of Africa; Copenhagen, Denmark, 12 June To 3rd July. Click to View Abstract
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441 | 1993 | May, 1993: "The Implication Of Social Change For Gender Relations In Kenya". Published In Gender: Between Family & State, VENA, 1993 Click to View Abstract
Asiatic acid (AA) is a pentacyclic triterpene found in Centella asiatica. In the present study, the mechanism of anticancer effect of AA on skin cancer was investigated. AA decreased viability and induced apoptosis in human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. AA also markedly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and enhanced the expression of Bax but not Bcl-2 protein in the cells. In addition, AA-induced activation of caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with Trolox, an antioxidant, significantly blocked the induction of Bax and activation of caspase-3 in AA-treated cells. Furthermore, Ac-DEVD-CHO, a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, and Trolox prevented the AA-induced apoptosis. AA did not elevate p53 nuclear protein levels that are present in a mutant form in SK-MEL-2 cells. These results suggest that AA-induced apoptosis may be mediated through generation of ROS, alteration of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspase-3, but p53-independent. These results further suggest that AA may be a good candidate for the therapeutic intervention of human skin cancer. |
442 | 1993 | Mbindyo, J.M. "People's Participatory Radio And Training" Click to View Abstract
Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity |
443 | 1993 | Mbindyo, J.M. "The Role Of The Media In The National Aids Control Programme In Kenya." Click to View Abstract
Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity |
444 | 1993 | Mwega F. And J. Kabubo-Mariara (1993). Social Economic Implication Of Structural Adjustment In Kenya. The Implications For Education, Health And Unemployment: "In Impact Of Structural Adjustment On The Population Of Africa. Aderanti Adepoju (Ed.) Click to View Abstract
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445 | 1993 | J.N. Mburu, J.M.Z. Kamau And M.S. Badamana. Changes In Serum Levels Of Vitamin B12, Feed Intake, Liveweight And Hematological Parameters In Cobalt Deficient Small East African Goats. Internat. J. Vit. Nutr.Res.63 (1993), 135-139. Click to View Abstract
Two groups of 6 rats each received subcutaneous injections of 2.3 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg of quinuronium, respectively, on two consecutive days, while 5 rats injected with physiological saline served as controls. Clinical signs of muscular tremors, jumps, enlarged and hyperemic eyeballs, lacrimation, depression and anorexia were observed following administration of quinuronium. One rat receiving 5 mg/kg died before termination of the study. When killed 48 h after the first injection, the quinuronium-treated rats had a higher liver weight/body weight ratio compared to the controls. Quinuronium resulted in hepatic centrilobular fatty degeneration, but no depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH). The present findings suggest that glutathione depletion does not seem to be involved in quinuronium hepatotoxicity |
446 | 1993 | Surgery Of The Oesophagus: A Nairobi Experience. Click to View Abstract
On average, for every 100 patients with malignant dysphagia admitted into the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Nairobi, 28 will have their tumour resected. Seven in the tumour resected group will die during the postoperative period while there will be 12 deaths occurring in patients before surgery. |
447 | 1993 | Seventy Years Of The East African Medical Journal Towards Safe Motherhood. East Afr Med J.1993 Click to View Abstract
Obstetrical and gynaecological articles related to safe motherhood published in the East African Medical Journal between 1924 and 1989 were reviewed. A total of 133 topics were published. Out of these, 84 (63.2%) were obstetrical and 49 (36.8%) gynaecological. Out of the obstetrical topics, 66 were pregnancy related, 12 were public health and the rest medical topics. A rapid increase in the number of the relevant topics is seen especially after 1970. This is probably due to the increase in the number of of obstetricians training locally in the African region and the international nature of the Journal during the last two decades. PIP: A review of all published articles in the East African Medical Journal between 1924 and 1989 was presented. All articles pertaining to obstetrical and gynecological topics related to maternal care were reviewed. The aim was to identify the role the journal has played in distributing information about safe motherhood research. This journal is one of the oldest to present information originating in Africa and recently has gained international recognition. Articles that were studies conducted in other parts of the world are now published. The number of topics devoted to obstetrics and safe motherhood has increased during the past 20 years. Publication by researchers in this journal has contributed to specialists advancement within universities and medical areas. The first maternal-related article was published in 1024 and was devoted to performance of a cesarean section on a woman in Mombasa, an article of particular importance for African countries with high maternal mortality and morbidity from child birth. There have been a total of 133 articles on motherhood since 1924, of which 84 were on obstetrics and 49 on gynecology. World War II probably affected the decline in articles during the period 1940-49. There was a rapid increase in motherhood articles between 1950 and 1989, which also corresponded to an increase in trained obstetricians and gynecologists. Prior to 1970, most specialists were trained outside of Africa and did not publish in this journal. By subject area, there were 12 topics on public health related issues, 43 on prenatal care, 19 on delivery, 4 on postpartum care, and 6 on medically related issues such as infections, diabetes mellitus in pregnancy, hypertension, and heart disease. |
448 | 1993 | ONYANGO, D. W., ODUOR-OKELO, D. & OWITI, G E.O.(1993).Ultrastructural Study Of The Testis Of Non-breeding Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus Glaber, Ruppell).Annals Of Anatomy 175: 447-452. Click to View Abstract
Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with corn oil or 5 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg or 30 mg per kg body weight of heptachlor solution every other day for up to 18 days. The rats were killed at the end of the experimental period, and blood samples were assayed for progesterone and oestrogen by radioimmunoassay. Ovarian cells from the rats were isolated and incubated either on their own, or in the presence of LH or FSH, and production of progesterone and oestrogen determined. Control incubations consisted of cells from corn oil-treated rats. The latter were also incubated on their own or in the presence of LH or FSH. Heptachlor significantly suppressed blood progesterone and oestradiol levels (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), the degree of suppression depending on the dose and the stage of the oestrous cycle in which samples were obtained. Production of oestradiol by ovarian cells from heptachlor-treated rats was lower than for corn oil-treated controls. Cells from rats treated with low doses of heptachlor (5 mg per kg body weight) showed an increased production of progesterone, while high doses (> 20 mg per kg body weight) suppressed production. |
449 | 1993 | Waruiru, R.M., Weda, E.H., Thamsborg, S.M., Munyua, W.K., Gathuma, J.M., Bogh, H.O. And Nansen, P. (1996). The Effects Of Anthelmintic Treatment On Nematode Parasitism And Liveweight Gains Of Dairy Calves Under Field Conditions In Kenya. Bull. Anim. Prod. Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. |
450 | 1993 | Root Causes Of Environmental Degradation In Kenya; Paper Published In The Baobab. Click to View Abstract
n/a |
451 | 1993 | Models Of Catechesis In The History Of The Church And Their Influences In Cathechesis Of Our Time. Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
452 | 1993 | Feb. 1993 - Clinical Surprises And Challenges Of Severe Malaria At Kenyatta National Hospital - Kenya. M Tombe, Bhatt, K. M., AOK Obel. EAMJ Vol. 70 Pg 117-119. Click to View Abstract
While conducting a clinical trial study from July, 1989 to February 1990, we noted with surprise some clinically challenging manifestations of severe falciparum malaria at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. Of the 33 cases we studied, this paper summarises two fatal cases of malaria, one case presenting with hyperglycaemia and one with severe anaemia. |
453 | 1993 | 1993: Ng Click to View Abstract
Department of Dental Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The prevalence of dental caries, malocclusion and fractured incisors was investigated in 245 children from a pastoral community in Kenya. Forty-eight per cent of them were found to be caries-free. The overall mean DMFT was 1.9 (s.d. 2.7). Among those with caries, the mean DMFT was 3.0 (s.d. 2.0). Fifty-eight per cent of the children had malocclusion. Overall, 84% of the sample had Angle's Class I, 11% Class II and 5% Class III molar relation. The prevalence of fractured incisors was 15%. Most of the fractures were in the maxilla and involved enamel only. Minimal treatment had been carried out on the children.
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454 | 1993 | 1993: Cruz R., Ng Click to View Abstract
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The uptake of alkali soluble and alkali insoluble fluoride on and in fluorotic enamel was investigated in vitro. Teeth from Kenya, assigned score 3 in accordance with Thylstrup-Fejerskov's fluorosis index, were used. The enamel was treated with either a neutral 2% NaF solution, a 0.2% NaF solution (pH 5.5), or the supernatant from a 0.1% NaF-containing toothpaste (pH 7). The treatment time was 1 h. The reaction product formed on the enamel was analyzed by KOH extraction and acid etching. Significantly higher amounts of alkali soluble fluoride were formed on the enamel from the 2% and 0.2% NaF solutions, as compared with the control. There was also a significant increase in the firmly bound fluoride after treatment with the neutral 2% NaF solution.
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455 | 1993 | 1993: Ng Click to View Abstract
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The uptake of alkali soluble and alkali insoluble fluoride on and in fluorotic enamel was investigated in vitro. Teeth from Kenya, assigned score 3 in accordance with Thylstrup-Fejerskov's fluorosis index, were used. The enamel was treated with either a neutral 2% NaF solution, a 0.2% NaF solution (pH 5.5), or the supernatant from a 0.1% NaF-containing toothpaste (pH 7). The treatment time was 1 h. The reaction product formed on the enamel was analyzed by KOH extraction and acid etching. Significantly higher amounts of alkali soluble fluoride were formed on the enamel from the 2% and 0.2% NaF solutions, as compared with the control. There was also a significant increase in the firmly bound fluoride after treatment with the neutral 2% NaF solution.
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456 | 1993 | 1993: Aasrum E., Ng Click to View Abstract
Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The uptake of alkali soluble and alkali insoluble fluoride on and in fluorotic enamel was investigated in vitro. Teeth from Kenya, assigned score 3 in accordance with Thylstrup-Fejerskov's fluorosis index, were used. The enamel was treated with either a neutral 2% NaF solution, a 0.2% NaF solution (pH 5.5), or the supernatant from a 0.1% NaF-containing toothpaste (pH 7). The treatment time was 1 h. The reaction product formed on the enamel was analyzed by KOH extraction and acid etching. Significantly higher amounts of alkali soluble fluoride were formed on the enamel from the 2% and 0.2% NaF solutions, as compared with the control. There was also a significant increase in the firmly bound fluoride after treatment with the neutral 2% NaF solution.
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457 | 1993 | Aasrum E, Ng'ang'a PM, Dahm S, Ogaard B. Tensile Bond Strength Of Orthodontic Brackets Bonded With A Fluoride-releasing Light-curing Adhesive. An In Vitro Comparative Study. Click to View Abstract
Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Nairobi, Kenya. A light-curing, fluoride-releasing adhesive (VP 862, Vivadent, Liechtenstein) for bonding of brackets has been produced for inhibition of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment. The tensile bond strength after 24 hours and 6 months was investigated and compared with two other light-curing adhesives (Transbond, 3M Corp., Monrovia, Calif., and Heliosit-Orthodontic, Vivadent, Liechtenstein) and two chemical-curing adhesives (Concise, 3M, Monrovia Calif., and Saga Bond, Saga Orthodontics, Kongsvinger, Norway). All adhesives produced adequate strength to be recommended for clinical use. The light-curing adhesives produced slightly lower bond strengths after 24 hours and 6 months, except Transbond, which showed an increase in bond strength in this period approaching the two chemical adhesives. |
458 | 1993 | Ng'ang'a PM, Ogaard B. Dental Caries And Fluorides In Relation To Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Review.East Afr Med J. 1993 Feb;70(2):75-7. Click to View Abstract
Dental School, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi. This paper reviews the cariological aspects of fixed orthodontic treatment and discusses the role played by topical fluorides. During fixed orthodontic treatment, carious lesions may occur in the form of white spots. These may constitute an aesthetic problem. The clinical management of white spot lesions remains unresolved. In order to prevent development of these lesions, the use of topical fluorides is advocated. The need for patient co-operation in the use of self-administered topical fluorides is critical. To reduce this critical need, the use of fluoride-releasing orthodontic cements is recommended. The literature suggests that calcium fluoride, which is the major reaction product on enamel during topical fluoride application, plays an important role in the cariostatic mechanism. |
459 | 1993 | Ng'ang'a PM, Valderhaug J.Prevalence And Severity Of Dental Fluorosis In Primary Schoolchildren In Nairobi, Kenya.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1993 Feb;21(1):15-8. Click to View Abstract
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in 513 primary school children in Nairobi. The clinical examination was performed in a room with natural daylight using Thylstrup & Fejerskov's index (TFI). Overall, 18% of 6-8-yr-olds had dental fluorosis in the primary dentition and 76% of 13-15-yr-olds in the permanent dentition. There was no significant sex difference (P > 0.05) in either the prevalence or the severity of fluorosis. In children with mixed dentition, the prevalence and severity of fluorosis was higher in the permanent teeth. In the permanent dentition, no clear difference was demonstrable in the severity between the anterior and the posterior teeth. The degree of fluorosis in most of the children in the area served with river water (0.2-0.4 ppm F-) was of a very mild form. However, in the area served with borehole waters, 48% of the children and 40% of the teeth were found to have TFI scores > or = 5. Measures to reduce dental fluorosis are necessary in the latter area.
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460 | 1993 | Mande,J.D.;Mbithi, P.M.F.; Nguhiu-Mwangi,J.A.; Mbiuki, S.M (1993): Cestrum Poisoning In A Young Horse.A Case Report. Bull. Animl.Hlth.Prod.AFr. (1993) 41(2)139-141. Click to View Abstract
{ The insidious nature of laminitis makes it difficult to diagnose early enough. In most cases diagnosis is made after the condition has devastated the claw irreversibly with inevitable consequences of culling the animal. A study to determine prevalence and risk factors of laminitis was conducted on 300 dairy cows in 29 zero-grazed and 3 pasture-grazed farms within Nairobi and the peri-urban districts between December 2005 and May 2006. Locomotion score was made by walking the cows on unyielding surface to evaluate gait and straightness of the back. After washing the hind claws of each cow, they were grossly examined for any sign of claw lesions. A 1-2mm layer of horn was trimmed-off from the soles of these claws and the soles scrutinized for underlying signs of laminitis. Each weight-bearing surface of the claw was divided into 6 universally recognized zones. The prevalence of subclinical and chronic laminitis was 49.3% and 21% respectively. Claw deformities were observed in 47% of the cows but may all not have been associated with laminitis. Signs and lesions on the claws suggesting presence of laminitis but could also occur independent of laminitis were: horizontal ridges of the claw wall, sole and heel erosions, double soles and white line separation. It was observed that 82% of the cows with subclinical and chronic laminitis had sole horn haemorrhages. However, all the cows with sole haemorrhages had either subclinical or chronic laminitis. But all the cows with subclinical laminitis had haemorrhages. This implies that sole haemorrhage is mainly a good sign of subclinical laminitis. The number of zones involved determined severity of the haemorrhages. There was significant association at 95% CI between sole haemorrhage-score and number of haemorrhagic zones in which subclinical laminitis was associated with slight to moderate haemorrhages (score 1 and 2 |
461 | 1993 | Project Formulation And Appraisal: A Case Manual For Degree Of Master Of Physical Planning, Makerere University, Uganda. Manual Prepared In Collaboration With The GTZ, Urban Planning Assistance In Uganda And The Ministry Of Lands, Housing And Urban Develo Click to View Abstract
Seventeen cows of various breeds with varying degrees of severity of advanced ocular squamous cell carcinoma were treated by radical surgery, which included enucleation and extirpation of the surrounding ocular muscles and tissues. The degree of severity and the extent of the carcinoma lesion was correlated with the outcome of treatment for each case. It was observed that: 1. eyeball involvement, 2. ulceration and subsequent infection of carcinoma lesion involving the eyelids and 3. involvement of the regional lymphnodes especially the parotid , are some of the main factors that could be used to draw prognosis of such cases. Although the initial surgery may not be costly, the overall cost of managing postoperative complications is prohibitive and results to vast economic losses that should not be ignored. |
462 | 1993 | Muthama, N. J., A.M. Siani, S. Palmieri, V. Prioetti: Brewer Ozone Data Collected Over Italy During EASOE: A Preliminary Investigation On High And Low Frequency Variations. Click to View Abstract
The study found out that Masinga Dam has adversely affected the public health in the communities around the dam. malaria was the most prevalent ailment followed by typhoid fever. Bilharzia has also increased since the dam was constructed. |
463 | 1993 | Siani, A.M., N. J. Muthama, S. Bruni, S. Giannoccolo, E. Veccia And S. Palmieri: Total Ozone Time Series At Rome: Temporal Fluctuations And Trend Analysis. Click to View Abstract
The study found out that Masinga Dam has adversely affected the public health in the communities around the dam. malaria was the most prevalent ailment followed by typhoid fever. Bilharzia has also increased since the dam was constructed. |
464 | 1993 | Palmieri, S., A.M. Siani, A. Pilozzi, N. J. Muthama: Investigation On Meteorological Time Series In The Mediterranean Basin. Click to View Abstract
The study found out that Masinga Dam has adversely affected the public health in the communities around the dam. malaria was the most prevalent ailment followed by typhoid fever. Bilharzia has also increased since the dam was constructed. |
465 | 1993 | I.O. Kibwage And J.M. Nguyo (1993): In Vitro Evaluation Of Carbamazepine 200g Tablets. East African Medical Journal Vol. 70 (8): 512-514. Click to View Abstract
BACKGROUND: Malaria control in Africa relies primarily on early effective treatment for clinical disease, but most early treatments for fever occur through self-medication with shop-bought drugs. Lack of information to community members on over-the-counter drug use has led to widespread ineffective treatment of fevers, increased risks of drug toxicity and accelerating drug resistance. We examined the feasibility and measured the likely impact of training shop keepers in rural Africa on community drug use. METHODS: In a rural area of coastal Kenya, we implemented a shop keeper training programme in 23 shops serving a population of approximately 3500, based on formative research within the community. We evaluated the training by measuring changes in the proportions of drug sales where an adequate amount of chloroquine was purchased and in the percentage of home-treated childhood fevers given an adequate amount of chloroquine. The programme was assessed qualitatively in the community following the shop keeper training. RESULTS: The percentage of drug sales for children with fever which included an antimalarial drug rose from 34.3% (95% CI 28.9%-40.1%) before the training to a minimum of 79.3% (95% CI 71.8%-85.3%) after the training. The percentage of antimalarial drug sales where an adequate amount of drug was purchased rose from 31.8% (95% CI 26.6%-37.6%) to a minimum of 82.9% (95% CI 76.3%-87.3%). The percentage of childhood fevers where an adequate dose of chloroquine was given to the child rose from 3.7% (95% CI 1.2%-9.7%) before the training to a minimum of 65.2% (95% CI 57.7%-72.0%) afterwards, which represents an increase in the appropriate use of over-the-counter chloroquine by at least 62% (95% CI 53.7%-69.3%). Shop keepers and community members were strongly supportive of the aims and outcome of the programme. CONCLUSIONS: The large shifts in behaviour observed indicate that the approach of training shop keepers as a channel for information to the community is both feasible and likely to have a significant impact. Whilst some of the impact seen may be attributable to research effects in a relatively small scale pilot study, the magnitude of the changes support further investigation into this approach as a potentially important new strategy in malaria control. |
466 | 1993 | Neurogenic Control Of Cerebral Blood Vessels In The Giraffe Click to View Abstract
Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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467 | 1993 | Ogeng Click to View Abstract
Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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468 | 1993 | Ogeng Click to View Abstract
Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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469 | 1993 | Ogeng Click to View Abstract
Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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470 | 1993 | Ogeng Click to View Abstract
Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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471 | 1993 | Ochieng, V.O., Ochanda, J.O., Osir, E.O And Olembo, N.K (1993): Temporal Synthesis Of Cuticlar Proteins. Click to View Abstract
The efficacy of bloodmeal digestion in teneral Glossina morsitans centralis fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse fly midgut extracts was progressively monitored over a period of 96 hours. Flies fed on immunized rabbits showed reduced rate of bloodmeal digestion as compared to the controls. Although there was insignificant difference in the rate of bloodmeal digestion upto 24 hours post-feeding in later stages of digestion there was quite a significant difference. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of bloodmeal drawn from the posterior sections of the midgut demonstrated that, bloodmeal is completely degraded in the midgut after 96 hours in the control flies, while substantial amount is still undigested in the experimental flies. However, not much difference in the rates of digestion was observed with bloodmeal drawn from the anterior section of the midgut. These results suggests that when flies are fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse fly midgut extract, there is an impairment on the efficiency of digestion. The anti-midgut antibodies could be interfering with either the induction or proteolytic activity of the midgut enzymes. |
472 | 1993 | Ogoyi, D.O., Ochanda,J.O. And Osir, E.O. Lipophorin From The Larva Stalk Borer, Busseola Fusca. Click to View Abstract
The efficacy of bloodmeal digestion in teneral Glossina morsitans centralis fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse fly midgut extracts was progressively monitored over a period of 96 hours. Flies fed on immunized rabbits showed reduced rate of bloodmeal digestion as compared to the controls. Although there was insignificant difference in the rate of bloodmeal digestion upto 24 hours post-feeding in later stages of digestion there was quite a significant difference. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of bloodmeal drawn from the posterior sections of the midgut demonstrated that, bloodmeal is completely degraded in the midgut after 96 hours in the control flies, while substantial amount is still undigested in the experimental flies. However, not much difference in the rates of digestion was observed with bloodmeal drawn from the anterior section of the midgut. These results suggests that when flies are fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse fly midgut extract, there is an impairment on the efficiency of digestion. The anti-midgut antibodies could be interfering with either the induction or proteolytic activity of the midgut enzymes. |
473 | 1993 | Olembo, N.K., Nguu, E.K., Ochanda,J.O. And Ochieng, V.O. Inhibition Of Bloodmeal Digestion In Tsetse Fly Glossina Morsitans Centralis Fed On Rabbits Immunized With Tsetse Midgut Proteins: Click to View Abstract
The efficacy of bloodmeal digestion in teneral Glossina morsitans centralis fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse fly midgut extracts was progressively monitored over a period of 96 hours. Flies fed on immunized rabbits showed reduced rate of bloodmeal digestion as compared to the controls. Although there was insignificant difference in the rate of bloodmeal digestion upto 24 hours post-feeding in later stages of digestion there was quite a significant difference. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of bloodmeal drawn from the posterior sections of the midgut demonstrated that, bloodmeal is completely degraded in the midgut after 96 hours in the control flies, while substantial amount is still undigested in the experimental flies. However, not much difference in the rates of digestion was observed with bloodmeal drawn from the anterior section of the midgut. These results suggests that when flies are fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse fly midgut extract, there is an impairment on the efficiency of digestion. The anti-midgut antibodies could be interfering with either the induction or proteolytic activity of the midgut enzymes. |
474 | 1993 | Ochanda, J.O., Okuro, J.K., Oduor, E.A.C., Mumcuoglu, K.Y.,Ben-Yakir,D. And Galun, R. Characterization Of Louse Gut Antigenic Proteins Recognized By Resistant Laboratory Hosts. Induction Of Resistance To Lice By Immunization. Click to View Abstract
Abstract in proceedings of Biotech SA 93 held at Rhodes University, 31 January-3 February 1993 |
475 | 1993 | Ochanda,J.O., Ogema, M. And Thitai, G. Policy Needs To Increase Agricultural Production Through Biotechnology: Click to View Abstract
Abstract in proceedings of Biotech SA 93 held at Rhodes University, 31 January-3 February 1993 |
476 | 1993 | Ochieng VO, Osir EO, Ochanda JO, Olembo NK.Temporal Synthesis Of Cuticle Proteins During Larval Development In Glossina Morsitans. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1993 Jun;105(2):309-16 Click to View Abstract
1. Larval development in Glossina species occurs in utero with the mature third instar larva being deposited after a developmental period of 7 days. 2. In this study, the patterns of cuticular protein synthesis during larval development were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. 3. From the results, four types of cuticle proteins were identified: those specific to larval, pupal and adult cuticles, and others common to all the stages. 4. Few cuticular proteins were synthesized between the first and second larval instars. By the third larval instar (two days before larviposition), a large number of proteins (Mr < or = 30 kDa) were induced. These proteins persisted up to the brown pupal stage and showed a rapid decline thereafter. Most of the proteins with molecular weights Mr < or = 30 kDa were undetectable at apolysis (5 days after larviposition). 5. By day 15 of the pupal stage, the number of cuticle proteins was very small. The protein profile during the pupal stages remained relatively constant. This was probably due to the fact that the pupal cuticle does not provide any protection since it is itself enclosed at all times within the protective puparium. |
477 | 1993 | Informal And Formal Credit In Rural Kenya, IDS Occasional Paper No.62, University Of Nairobi, Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
478 | 1993 | And G.K. Ikiara Co-operative Banking In Kenya: Twenty-Five Years. Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
479 | 1993 | 'Science And Technology, Socio-Economic Development Issues', Paper Presented To NCST National Workshop On Science And Technology Management For Development, Kisumu, 14-18 June 1993. Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
480 | 1993 | Medicinal Plants Of East Africa Ed. 2, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Total number of pages: 515, including 35 pages of colour illustrations. |
481 | 1993 | Impact Of Hydrological And Land Use Processes On The Water Quality In Gucha Catchment South Western Kenya; Published In The INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCE 1993. Click to View Abstract
There are four hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the pathophysiology of severe and complicated malaria such as cerebral malaria. However, none of them adequately explains all the features of cerebral malaria in man. One such hypotheses is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). To determine whether this condition occurs in patients with uncomplicated malaria, the authors conducted a study on fibrinogen and its degradation products, euglobulin lysis time and parasite counts in 30 cases of uncomplicated malaria. By spectrophotometric method, plasma fibrinogen in patients with uncomplicated malaria was found to be normal as compared to normal healthy adults. There were no fibrinogen degradation production (FDP) detected in either patients or healthy controls, using latex agglutination tests at a dilution of 1:5. This method for FDP estimation is significant in that a serum agglutination with 1:5 dilution indicates a concentration of FDP in the original serum in excess of 10g/ml, designated as positive results of experiment. High values of euglobulin lysis time (ELT) were noted in patients with low parasitaemia. Analysis of these results showed that disseminated intravascular coagulation did not occur in uncomplicated cases of malaria. In this study on cases of uncomplicated malaria and low parasitaemia the biochemical parameters relating to to DIC have been essentially normal, although DIC is thought to be a primary stage in the development of cerebral malaria. According to Reid, DIC is an important intermediate mechanism in the pathophysiology of severe and complicated malaria such as cerebral malaria. |
482 | 1993 | Watershed Degradation, Soil And Water Conservation Challenges In Riana River Catchment Click to View Abstract
There are four hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the pathophysiology of severe and complicated malaria such as cerebral malaria. However, none of them adequately explains all the features of cerebral malaria in man. One such hypotheses is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). To determine whether this condition occurs in patients with uncomplicated malaria, the authors conducted a study on fibrinogen and its degradation products, euglobulin lysis time and parasite counts in 30 cases of uncomplicated malaria. By spectrophotometric method, plasma fibrinogen in patients with uncomplicated malaria was found to be normal as compared to normal healthy adults. There were no fibrinogen degradation production (FDP) detected in either patients or healthy controls, using latex agglutination tests at a dilution of 1:5. This method for FDP estimation is significant in that a serum agglutination with 1:5 dilution indicates a concentration of FDP in the original serum in excess of 10g/ml, designated as positive results of experiment. High values of euglobulin lysis time (ELT) were noted in patients with low parasitaemia. Analysis of these results showed that disseminated intravascular coagulation did not occur in uncomplicated cases of malaria. In this study on cases of uncomplicated malaria and low parasitaemia the biochemical parameters relating to to DIC have been essentially normal, although DIC is thought to be a primary stage in the development of cerebral malaria. According to Reid, DIC is an important intermediate mechanism in the pathophysiology of severe and complicated malaria such as cerebral malaria. |
483 | 1993 | Onyango, J.F. And Awange, D.O.: Primary Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Of The Mandible: A Case Report.East Afr Med J. 1993 Jul;70(7):460-3. Click to View Abstract
A case report of a primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) in the mandible of a young adult male is presented and relevant literature reviewed. The clinical presentation and course of the case is typical of MFH of the jaw as reported in the literature |
484 | 1993 | Awange, D.O. And Onyango, J.F.: Oral Verricous Carcinoma: Report Of Two Cases And Review Of Literature.East Afr Med J. 1993 May;70(5):316-8. Click to View Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma is a rare and distinct pathological and clinical variant of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Two case reports of histologically proven oral verrucous carcinoma are presented. One case presented with a history of tobacco chewing, snuff taking and miraa chewing. While the relationship between tobacco chewing or snuff dipping and verrucous carcinoma has been investigated and described, the role played by miraa chewing is still unknown and thus requires further study. Both cases were successfully managed by only conservative surgical excision. No radiotherapy was used. Clinical and histo-pathological examination of verrucous carcinoma is therefore very important in its diagnosis and treatment planning. |
485 | 1993 | Awange DO, Onyango JF.Oral Verrucous Carcinoma: Report Of Two Cases And Review Of Literature.East Afr Med J. 1993 May;70(5):316-8. Review. Click to View Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma is a rare and distinct pathological and clinical variant of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Two case reports of histologically proven oral verrucous carcinoma are presented. One case presented with a history of tobacco chewing, snuff taking and miraa chewing. While the relationship between tobacco chewing or snuff dipping and verrucous carcinoma has been investigated and described, the role played by miraa chewing is still unknown and thus requires further study. Both cases were successfully managed by only conservative surgical excision. No radiotherapy was used. Clinical and histo-pathological examination of verrucous carcinoma is therefore very important in its diagnosis and treatment planning. |
486 | 1993 | Ogeto J. O., Tachibana Y., Kato A., Kawanishi K., Toba H., Nishiyama Y., Juma F. D., Mathenge Click to View Abstract
Mitogenic activities in African traditional herbal medicines were examined using protein fractions obtained from their extracts by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Potent mitogenic activities for human and mouse lymphocytes were found in the three plants: Croton macrostachyus, Croton megalocarpus (Euphorbiaceae), and Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae). All the gel chromatographic patterns of these protein fractions progressed toward the smaller molecule site with pronase treatment, while their mitogenic activities decreased significantly. Protein fractions from these three plants induced mitogenesis both in human and mouse isolated T cells, but not in lymphocytes from athymic nude mice. By testing further fractionated protein fractions with gel filtration chromatography, it was found that all three plants contained several mitogens having different molecule sizes. |
487 | 1993 | Ogeto J. O., Okello G. B., Hagos B., Ng Click to View Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of albendazole were investigated in five children who were hospitalized at the Kenyatta National Hospital for the treatment of hydatid disease. Unchanged albendazole was below detectable level in plasma. The major metabolite present was albendazole sulphoxide. In one of the patients, the concentration of albendazole sulphone in plasma was significantly high, whereas in the other four children, only trace amounts were detected. Maximum concentrations of albendazole sulphoxide in these five children were variable and generally higher than those reported in adults by other workers. Other pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable to those found in other studies. |
488 | 1993 | Mcpake, B. Ajuo, F. Forsburg B, Liambila, W. Olenja, JM. "The Kenyan Model Of The Bamako Initiative: Potential And Limitations Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to identify health-care seeking and related behaviors relevant to controlling sexually transmitted diseases in Kenya. METHODS. A total of 380 patients with sexually transmitted diseases (n = 189 men and 191 women) at eight public clinics were questioned about their health-care seeking and sexual behaviors. RESULTS. Women waited longer than men to attend study clinics and were more likely to continue to have sex while symptomatic. A large proportion of patients had sought treatment previously in both the public and private sectors without relief of symptoms, resulting in delays in presenting to study clinics. For women, being married and giving a recent history of selling sex were both independently associated with continuing to have sex while symptomatic. CONCLUSIONS. Reducing the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases in Kenya will require improved access, particularly for women, to effective health services, preferably at the point of first contact with the health system. It is also critical to encourage people to reduce sexual activity while symptomatic, seek treatment promptly, and increase condom use. |
489 | 1993 | Owino-Gerroh, C., And J.K.A. Keter. 1993. The Effects Of Nutrient Solution Acidity (pH), Aluminum Content And Rhizobium Inoculation On Taproot Elongation, Root Growth And Nodule Formation On Field Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Cv Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients. |
490 | 1993 | Mbuvi, J.P. 1993. Soil Fertility In Longitudinal Perspective. In: Mary Tiffen, M. Mortimore And F. Gichuki. "More People Less Erosion : Environmental Recovery In Kenya". Wiley Publishers Pp 114-118.*** Click to View Abstract
Influence of soil type and landuse on soil water retention and availability in the semi-arid Sirima and Mukogodo catchments in Laikipia District were investigated. Representative soils, six in Sirima and four in Mukogodo, surveyed at a detailed level, were assessed using samples taken from 0-10, 20-30 and 40-5 cm depths of bush, grass, bare ground and cultivated sites. Sirima soils retained more water than Mukogodo soils due to differences in clay type and textural composition. All Sirima soil layers were clay while Mukogodo topsoils were sandy loam and subsurface layers sandy clay loam. Mukogodo soils were more compact and had significantly lower carbon content than Sirima soils at all depths. For each area, only the surface layer had significant difference (p<0.05) in water retention among landuses, with bare ground retaining the most especially at higher pressures. However, no distinction in water availability could be made among soil types in each area. Unlike the increase in clay content with depth, bulk density and carbon content were not significant in influencing plant water availability |
491 | 1993 | Kironchi, G., S.M. Kinyali And J.P. Mbuvi 1993. Validity Of Philip Equation For Infiltration Into Soils Of Sirima Andk Mukogodo Catchments In Laikipia District. E. Afric. Agric. For J. 58 (4) Pp155-160. Click to View Abstract
Influence of soil type and landuse on soil water retention and availability in the semi-arid Sirima and Mukogodo catchments in Laikipia District were investigated. Representative soils, six in Sirima and four in Mukogodo, surveyed at a detailed level, were assessed using samples taken from 0-10, 20-30 and 40-5 cm depths of bush, grass, bare ground and cultivated sites. Sirima soils retained more water than Mukogodo soils due to differences in clay type and textural composition. All Sirima soil layers were clay while Mukogodo topsoils were sandy loam and subsurface layers sandy clay loam. Mukogodo soils were more compact and had significantly lower carbon content than Sirima soils at all depths. For each area, only the surface layer had significant difference (p<0.05) in water retention among landuses, with bare ground retaining the most especially at higher pressures. However, no distinction in water availability could be made among soil types in each area. Unlike the increase in clay content with depth, bulk density and carbon content were not significant in influencing plant water availability |
492 | 1993 | Wanjogu, S.N And J.P. Mbuvi 1993. The Influence Of Parent Materials On Some Characteristics Of The Soils Of A Semi-Arid Catchment E. Afr. Agric. For. J. Vol. 58, No. 4. Pp. 331-337. Click to View Abstract
Influence of soil type and landuse on soil water retention and availability in the semi-arid Sirima and Mukogodo catchments in Laikipia District were investigated. Representative soils, six in Sirima and four in Mukogodo, surveyed at a detailed level, were assessed using samples taken from 0-10, 20-30 and 40-5 cm depths of bush, grass, bare ground and cultivated sites. Sirima soils retained more water than Mukogodo soils due to differences in clay type and textural composition. All Sirima soil layers were clay while Mukogodo topsoils were sandy loam and subsurface layers sandy clay loam. Mukogodo soils were more compact and had significantly lower carbon content than Sirima soils at all depths. For each area, only the surface layer had significant difference (p<0.05) in water retention among landuses, with bare ground retaining the most especially at higher pressures. However, no distinction in water availability could be made among soil types in each area. Unlike the increase in clay content with depth, bulk density and carbon content were not significant in influencing plant water availability |
493 | 1993 | Proceedings Of National Workshop On Click to View Abstract
Thymidine kinase is an enzyme involved in DNA precursor metabolism and DNA replication. The synthesis of this enzyme is highly regulated during the cell cycle and the activity of the enzyme is also regulated by feedback inhibition. Genes encoding thymidine kinase have been extremely useful as selectable markers for introducing DNA into a number of cells. In order to study cell cycle regulation of thymidine kinase, the gene which encodes this enzyme, as well as aspects of DNA replication in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila, we have purified thymidine kinase from Tetrahymena. Two forms of thymidine kinase with native molecular masses of 59 kDa and 80 kDa have been identified and purified 6800- and 4600-fold, respectively. The 59-kDa enzyme, a homodimer of 30-kDa subunits, has been purified to near homogeneity and polyclonal antibodies have been raised against the 30-kDa subunit. Serological studies indicate that the two enzymes are antigenically distinct. The antibody against the Tetrahymena protein cross-reacts with a polypeptide in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell extracts of 26 kDa which corresponds to the reported size of Chinese hamster thymidine kinase protein. |
494 | 1993 | Cardiovascular Features In Adolescents And Adults With Sickle Cell Anaemia. Click to View Abstract
Fifty five sickle cell anaemia (SCA) patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital were studied with a view to elucidating their cardiovascular status. Their age range was 13 to 27 years (median 18.9 years). They comprised 27 males and 28 females and their mean haemoglobin concentration was 8.5 +/- 1.4 g/dl. Haemoglobin level of 8.0-9.9 g/dl seen in 30 patients was noted to confer the lowest incidence of exertional dyspnoea and palpitation. Similarly, patients with this haemoglobin level had the lowest mean heart rate. The mean blood pressure was 114.9 +/- 9.9 mmHg systolic and 64.6 +/- 10 mmHg diastolic. Blood pressures, ejection fraction (EF) and differential fibre shortening (%D) were found to be directly related to haemoglobin level, whereas cardio-thoracic index (CTI) and left ventricular dimensions were inversely related to haemoglobin level. Mean echocardiographic measurements were within normal limits and left ventricular functions were found to be normal in 80.9% of the patients indicating that the majority of SCA patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital have good cardiac function. |
495 | 1993 | S.O. McLigeyo, J.K. Kayima Evolution Of Nephrology In East Africa In The Last Seventy Years Click to View Abstract
Interest in renal disease and practice in East Africa started as far back as the first quarter of this century. Work in this colonial era concentrated on establishing the existence of renal diseases and identifying the nature and incidence of these diseases. This was achieved by case identification and reporting as well as retrospective studies on post mortem and medical notes. The post independence period has not only identified the existence of even more renal diseases but also concentrated on getting a deeper understanding of the aetiology, nature, pattern, regional variations, complications and outcome of these diseases as seen in our environment. Apart from the better understanding of the prevalent renal diseases, emphasis has also been put on the expansion and delivery of renal services. Investigative and treatment facilities have been improved and a lot has been put into the training of the required local team of experts to man these services. This article reviews what has gone on in the last 70 years from the pure case-report and postmortem reports era to the era of locally available modern facilities including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. |
496 | 1993 | Kayima J.K. Strategies Aimed At Retarding The Progression Of Renal Failure. Medicus, 12:306-309, 1993 Click to View Abstract
Interest in renal disease and practice in East Africa started as far back as the first quarter of this century. Work in this colonial era concentrated on establishing the existence of renal diseases and identifying the nature and incidence of these diseases. This was achieved by case identification and reporting as well as retrospective studies on post mortem and medical notes. The post independence period has not only identified the existence of even more renal diseases but also concentrated on getting a deeper understanding of the aetiology, nature, pattern, regional variations, complications and outcome of these diseases as seen in our environment. Apart from the better understanding of the prevalent renal diseases, emphasis has also been put on the expansion and delivery of renal services. Investigative and treatment facilities have been improved and a lot has been put into the training of the required local team of experts to man these services. This article reviews what has gone on in the last 70 years from the pure case-report and postmortem reports era to the era of locally available modern facilities including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. |
497 | 1993 | Kayima, J.K. And McLigeyo S.O.: The Influence Of Sodium, Pattassium, Calcium, VItamin D And Parathyroid Hormone On The Blood Pressure In Humans - A Review Article. East African Medical Journal 70(4): 235-237, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Interest in renal disease and practice in East Africa started as far back as the first quarter of this century. Work in this colonial era concentrated on establishing the existence of renal diseases and identifying the nature and incidence of these diseases. This was achieved by case identification and reporting as well as retrospective studies on post mortem and medical notes. The post independence period has not only identified the existence of even more renal diseases but also concentrated on getting a deeper understanding of the aetiology, nature, pattern, regional variations, complications and outcome of these diseases as seen in our environment. Apart from the better understanding of the prevalent renal diseases, emphasis has also been put on the expansion and delivery of renal services. Investigative and treatment facilities have been improved and a lot has been put into the training of the required local team of experts to man these services. This article reviews what has gone on in the last 70 years from the pure case-report and postmortem reports era to the era of locally available modern facilities including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. |
498 | 1993 | McLigeyo S.O. And Kayima J.K.: Evaluation Of Nephrology In East Africa In The Last Seventy Years - Studies And Practice. East African Medical Journal 70(16): 260-266, 1993. Click to View Abstract
Interest in renal disease and practice in East Africa started as far back as the first quarter of this century. Work in this colonial era concentrated on establishing the existence of renal diseases and identifying the nature and incidence of these diseases. This was achieved by case identification and reporting as well as retrospective studies on post mortem and medical notes. The post independence period has not only identified the existence of even more renal diseases but also concentrated on getting a deeper understanding of the aetiology, nature, pattern, regional variations, complications and outcome of these diseases as seen in our environment. Apart from the better understanding of the prevalent renal diseases, emphasis has also been put on the expansion and delivery of renal services. Investigative and treatment facilities have been improved and a lot has been put into the training of the required local team of experts to man these services. This article reviews what has gone on in the last 70 years from the pure case-report and postmortem reports era to the era of locally available modern facilities including haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation. |
499 | 1993 | Wang'ombe JK, Mwabu GM.Agricultural Land Use Patterns And Malaria Conditions In Kenya, Soc Sci Med. 1993 Nov;37(9):1121-30. Click to View Abstract
This paper studies the problem of malaria control in irrigation and non-irrigation areas in Kenya. Empirical results show that in both areas, households' level of awareness of malaria as a health problem, including its cause, was very high. However, attempts to trace the direct effects of malaria upon income or upon agricultural production were not statistically important. This does not imply that malaria has no consequence on household welfare. It is possible that the model equations were mis-specified–aggregate variables (total family size, total family income) and failure to quantify land in the production relationships may have contributed to these results. In addition, poor separation of malaria as a disease, from malaria as an infection, may have underestimated the effect of the disease on production. Thirdly, labour substitution (hiring or within-family substitution) was not measured in this early study, but was taken into account in subsequent research. Finally, labour requirements in the annual crop production schedules and the co-relation between these labour requirements and the pattern of adult morbidity were not longitudinally monitored. Cross-section data would bias the findings, particularly in those areas where the peak transmission season is short, where the crop grown does not require major labour input during this transmission season, and where acquisition of immunity would reduce the clinical impact of malaria upon adult labour. These vulnerabilities in the specification of the model and the data collected, probably affect the results obtained. Our empirical work raises a number of interesting and important questions which should be taken into account in future research
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500 | 1993 | Financing And Sustainability Of FP Programs: Kenya Case Study, Consultancy Report Submitted To UNFPA-Nairobi, May 1993. Click to View Abstract
This paper studies the problem of malaria control in irrigation and non-irrigation areas in Kenya. Empirical results show that in both areas, households' level of awareness of malaria as a health problem, including its cause, was very high. However, attempts to trace the direct effects of malaria upon income or upon agricultural production were not statistically important. This does not imply that malaria has no consequence on household welfare. It is possible that the model equations were mis-specified–aggregate variables (total family size, total family income) and failure to quantify land in the production relationships may have contributed to these results. In addition, poor separation of malaria as a disease, from malaria as an infection, may have underestimated the effect of the disease on production. Thirdly, labour substitution (hiring or within-family substitution) was not measured in this early study, but was taken into account in subsequent research. Finally, labour requirements in the annual crop production schedules and the co-relation between these labour requirements and the pattern of adult morbidity were not longitudinally monitored. Cross-section data would bias the findings, particularly in those areas where the peak transmission season is short, where the crop grown does not require major labour input during this transmission season, and where acquisition of immunity would reduce the clinical impact of malaria upon adult labour. These vulnerabilities in the specification of the model and the data collected, probably affect the results obtained. Our empirical work raises a number of interesting and important questions which should be taken into account in future research
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501 | 1993 | W. Lwande, A. Hassanali, O.B. Wanyama, S. Ngola And J.W. Mwangi (1993). Constituents Of The Essential Oil Of Helichrysum Odoratissimum. J. Ess. Oil Research 5: 93-95. Click to View Abstract
The effect of acqueous extract of the tuber of Adenia globosa on the isolated preparation of the rat uterus was determined. The crude drug caused a dose-dependent contraction of the tissue preparation. This action was enhanced by a small dose of oxytocin. The results are discussed in relation to the traditional uses of this plant. |
502 | 1993 | History Of The Peoples Of Bungoma District, In Bungoma District Socio-cultural Profile Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
The human body louse, Pediculus humanus, showed eighteen midgut proteins ranging between 12 and 117 kDa, when analysed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Seven of them (12 kDa, 17 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 55 kDa and 97 kDa) were major bands based on their intensity of staining. The immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract elicited the production of protective polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies reacted strongly with all major midgut proteins as well as with 63 kDa and 117 kDa proteins when tested by the Western blot technique. The analysis of the proteins revealed that the 12 kDa, 25 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 45 kDa, 87 kDa and 97 kDa proteins are glycosylated and none of them contained a lipid moiety. By electroelution, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa were purified. On trypsinization, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa produced four major fragments (F1, F2, F3, and F4) when resolved on a 18% SDS-PAGE. The F1 fragment of the 35 kDa protein reacted with the polyclonal antibodies by the immunoblot technique. |
503 | 1993 | Olembo, N.K., Nguu, E.K., Ochanda, J.O. And Ochieng, V.O. (1993). Inhibition Of Blood Meal Digestion In Tsetse Fly Glossina Morsitans Centralis Fed On Rabbits Immunized With Tsetse Mid Gut Proteins. East African Medical Journal; 71. 651-655. Click to View Abstract
The human body louse, Pediculus humanus, showed eighteen midgut proteins ranging between 12 and 117 kDa, when analysed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Seven of them (12 kDa, 17 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 55 kDa and 97 kDa) were major bands based on their intensity of staining. The immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract elicited the production of protective polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies reacted strongly with all major midgut proteins as well as with 63 kDa and 117 kDa proteins when tested by the Western blot technique. The analysis of the proteins revealed that the 12 kDa, 25 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 45 kDa, 87 kDa and 97 kDa proteins are glycosylated and none of them contained a lipid moiety. By electroelution, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa were purified. On trypsinization, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa produced four major fragments (F1, F2, F3, and F4) when resolved on a 18% SDS-PAGE. The F1 fragment of the 35 kDa protein reacted with the polyclonal antibodies by the immunoblot technique. |
504 | 1993 | Ochieng, V.O., Osir, E.O., Ochanda, J.O., And Olembo, N. K. (1993). Temporal Synthesis Of Cuticle Proteins During Development In Glossina Morsitans. Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology 105B(2), 309-316. Click to View Abstract
The human body louse, Pediculus humanus, showed eighteen midgut proteins ranging between 12 and 117 kDa, when analysed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Seven of them (12 kDa, 17 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 55 kDa and 97 kDa) were major bands based on their intensity of staining. The immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract elicited the production of protective polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies reacted strongly with all major midgut proteins as well as with 63 kDa and 117 kDa proteins when tested by the Western blot technique. The analysis of the proteins revealed that the 12 kDa, 25 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 45 kDa, 87 kDa and 97 kDa proteins are glycosylated and none of them contained a lipid moiety. By electroelution, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa were purified. On trypsinization, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa produced four major fragments (F1, F2, F3, and F4) when resolved on a 18% SDS-PAGE. The F1 fragment of the 35 kDa protein reacted with the polyclonal antibodies by the immunoblot technique. |
505 | 1993 | Bhatt S.M. Editorial: The Changing Pattern Of Meningococcal Meningitis In East Africa. E. Afr. Med. J .1993; Vol. 70 No. 4, 193 Click to View Abstract
Blackwater fever was an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the beginning of this century particularly in West and Central Africa. There has been a marked reduction in the incidence of blackwater fever since 1950 and only sporadic cases occur nowadays. At the Kenyatta National Hospital, three cases of blackwater fever have been seen in the past four years whereas not a single case had been reported between 1975 and 1988. Two of the patients fit into the classical description of blackwater fever and one was possibly due to drug induced haemolysis in a G6PD deficiency patient. |
506 | 1993 | Progression Of Hearing Loss In Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis: Correlation With Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytochemistry. J Infect Dis. 1993 Mar;167(3):675-83. Click to View Abstract
The development of hearing loss and concomitant cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytochemical changes in a model of pneumococcal meningitis were examined. Rabbits were injected intracisternally with 10(5) pneumococci. Auditory evoked potentials to clicks and to 10- and 1-kHz tone bursts were recorded hourly; CSF was analyzed every 4 h. Sensorineural hearing loss developed in all animals beginning 12 h after infection and progressed to severe deafness. The onset of hearing loss was preceded by a CSF leukocytosis of > 2000 cells/microL and elevation of CSF protein and lactate concentrations to > or = 1 mg/mL. Temporal bone histopathology showed pneumococci and leukocytes extending from the CSF to the perilymph via the cochlear aqueduct. Hearing loss can develop early in the course of meningitis and is preceded by the abrupt onset of inflammatory changes in CSF. Progression of hearing loss is rapid and proceeds from cochlear base to apex in parallel with the degree of inflammation. |
507 | 1993 | Yonga GO, Ogola EN, Orinda DA.Metabolic Effects Of Propranolol And Hydroflumethiazide Treatment In Kenyans With Mild To Moderate Essential Hypertension.East Afr Med J. 1993 Nov;70(11):696-700. Click to View Abstract
In a prospective single-blind comparative trial, sixty newly diagnosed mild to moderate hypertensives were randomly assigned to either propranolol or hydroflumethiazide monotherapy. Baseline fasting serum glucose lipid profiles, serum uric acid and potassium levels, were determined at the beginning of the trial. Repeat levels were determined at completion of twelve weeks of treatment. Propranolol treatment significantly reduced HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.02) and increased both VLDL and total serum triglycerides (p < 0.01). Hydroflumethiazide significantly increased total and LDL-chole-sterol, fasting serum glucose and uric acid levels (p < 0.01); potassium levels were significantly lowered (p < 0.01). Treatment with either propranolol or hydroflumethiazide is associated with significant metabolic side-effects which require regular monitoring and intervention as appropriate. |
508 | 1993 | Ogola EN, Yonga GO.Comparative Study Of The Efficacy And Tolerability Of Hydroflumethiazide Versus Propranolol In Africans With Mild To Moderate Hypertension.East Afr Med J. 1993 May;70(5):277-9. Click to View Abstract
Sixty patients with Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) of 100-110mmHg matched for age, sex and Bp levels were randomly assigned to propranolol 80mg daily or Hydroflumethiazide (HFM) 50mg daily. HFM causes a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP within 4 weeks compared both with baseline and propranolol (SBP 143.7 +/- 12.3 vs 158.1 +/- 10.9mmHg, P < 0.05; DBP 92.0 +/- 4.5 vs 102.4 +/- 5.1mmHg, P < 0.05), (SBP 143.7 +/- 12.2 vs 152 +/- 11.0mmHg P < 0.05; DBP 92.0 +/- 4.5 vs 101.1 +/- 6.1mmHg, P < 0.05), respectively. Propranolol produced no significant difference from the baseline at 4 weeks (SBP 152.0 +/- H.0 vs 154.1 +/- 11.5mmHg NS; DBP 101.1 +/- 6.1 vs 102.2 +/- 5.6mmHg, NS). Reduction in BP by HFM was maintained after 8 and 12 weeks with further reduction but which did not achieve statistical significance. Increased dose of propranolol (160mg daily) after 4 weeks caused significant reduction in BP by 8 week (SBP 146.8 +/- 11.8 vs 152.0 +/- 11.0mmHg, P < 0.05; DBP 95.9 +/- 4.4 vs 101.1 +/- 6.1mmHg P < 0.05), which was maintained upto 12 weeks. The values however remained higher than in the HFM group. More patients in the HFM group achieved target BP (< 140/90), SBP 53.8% vs 29.6% P < 0.05, DBP 69.2% vs 14.8% P < 0.01. Incidence of side effects was similar and will be discussed. Thiazides are superior to B'blockers as initial monotherapy in black hypertensives.
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509 | 1993 | Gachuiri, C.K. 1993. Effect Of Supplemental Dietary Fat On Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Flow To The Duodenum, Milk Yield And Composition In Lactating Dairy Cows. Doctoral Thesis, University Of California. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
510 | 1993 | Gachuiri, C.K. And E.J. DePeters. 1993. Effects Of Feeding Supplemental Fat On Ruminal Fat Metabolism, Biohydrogenation And Digestibility Of Fatty Acids By Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:abs. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
511 | 1993 | Petrogenetic Modelling Of Some Volcanics From The Maseno Area Of The Archaean Greenstone Terrane In Western Kenya. Proceeding Of The 5th Conference On The Geology Of Kenya, Click to View Abstract
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512 | 1993 | Tectono-Magmatic Emplacement And Evolution Of The Archaean Greenstone Associations From Western Kenya (Extended Abstract). Click to View Abstract
n/a |
513 | 1993 | J.J.N. Ngeranwa; P.K Gathumbi And E.R Mutiga (1993). Pathogenesis Of Trypanosoma (brucei) Evansi In Small East African Goats. Res. Vet. Sci. 54: 283-289. Click to View Abstract
Aim of the study: This study was conducted to document herbal medicines used in the treatment of Malaria as well as the existing knowledge,attitudes and practices related to malaria recognition, control and treatment in South Coast, Kenya. Methods: Data was collected using semistructured questionnaires and interviews. A focused group discussion held with the community members, one in each of the study villages supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Results: The respondents were found to have a good understanding of malaria and could distinguish it from other fever types. They were also aware that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. Malaria prevalence was high, and affected individuals an average of four times a year. Community members avoided. Mosquito bites by using mosquitonets, clearing bushes around their homesteads and burning plant parts. To generate smoke. They prevented and treated malaria by taking decoctions or concoctions of traditional herbal remedies. Forty plant species in thirty-five genera distributed in twenty-four families were used as antimalarials in the study area. Five plant species, namely; Heeria insignis Del. (Anacardiaceae), Rottboelia exaltata L.F (Gramineae), Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Rubiaceae), Agathisanthenum globosum (A. Rich) Hiern (Rubiaceae), and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) are documented for the first time in South Coast, Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. Conclusions: The plants documented in the current study are a potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value in malaria treatment. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial antimalarial phytotherapy products. |
514 | 1993 | Gathumbi, P.K (1993). The Retrospective Use Of A Peroxidase Technique For Confirmation Of Suspected Canine Distemper In Kenya. Vet. Res. Comm. 17: 197-201. Click to View Abstract
Aim of the study: This study was conducted to document herbal medicines used in the treatment of Malaria as well as the existing knowledge,attitudes and practices related to malaria recognition, control and treatment in South Coast, Kenya. Methods: Data was collected using semistructured questionnaires and interviews. A focused group discussion held with the community members, one in each of the study villages supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Results: The respondents were found to have a good understanding of malaria and could distinguish it from other fever types. They were also aware that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. Malaria prevalence was high, and affected individuals an average of four times a year. Community members avoided. Mosquito bites by using mosquitonets, clearing bushes around their homesteads and burning plant parts. To generate smoke. They prevented and treated malaria by taking decoctions or concoctions of traditional herbal remedies. Forty plant species in thirty-five genera distributed in twenty-four families were used as antimalarials in the study area. Five plant species, namely; Heeria insignis Del. (Anacardiaceae), Rottboelia exaltata L.F (Gramineae), Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Rubiaceae), Agathisanthenum globosum (A. Rich) Hiern (Rubiaceae), and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) are documented for the first time in South Coast, Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. Conclusions: The plants documented in the current study are a potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value in malaria treatment. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial antimalarial phytotherapy products. |
515 | 1993 | Mbuthia, P.G; Gathumbi, P.K; Bwangamwoi, O. And Wasike, P. N. (1993). Natural Besnoitiosis In A Rabbit. Vet. Parasitol. 45: 191-198. Click to View Abstract
Aim of the study: This study was conducted to document herbal medicines used in the treatment of Malaria as well as the existing knowledge,attitudes and practices related to malaria recognition, control and treatment in South Coast, Kenya. Methods: Data was collected using semistructured questionnaires and interviews. A focused group discussion held with the community members, one in each of the study villages supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Results: The respondents were found to have a good understanding of malaria and could distinguish it from other fever types. They were also aware that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. Malaria prevalence was high, and affected individuals an average of four times a year. Community members avoided. Mosquito bites by using mosquitonets, clearing bushes around their homesteads and burning plant parts. To generate smoke. They prevented and treated malaria by taking decoctions or concoctions of traditional herbal remedies. Forty plant species in thirty-five genera distributed in twenty-four families were used as antimalarials in the study area. Five plant species, namely; Heeria insignis Del. (Anacardiaceae), Rottboelia exaltata L.F (Gramineae), Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Rubiaceae), Agathisanthenum globosum (A. Rich) Hiern (Rubiaceae), and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) are documented for the first time in South Coast, Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. Conclusions: The plants documented in the current study are a potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value in malaria treatment. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial antimalarial phytotherapy products. |
516 | 1993 | P.K. Gathumbi. Immunohistological Diagnosis Of Rinderpest. Click to View Abstract
Aim of the study: This study was conducted to document herbal medicines used in the treatment of Malaria as well as the existing knowledge,attitudes and practices related to malaria recognition, control and treatment in South Coast, Kenya. Methods: Data was collected using semistructured questionnaires and interviews. A focused group discussion held with the community members, one in each of the study villages supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Results: The respondents were found to have a good understanding of malaria and could distinguish it from other fever types. They were also aware that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. Malaria prevalence was high, and affected individuals an average of four times a year. Community members avoided. Mosquito bites by using mosquitonets, clearing bushes around their homesteads and burning plant parts. To generate smoke. They prevented and treated malaria by taking decoctions or concoctions of traditional herbal remedies. Forty plant species in thirty-five genera distributed in twenty-four families were used as antimalarials in the study area. Five plant species, namely; Heeria insignis Del. (Anacardiaceae), Rottboelia exaltata L.F (Gramineae), Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Rubiaceae), Agathisanthenum globosum (A. Rich) Hiern (Rubiaceae), and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) are documented for the first time in South Coast, Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. Conclusions: The plants documented in the current study are a potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value in malaria treatment. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial antimalarial phytotherapy products. |
517 | 1993 | Gathumbi, P.K.; G.M. Mugera; J.W. Mwangi And S.M. Njiro. Pathology Of A Chloroform Extract Of Prunus Africana (Hook) Stem-bark In Rats- Pathological Changes. Click to View Abstract
Aim of the study: This study was conducted to document herbal medicines used in the treatment of Malaria as well as the existing knowledge,attitudes and practices related to malaria recognition, control and treatment in South Coast, Kenya. Methods: Data was collected using semistructured questionnaires and interviews. A focused group discussion held with the community members, one in each of the study villages supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Results: The respondents were found to have a good understanding of malaria and could distinguish it from other fever types. They were also aware that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. Malaria prevalence was high, and affected individuals an average of four times a year. Community members avoided. Mosquito bites by using mosquitonets, clearing bushes around their homesteads and burning plant parts. To generate smoke. They prevented and treated malaria by taking decoctions or concoctions of traditional herbal remedies. Forty plant species in thirty-five genera distributed in twenty-four families were used as antimalarials in the study area. Five plant species, namely; Heeria insignis Del. (Anacardiaceae), Rottboelia exaltata L.F (Gramineae), Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Rubiaceae), Agathisanthenum globosum (A. Rich) Hiern (Rubiaceae), and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) are documented for the first time in South Coast, Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. Conclusions: The plants documented in the current study are a potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value in malaria treatment. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial antimalarial phytotherapy products. |
518 | 1993 | P.K. Gathumbi, G.M. Mugera, S.M. Njiro And J.W. Mwangi. Toxicity Of A Chloroform Extract Of Prunus Africana (Pygeum Africanum) In Rats: Biochemical Changes. Click to View Abstract
Aim of the study: This study was conducted to document herbal medicines used in the treatment of Malaria as well as the existing knowledge,attitudes and practices related to malaria recognition, control and treatment in South Coast, Kenya. Methods: Data was collected using semistructured questionnaires and interviews. A focused group discussion held with the community members, one in each of the study villages supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Results: The respondents were found to have a good understanding of malaria and could distinguish it from other fever types. They were also aware that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. Malaria prevalence was high, and affected individuals an average of four times a year. Community members avoided. Mosquito bites by using mosquitonets, clearing bushes around their homesteads and burning plant parts. To generate smoke. They prevented and treated malaria by taking decoctions or concoctions of traditional herbal remedies. Forty plant species in thirty-five genera distributed in twenty-four families were used as antimalarials in the study area. Five plant species, namely; Heeria insignis Del. (Anacardiaceae), Rottboelia exaltata L.F (Gramineae), Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Rubiaceae), Agathisanthenum globosum (A. Rich) Hiern (Rubiaceae), and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) are documented for the first time in South Coast, Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. Conclusions: The plants documented in the current study are a potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value in malaria treatment. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial antimalarial phytotherapy products. |
519 | 1993 | Kironchi, G., S.M. Kinyali And J.P. Mbuvi. 1993. Validity Of Philip Equation For Infiltration Into Soils Of Sirima And Mukogodo Catchments In Laikipia District. East Africa Agricultural And Forestry Journal, 58(4): 155-160. Click to View Abstract
The capability of the two-parameter Phiip equation to describe infiltration of water into soils of the semi-arid Sirima and Mukogodo catchments in Laikipia District was investigated. Field measurements of infiltration during dry and wet seasons were taken using a double cylinder infiltrometer on plots under four landuse/vegetation cover treatments within different soil types surveyed at detail level. The four treatments were: (i) tree/bush, (ii) open grass, (iii) bare ground, and (iv) cultivation. The infiltration rates predicted by the Philip equation after 180 minutes in the dry and the wet seasons for Mukogodo and the wet season for Sirima agreed with observed infiltration rates. However, the fit of the equation was inadequate in the early stages of infiltration in both areas and seasons. Equation parameters obtained by best fit of observed data significantly differed between the landuse /vegetation cover treatments and soil types within each area. Only Sirima soils yielded significantly different parameters in-between seasons |
520 | 1993 | An Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay For The Epidemiological Survey Of Dermatophilus Congolensis Infection In Camels (Camelus Dromedaries). Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values.
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521 | 1993 | Gitao C.G. 1993. Camel Dermatophitosis In Kenya. In Proceedings "IFS Scientific Workshop For East African Grantees (Animal Production)" 19-22 April 153-160. Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
522 | 1993 | Gitao C.G. 1993. The Epidemiology And Control Of Camel Dermatophilosis. "The Second Biennial Meeting, American Society Of Tropical Veterinary Medicine (ASTVM)", * Feb 2-6, Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Courtesy Of LFS* Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
523 | 1993 | Gitao C.G. 1993. Camel Dermatophilosis In Kenya. In Proceedings "IFS Scientific Workshop For East African Grantees;(Animal Production)", Kampala, Uganda 19-22 April*. Courtesy Of IFS * Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
524 | 1993 | Gitao C.G. And Mbuthia P.G. 1993. The Clinical Manifestation Of Infectious Bursal Disease In Kenya. In Proceedings, "Joint Regional Commonwealth And 11th Tanzania Veterinary Association Scientific Conference", Arusha 30-3 Dec.1993 .* Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
525 | 1993 | Ngeranwa, J.J.N., Gathumbi, P.K., Mutiga, E.R. And Agumbah G.J.O. (1993). Pathogenesis Of Trypanosoma Brucei Evansi In Small East African Goats. Res. Vet. Sci. 54 283 - 89. Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
526 | 1993 | Agumbah, G.J.O., Masembe, F.N. And Maribei, J.M. (1993). Ovulatory Rate, Fetal Loss And Littersize As Factors Limiting Porcine Reproductive Performance In Some Kenyan Piggeries. Ind. Vet. J. 70 Page 817 - 822. Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
527 | 1993 | S.M.Njiro, P.N.Nyaga And Kofi-Tsekpo (1993) Immunosuppresive Effect Of Spirostachys Venenifera Pax On The Response Of Mice To Sheep Red Blood Cells. Bull. Anim. Hlth. And Prod. 42:47-50. Click to View Abstract
According to the statements made by a number of scholars, in the 80's East African Anglophone novel, which once received a nickname of "social documentary", began to lose gradually its social commitment. Many of the writers known previously as the most active supporters of the social trend, moved their attempts to other literan areas - criminal novel ("Weapon of hunger" by Meja Mцangi, 1989), love story (Yussuf Dawood's "Off my chest", 1988), even children's literature (books for children in Gikuyu, written by Ngugi wa Thiong'o). However, in the late 80's and early 90's East African Anglophone novel stepped onto a new level of social trend, moving from "social documentary" to "social epic". The authors now are trying to sum up the historical experience of East African countries over a large time span, and to that effect appeal mostly to elaborate and spacious literary forms, such as epic novel. These authors, although chosen one and the same literary form, are showing clearly their inclinations towards different styles of writing. For example, Tanzanian author Moyez Vassanji in his novel "The gunny sack" (1989) makes a rather convincing attempt to replant on East African soil the method of "mythological writing", previously used by such author as Gabriel Garcia Marquez. The novel definitely appeals not only to local reader, but to a wider international audience; on its pages the author manages to restore not only the fate of several generations of Indian family, but even the slightest details of their mentality, using myth as one of the basic means for changing the dimensions of time and space, according to the logic of the narration. The development of Kenyan novel in the early 90's confirms also one of the main tendencies in modem literature - bridging between "elite" and popular fiction. The first attempt of an epic novel in Kenyan Anglophone literature was, oddly enough, made by the veteran of Kenyan popular fiction David Maillu in his "Broken drum" H991). The novel hardly aims the widest reading public - nevertheless, stylistically it bears distinct features of popular fiction, such as crime story, romance, etc. Popular novel in East Africa also shows certain inclination towards urgent social themes, but the authors inevitably uses the artistic means they feel most happy with - that is, the style of popular fiction. For example, the "clash of cultures" - the experience of young Africans studying abroad - is presented in the form of a picaresque ("Times beyond" by Omondi Makoloo, 1992) or love story ("The girl from Uganda" by Tengio Urrio, 1993); feministic problems are spiced with sentimentalism ("Judy the nun" by P .Waweru, 1990); the thoughts on the hardships of younger generation are guised in Bildungs roman ("The plight of succession" by a Tanzanian Prosper Rwegoshora, 1990). At the same time, some authors, who have been ploughing successfully the field of pop fiction for a few decades, show their interest in more elaborate literary forms ("Dedan Kimathi: the real story" by Samuel Kaluga, 1990). All the mentioned facts do not allow us to state that the division into popular and elite novel will disappear within the foreseeable future. However, the most interesting developments seem to take place precisely in the field of bridging between these two branches of East African fiction.
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528 | 1993 | MALOIY, G.M.O. And RUGANGAZI, B.M.(1993) Energetics Of Locomotion In A Large Desert Ungulate: The One-humped Camel. Proceedings IFS Workshop On Animal Production, Eds. NYEKO,J.H.P. And OCEN, G.W., Kampala, Uganda, Pp. 128-137. Click to View Abstract
Serum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination. |
529 | 1993 | MALOIY, G.M.O.(1993) The Factors That Affect The Numbers And Population Of Large African Mammals: Is Man The Culprit? In: Human Impacts On Self-Recruiting Populations, Ed. SUNDNES, G., Third International Kongsvoll Symposium, Tapir Press, Trondheim, Norwa Click to View Abstract
Serum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination. |
530 | 1993 | MALOIY, G.M.O.(1993) John Magero Ole Musuni Tiampati (1936-1993) An Appreciation. The Standard. Click to View Abstract
Serum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination. |
531 | 1993 | Mulaku, G. C.(1993): Surveying Education In The Year 2000 And Beyond, Paper Published In The Kenya Surveyor, Vol.3, No. 2, March 1993 Click to View Abstract
Towers are typical structures that can be found in many urban and rural landscapes the world over. From their basic design, they are usually exposed to severe environmental loads. It is therefore prudent to carry out periodic maintenance that includes checking that they are correctly aligned. This paper describes a method that was used for the re-alignment of a guyed tower in Limuru, Kenya. Angular and distance observations, made from two observation points detected a vertical misalignment that was larger than the acceptable tolerance of l/400. An iterative re-alignment procedure was then applied, resulting in an acceptable final misalignment of 1 / 520. |
532 | 1993 | Mulaku, G.C. (1992): Establishing Of GIS Capability At The Ministry Of Reclamation And Development Of Arid And Semi-Arid Areas And Wastelands, Institutional Issues, Publication Of The World Bank ASAL Team, Nairobi Kenya Click to View Abstract
Towers are typical structures that can be found in many urban and rural landscapes the world over. From their basic design, they are usually exposed to severe environmental loads. It is therefore prudent to carry out periodic maintenance that includes checking that they are correctly aligned. This paper describes a method that was used for the re-alignment of a guyed tower in Limuru, Kenya. Angular and distance observations, made from two observation points detected a vertical misalignment that was larger than the acceptable tolerance of l/400. An iterative re-alignment procedure was then applied, resulting in an acceptable final misalignment of 1 / 520. |
533 | 1993 | Rice Husk Ash And Its Application As A Cement Replacement Material In Kenya," J. Biochemiphysics, 2, 132. Click to View Abstract
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534 | 1993 | Use Of Roadside Soils And Vegetation In Monitoring Motor Vehicle Lead Pollution," Proceedings: Click to View Abstract
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535 | 1993 | Development Of Rice Husk Ash Based Alternative Cements In Kenya", Proceedings: Click to View Abstract
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536 | 1993 | Mercury Levels In Lake Naivasha," Click to View Abstract
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537 | 1993 | Cold Solvent Extraction And Physico-chemical Study Of Avocado Oil," J. Biochemiphysics, 2, 75. Click to View Abstract
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538 | 1993 | Informatics In Higher Education-Kenya Case Study. Click to View Abstract
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539 | 1993 | The Images Of Africa - Images Of Europe Click to View Abstract
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540 | 1993 | Latent Trait Theory From A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Point Of View Of A Criterion Referenced University Examinations Click to View Abstract
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541 | 1993 | Literary Journals, Click to View Abstract
Literary scholars in Kenya have recognised that oral literature is a cultural heritage worth preserving and accessing. To this end, they have used traditional information to good effect. In today |
542 | 1993 | Sexist Language And Girls Choice Of Subjects Click to View Abstract
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543 | 1993 | English Language As A Tool For Transition Click to View Abstract
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544 | 1993 | Sexist Language And Its Effect On Girls’ Choice Of Subjects At Secondary School Click to View Abstract
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545 | 1993 | Too Many Children? Fertility And Family Planning In A Muslim Society In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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546 | 1993 | The Influence Career Interest Has On Academic Performance Click to View Abstract
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547 | 1993 | Childhood Diseases. Click to View Abstract
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548 | 1993 | Kenya’s Housing Policy And Affordability: A Critical View Of The World’s Bank Proposition Click to View Abstract
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549 | 1993 | Gender And Social Mythology” In Delusions: Essays On Social Construction Of Gender, Kabira W.M “African Women’s Communication And Development Network, Nairobi, Click to View Abstract
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550 | 1993 | Anthelmintic Resistance In Nematode Species Of Goats On Some Farms In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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551 | 1993 | Resistance Of Field Isolates Of Haemonchus Contortus To Thiabendazole And Fenbendazole In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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552 | 1993 | Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Helminths And Coccidial Parasites And Frequency Distribution Of Some Nematodes Of Goats On Farms In Four Districts Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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553 | 1993 | Resistance To Thiabendazole, Fenbendazole And Levamisole In Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Goats In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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554 | 1993 | Growth And The Organisation Of Production: Case Studies From Nairobi's Garment Industry Click to View Abstract
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555 | 1993 | Urban Self-Employment In Kenya: Panacea Or Viable Strategy? Click to View Abstract
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556 | 1993 | Risk And Firm Growth: The Dilemma Of Nairobi's Small-scale Manufacturers Click to View Abstract
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557 | 1993 | Konji, VN., Makawiti, DW., Kiaira, JK., Omwandho, CA., Oloowokere, JO. Defects In Respiration In Mitochondria Isolated From Liver Of Goats Infected With Trypanosoma Congolense Click to View Abstract
Immunoglobulins were eluted from ovine placentae and characterized by immunoprecipitation, electrophoresis, western blotting and ELISA.IgG was shown to comprise the bulk of placental-bound immunoglobulins while smaller amounts of IgM and only trace amounts of IgA were demonstrated.Results suggest that ovine placental IgG eluted by surgical cannulation of the uterine blood vessels in situ is similar to that eluted from postpartum placentae in vitro, implying that there may be some transfer of antibodies across the maternal side of the placental barrier to the trophoblast.These antibodies are rich in IgG1 and IgG2, have a relative molecular weight of 158 kDa, and bind to an 80 kDa peptide prepared from pre-acidified ovine placental cotyledons.We propose that the binding of placental IgG to the 80 kDa antigen may prevent immunological rejection of the foetus by competitively excluding cytotoxic cells of maternal origin such as NK cells.Also, given that a similar antigen (80 kDa) has been reported in humans and equines, and shown to be saturated with IgG in term placentae, we propose that this antigen may be conserved in several mammalian species for reproductive purpose.Consequently, we suggest that the ovine placental IgG and the 80 kDa antigen may be suitable as models for the study of maternal-foetal interactions in mammalian pregnancies.
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558 | 1993 | Social Attitudes And Family Planning In Rural Kenya Click to View Abstract
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559 | 1993 | Haemonchus And Trichostrongylus Species In Goats In Kenya Resistant To Anthelmintics Click to View Abstract
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560 | 1993 | Prevalence And Levels Of Infection With Gastrointestinal Helminths Of Sheep In Nyandarua District Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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561 | 1993 | The Problem Of Anthelmintic Resistance In East Africa: An Update Click to View Abstract
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562 | 1993 | Mathematical Modelling And Design Of A Three-dimensional Geodetic Network. Click to View Abstract
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563 | 1993 | Epidemiology Of Gastrointestinal Helminths And Liver Flukes In Sheep In Nyandarua District Click to View Abstract
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564 | 1993 | Prevalence And Levels Of Infection With Eimeria Species In Sheep In Nyandarua District Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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565 | 1993 | Cattle Gastrointestinal Helminths On Some Farms In Njabini Area Of Kinangop Division, Nyandarua District, Kenya Click to View Abstract
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566 | 1993 | "Amina Mwelekevu"- Published In Professional Lady Magazine (Nov, & Dec. Issue) Click to View Abstract
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567 | 1993 | Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among High Risk Seronegative Prostitutes In Nairobi Click to View Abstract
J Infect Dis. 1993 Jun;167(6):1414-7.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection among high-risk seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi.
Willerford DM, Bwayo JJ, Hensel M, Emonyi W, Plummer FA, Ngugi EN, Nagelkerke N, Gallatin WM, Kreiss J.
Source
Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle.
Abstract
To determine the frequency and duration of antibody-negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among heterosexually exposed African women, 56 HIV-seronegative female prostitutes in Nairobi were studied. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect HIV DNA in peripheral blood at enrollment, and women were followed prospectively with serologic testing to determine HIV seroincidence. Six women (11%) were infected with HIV by PCR criteria at enrollment. Seroconversion occurred in 5 of these subjects within 1-12 months, while the sixth remained seronegative when last evaluated at 5 months. The cumulative annual seroconversion rate in the entire cohort was 38%. Using maximum likelihood analysis, the mean interval between HIV infection and seroconversion was estimated to be between 3 and 4 months, similar to that described for homosexual men and blood product recipients in the United States. Prolonged HIV infection in the absence of antibodies appears to be uncommon in this setting.
PMID:
8501333
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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568 | 1993 | Akaranga, S.I (1993), Christianity In Africa, Lecture Series University Of Nairobi, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
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569 | 1993 | Akaranga, S.I (1993), Christianity In Africa, Lecture Series University Of Nairobi, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
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570 | 1993 | Extraction Of Camel Rennet And Its Comparison With Rennet Extract, Pepsin And Chymosin In Coagulation Of Camel And Cow Milk Click to View Abstract
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571 | 1993 | What Steps Towards Camel Milk Technology? Click to View Abstract
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572 | 1993 | Child Battering In Nairobi, Kenya. East Afr Med J . 1993 Nov; 70 ( 11 ): 688-92 . PMID: 8033769 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Sumba RO, Bwibo NO. Click to View Abstract
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya. A survey of battered children was carried out at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi between 1st May 1989 and 30th April 1990. Twenty eight cases were identified and compared with twenty six controls, matched for age and sex. The battered children were likely to be aged between three and four years, with slight male predominance. The abusing parents tended to live in crowded environments, were younger in age, less educated and were less likely to be practising contraception. They were relatively new migrants to Nairobi and were socially isolated. The socio-economic and cultural issues are discussed. PMID: 8033769 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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573 | 1993 | Children And Accidents. Epidemiology And Prevention. Trop Geogr Med . 1993; 45 ( 5 ): 223-6 . No Abstract Available. PMID: 8279063 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Bwibo NO. Click to View Abstract
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574 | 1993 | Hypoxaemia In Young Kenyan Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Infection. Click to View Abstract
To determine the prevalence, clinical correlates, and outcome of hypoxaemia in acutely ill children with respiratory symptoms.
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575 | 1993 | Patterns Of Utilisation Of Blood And Blood Products; And Status Of Subgroups Of Blood Group A At The Kenyatta National Hospital. Click to View Abstract
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576 | 1993 | Reliability Of Clinical Crieteria In Diagnosing HIV Click to View Abstract
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577 | 1993 | The Unfinished Democracy: The Gender Dimenstion Of Democratization In Kenya, In The Idenpendent Review: Journal Of Eastern African Literary And Cultural Studies Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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578 | 1993 | The Gender Dimension Of Democratization In Kenya: Some International Linkages. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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579 | 1993 | M. Nzomo, W. Kabira & J. Oduol (eds) Democratic Change In Africa: Women's Perspective. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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580 | 1993 | The Kenyan Women's Movement In A Changing Political Context In S. Khasiani & E. Njiro (eds. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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581 | 1993 | M. Nzomo (ed) Women's Initiatives In Kenya's Democratization. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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582 | 1993 | M. Nzomo (ed.) Empowering Kenyan Women. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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583 | 1993 | Gender Policy Interventions In The 7th Parliament. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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584 | 1993 | African Women In The Public Sector, Status And Strategies For Women's Advancement. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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585 | 1993 | Women In Management, Challenges For This Decade. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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586 | 1993 | Mainstreaming Gender Issues In The Democratization Agenda And National Development Policies, Some Strategies For Women's Empowerment. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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587 | 1993 | The Social And Political Challenges Of A New Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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588 | 1993 | Political Participation In Democratic Change From 1963 - 1993: Which Way Forward For Women? Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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589 | 1993 | Let Us Together Rebuild The Temple. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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590 | 1993 | Transition To Multi-party Democracry: The Gender Factor In The First Multi-party Elections In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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591 | 1993 | Politics And Multi Party Democracy In Kenya, Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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592 | 1993 | Practices, Principles And Institutions Of Governnance And Accountability In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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593 | 1993 | Agenda For Gender Society Nairobi January 11, Pp 32-34 Click to View Abstract
Journal of Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies
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594 | 1993 | Exploitation And Changes In The Fisheries Of Lake Victoria, Proceedings Of Kenya Assembly Of Women And The Environement, WIDEN. Click to View Abstract
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595 | 1993 | "Exploitation And Changes In The Fisheries Of Lake Victoria", Proceedings Of Kenya Assembly Of Women And The Environment, WIDEN. Click to View Abstract
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596 | 1993 | The Hallucinogenic Drugs Used In The Religion And Their Effect On The Modern American Indian Society. In American Studies In Eastern Africa; H. Indangasi, Et Al (edd), Nairobi University Press, Pp.66-69, 1993. Click to View Abstract
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597 | 1993 | Oniang'o, C.M.P."The Hallucinogenic Drugs Used In The Religion And Their Effort On The Modern American Indian Society". In: American Studies In Eastern Africa, H. Indangasi, Et All (Edd), Nairobi University Press, (pp 66). Click to View Abstract
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598 | 1993 | "Peace And Security In Post-Cold War Africa: Safeguarding The Future", . Click to View Abstract
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599 | 1993 | Pregnancy Outcome And Placental Weights: Their Relationship To HIV-1 Infection. Click to View Abstract
The relationship between placental characteristics, including weight and inflammation, and pregnancy outcome was examined as part of a case control study looking into the impact of maternal HIV-1 infection on pregnancy outcome. Cases defined as low birth weight (< 2500g) or stillbirth deliveries, were compared to controls defined as mothers who delivered a live born neonate weighing 2500g or more. The mean placental weight and the mean foetal/placental weight ratio were significantly lower in cases (n = 253) than in controls (n = 216) (p < .05). Placental inflammation (chorioamnionitis) was significantly associated with prematurity (p < .001) and with stillbirth (p < .05), maternal HIV-1 antibody being a risk factor for chorioamnionitis in the preterm group. These data support a correlation between placental weight and pregnancy outcome, and suggest that maternal HIV-1 infection is a risk factor for chorioamnionitis in HIV-1 seropositive preterm deliveries.
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600 | 1993 | Circadian Variation In The Activity Of Tryptophan Hydroxylase And The Effect Of Anti-depressant Drugs Clomipramine, Mianserin And Paroxetine Click to View Abstract
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601 | 1993 | The Effect Of The Chronic Clomipramine And Mianserine On The Activity Of Tryptophan Hydroxylase In The Rat Brain Click to View Abstract
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602 | 1993 | Import Demand Elasticities And Their Stability During Trade Liberalization: The Case Of Kenya'. Click to View Abstract
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603 | 1993 | Planning For Neutral Money Supply In African Economies With Special Application To Kenya Click to View Abstract
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604 | 1993 | Drugs Inventory Management: A Case Study Of The University Of Nairobi Health Services. Click to View Abstract
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605 | 1993 | Liquid Chromatographic Separation Of Monoamino Analogues Of 2'- Or 3'-deoxyadenosine From Adenine Click to View Abstract
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606 | 1993 | I.O. Kibwage , C.O. Ondari, F.A. Ndemo, R.W. Munenge And I.G. Mur Eithi (1993). Comparative Evaluation Of Injectable Diazepam Produ Cts. Click to View Abstract
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607 | 1993 | Changes In Percentages Of CD4 In HIV Seropositive And Seronegative Children During A 2-year Follow- Up Click to View Abstract
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608 | 1993 | "Mapping Out Directions In Formal Education For The Girl Child In Kenya". Click to View Abstract
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609 | 1993 | Owuor, S.O. & P. Omondi (1993), Open Spaces And Sustainable Urban Development In Africa: The Case Of Nairobi City, Kenya. CAAS Conference. Toronto, Canada, May 12-15. Click to View Abstract
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610 | 1993 | Owuor, S.O. (1993), Small Urban Centres In Kenya: The Case Of Bungoma Town. McGill University Workshop. Montreal, Canada, February 1-7. Click to View Abstract
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611 | 1993 | Author Student Handbook University Of York, Institute Of Advanced Architectural Studies, UK. Click to View Abstract
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612 | 1993 | AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIAN ETHICS ON THE KENYAN SOCIETY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ISUKHA OF KAKAMEGA DISTRICT Click to View Abstract
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613 | 1993 | Notes On Aspects Of Community Development: Paper Written For The Africa Alliance Of Young Men's Christian Associations (YMCAs). Presented At The "Development Training Workshop" At The METHODIST GUEST HOUSE, NAIROBI. Click to View Abstract
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614 | 1993 | The Street Children Of Kenya: Consequences Of Modernization And Changing Family Structures: Research Paper Submitted To National Science Foundation. U.S.A. Co-authored With Louis Aptekar-San Jose State University, U.S.A.; Phil Kilbride-Bryn Mawr College, Click to View Abstract
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615 | 1993 | Understanding And Analysis Of Use And Management Of Coastal And Marine Resources Along The Kenyan Coast: A Community Based Approach; Proposal Written For KWS (Kenya Wilde Life Society) Click to View Abstract
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616 | 1993 | Drug And Substance Use And Abuse: Socio-cultural Considerations: Paper Prepared For The Kenya Parents Resources Institute On Drug Education (Kenya - Pride). Presented At The "NATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN KENYA," At WAB HOTEL, NAIROBI Click to View Abstract
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617 | 1993 | Female Headed Households: Consequences For Child Survival And Development: Research Paper For National Capacity Building For Child Survival And Development (NCB/CSD) Project. Co-authored With Susan N. Gikonyo. Department Of Sociology, University Of Nairob Click to View Abstract
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618 | 1993 | Adaptive Exchange Relations: Settlement And Marriage Among The Turkana Pastoralists Of North-Western Kenya: Paper Written On Ecological Anthropology/Human Ecology: Adapting To Change; For The Pithecanthropus Centennial 1893 - 1993 International Scientific Click to View Abstract
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619 | 1993 | Financial Sector Restructuring In Tan Zania. Click to View Abstract
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620 | 1993 | Exclusion If Sick Children From Day Nurseries - Option Of Mothers And Staff - A Study Carried Out On Selected Nurseries In Newcastle Upon-Tyne, England Click to View Abstract
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621 | 1993 | AIDS And Higher Education In Sub-Saharan Africa". Paper Presented At A Meeting Of Donor Agencies And African University Representatives In Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, On Sept. 21-22 1993 Click to View Abstract
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622 | 1993 | "The Context Of Fertility Change In Kenya". Paper Presented At The Conference On Population Reconsidered: Empowerment, Health And Human Rights, Harare, Zimbabwe, December 6-10 1993, Sponsored By SAREC And SIDA (with Bertil Egero) Click to View Abstract
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623 | 1993 | Empowerment Through Basic Education, Basic Education Forum, Basic Education Resource Centre For Eastern And Southern Africa. Volume 3, April 1993 Click to View Abstract
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624 | 1993 | An Overview Of The Women’s Movement In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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625 | 1993 | Crustal Structure On The Northeastern Flank Of The Kenya Rift Click to View Abstract
The KRISP flank line E converges with the Kenya rift at an angle of about 45° and is approximately parallel to the older Anza graben to the north. The depth to the basement is almost zero along the entire onshore part of the profile with higher velocities at the southeastern end indicative of extensive Precambrian gabbroic intrusions in the upper crust. The Moho shallows steadily from about 35 km at the southeastern end of the profile to about 24 km under-Lake Turkana. Even though the Moho rises fairly steadily, there is significant heterogeneity in the crust above it. This shows that the extension is unevenly distributed between the upper and the lower crust. The Moho is laminated and variably reflective. Compared to the KRISP cross-line D further south, the crust is unexpectedly thin and shows extension increasing in a northerly direction. This extension is probably not associated with the Anza and Kenya rifting but with the profile’s position on the slope of the Kenya dome. The indications are that there is a relatively abrupt change to a 20-km Moho depth near the Lake Turkana Central shotpoint. This change to a mid-rift crustal thickness occurs not at the postulated margin at the southeastern shore of Lake Turkana but at least 50 km further to the northwest. We suggest that the position of this margin may need to be redefined. The Pn velocity is quite high at 8.1 km/s. This may indicate either a cold upper mantle or anisotropy. An upper-mantle reflector has been identified between 15 and 20 km below the Moho. It dips gently away from the rift.
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626 | 1993 | Women's Indigenous Knowledge In Management Of Natural Resources In Africa Click to View Abstract
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627 | 1993 | Sedimentary Processes And Signals Of Past Climatic Change In The Large Lakes Of The East African Rift Valley Click to View Abstract
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628 | 1993 | History Of Past Climatic Records In The Large Lakes Of East Africa Click to View Abstract
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629 | 1993 | Report On Rescue Excavations At Hyrax Hill Click to View Abstract
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630 | 1993 | G. O. Rading, "The Effect Of Welding On The Fatigue Crack Growth Rate In A Structural Steel" Welding J. Res. Supplement 37(7) (1993) P 307-s Click to View Abstract
Fracture mechanics principles have been used to study the effects of welding on the rate of fatigue crack growth (FCG) in a low-carbon structural steel. The steel concerned is used widely in the fabrication of the structural frame-work of passenger buses. Tests were carried out on the base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM). Both the near threshold and midrange regimes of crack growth were studied. In the midrange regime, the FCG rate was highest in the HAZ and lowest in the WM. Near the threshold, the FCG rate was highest in the BM and lowest in the WM. The results are explained in terms of microstructural changes due to welding, welding residual stresses, and fracture mechanisms. Recommendations to reduce the incidence of fatigue cracking have been made.
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631 | 1993 | G.O. Rading, J.T. Berry And A.E. Carden "An Investigation Of Fatigue Crack Growth In Al-Li-Cu Alloy 2095 And Associated Weldment" Int. Conf. Proc. On Modelling And Control Of Joining Processes, Orlando, FL. (Ed. By T. Zacharia) (1993) P 616-623 Click to View Abstract
Fracture mechanics principles have been used to study the effects of welding on the rate of fatigue crack growth (FCG) in a low-carbon structural steel. The steel concerned is used widely in the fabrication of the structural frame-work of passenger buses. Tests were carried out on the base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM). Both the near threshold and midrange regimes of crack growth were studied. In the midrange regime, the FCG rate was highest in the HAZ and lowest in the WM. Near the threshold, the FCG rate was highest in the BM and lowest in the WM. The results are explained in terms of microstructural changes due to welding, welding residual stresses, and fracture mechanisms. Recommendations to reduce the incidence of fatigue cracking have been made.
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632 | 1993 | Polynuclear Acetogenic Pigments In The Fruits Of The Myrsinaceae. Click to View Abstract
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633 | 1993 | Benzoquinones In Kenyan Myrsinaceae: 6,64 Biembelin, A New Symmetrical Long Alkyl Side Chain Bisbenzoquinone From Rapanea Melanphloes (L), Mez, Bull. Click to View Abstract
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634 | 1993 | Effect Of Timer Management On Protocol Execution Performance Click to View Abstract
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635 | 1993 | Current Status Of Utilization And Conservation Of Medicinal Plants In Africa South Of The Sahara Click to View Abstract
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636 | 1993 | Ethnobotany Of Apocynaceae Species In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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637 | 1993 | A Review Of The Geology Of The Mozambique Belt In Kenya. In: Peters, J.W., Kesse, G.O. And Acquah, P.C., (Eds.) Click to View Abstract
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638 | 1993 | Distribution Of Elements In Mineral Pairs From Mozambique Belt Rocks Of Matuu A Rea, Central Kenya Click to View Abstract
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639 | 1993 | Ethnomedicinal Study Of Major Species In The Family Labiatae From Kenya Click to View Abstract
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640 | 1993 | Natural Besnoitiosis In A Rabbit Click to View Abstract
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641 | 1993 | Congenital Epulis Of The Newborn - A Report Of Two Cases Click to View Abstract
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642 | 1993 | Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia Hecks Disease In Three Kenyan Girls - Case Reports Click to View Abstract
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643 | 1993 | Oral Verruous Carcinoma - A Report Of Two Cases And Review Of Literature Click to View Abstract
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644 | 1993 | Leaf Disc Regeneration Of Passion Fruit Click to View Abstract
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645 | 1993 | The Images Of Africa - Images Of Europe Click to View Abstract
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646 | 1993 | Population Information,Education And Communication In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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647 | 1993 | The Role Of Callionymus Iyra And C. Reticulatus In The Life Cycle Of Lernaeoceralusci In The Belgian Coastal Waters (Southern Bight Of The North Sea). Click to View Abstract
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648 | 1993 | Pathogenicity Of Beauveria Bassiana, Metarhizium Anisopliae And Serratia Marcescens To The Banana Weevil,Cosmopolites Sordidus Click to View Abstract
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649 | 1993 | A New Hymenopteran Species Of Parasitoid Isolated From The Bont Tick, Amblyomma Variegatum Click to View Abstract
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650 | 1993 | Some Aspects Of Sexual Receptivity And Refractory Behavior In Female Glossina Morsitans Morsitans Westwood Click to View Abstract
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651 | 1993 | 4. Media Approach: Journalists Practice In Distributing Information On Health Care Click to View Abstract
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652 | 1993 | 7. Press Freedom And The Functions Of The Media In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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653 | 1993 | C.M. Mulei, E.R. Mutiga And G.K. Gitau. Retained Fetal Membranes In Cattle: Relationship Between Bacterial Isolates, Blood Picture And Systemic Involvement. Indian Journal Of Animal Sciences. (1993) 63 (3): 235-238. Click to View Abstract
Abstract The study reported data from 507 post-mortem records in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The records were from carcasses obtained from the peri-urban area of airobi during a 20-year period between 1990 and 2009. Approximately 80% (393/507) of the calf carcasses had their diagnosis made through post-mortem examination, while the rest (114/507) were incon-clusive. Just less than half (48.3%) of the calf carcasses presented had their age specified by the owners compared to 51.7% whose age was not specified. For calf carcasses whose age was specified by the owners, those indicated as more than 3 months were one-and-a-half times as many as those below 3 months old. The proportion of female carcasses (53.8%, 273/507) presented for post-mortem were slightly higher than the male carcasses (46.2%, 234/507). Diseases or conditions of the respiratory system were the most common 17.7% (97/507) while gastrointes- tinal tract (GIT) was second and affected 16.1 % (88/507) of the cases. Another small number, 3.3% (18/507), died from bloat giving the total cases associated with GIT as 19.4% (106/507). Severe calf malnutrition and septicaemia were the third most reported causes of calf mortality in similar proportions at 14.3% (78/507) and 14.4% (79/507), respectively. Other minor causes of calf mortality were tick-borne diseases 8.6% (47/507), helminthiasis and poisoning, 2.9% (16/507) and 1.8% (10/507), respectively.
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654 | 1993 | C.M. Mulei And G.K. Gitau. Antibiotic Sensitivity Of Aerobic Bacterial Organisms Isolated From Cows With Postpartum Vaginal Discharges And Their Implications In Therapy Of Uterine Infections In Kenya. Indian Veterinary Journal. (1993) 70: 999-1002. Click to View Abstract
Abstract The study reported data from 507 post-mortem records in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The records were from carcasses obtained from the peri-urban area of airobi during a 20-year period between 1990 and 2009. Approximately 80% (393/507) of the calf carcasses had their diagnosis made through post-mortem examination, while the rest (114/507) were incon-clusive. Just less than half (48.3%) of the calf carcasses presented had their age specified by the owners compared to 51.7% whose age was not specified. For calf carcasses whose age was specified by the owners, those indicated as more than 3 months were one-and-a-half times as many as those below 3 months old. The proportion of female carcasses (53.8%, 273/507) presented for post-mortem were slightly higher than the male carcasses (46.2%, 234/507). Diseases or conditions of the respiratory system were the most common 17.7% (97/507) while gastrointes- tinal tract (GIT) was second and affected 16.1 % (88/507) of the cases. Another small number, 3.3% (18/507), died from bloat giving the total cases associated with GIT as 19.4% (106/507). Severe calf malnutrition and septicaemia were the third most reported causes of calf mortality in similar proportions at 14.3% (78/507) and 14.4% (79/507), respectively. Other minor causes of calf mortality were tick-borne diseases 8.6% (47/507), helminthiasis and poisoning, 2.9% (16/507) and 1.8% (10/507), respectively.
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655 | 1993 | The Role Of African Evangelists And Teachers In The Development Of Western Education And Christianity In Nithi Division Of Meru District Of Kenya, 1907-1960 Click to View Abstract
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656 | 1993 | The Role Of African Evangelists And Teachers In The Development Of Western Education And Christianity In Nithi Division Of Meru District Of Kenya, 1907-1960 Click to View Abstract
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657 | 1993 | Mall - Scale Enterprise In Mining - Policy, Performance & Prospects In Zam Bia, Tanzania & Kenya Click to View Abstract
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658 | 1993 | The Reforms Of The Parastatal Sector In Nigeria & Kenya - Issues, Impact & Prospects Click to View Abstract
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659 | 1993 | Review Of Structural Adjustment Programmes - The Case Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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660 | 1993 | Les Fautes Servent Click to View Abstract
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661 | 1993 | Liberty In Traditional African Society With Special Reference To The Bukusu Community Click to View Abstract
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662 | 1993 | Anti - Mycotic Agents And Their Relevance To HIV – Infected Patients Click to View Abstract
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663 | 1993 | Kenya Click to View Abstract
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664 | 1993 | Exceptional Children: Developmental Consequences And Intervention. Click to View Abstract
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665 | 1993 | Population Growth And Agricultural Change In Kisii District, Kenya: A Sustained Symbiosis? Click to View Abstract
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666 | 1993 | Migration, Urbanization And Population Distribution Click to View Abstract
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667 | 1993 | Some Aspects Of Vegetation Structure In A High Altitude Tropical Lake Elementaita Drainage Basin, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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668 | 1993 | Towards Migration Research Networking In Eastern And Southern African Sub-regions Click to View Abstract
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669 | 1993 | “Kenya’s Media Language And Its Impact On The Democratization Process In Kenya” In A New Democratic Error? Click to View Abstract
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670 | 1993 | The Design Of A Regional Minimum Raingauge Network Click to View Abstract
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671 | 1993 | Dynamics Of The East African Climate Click to View Abstract
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672 | 1993 | Supervision To Bett, P.K. Food Preferences Of Acanthoscelides Obtectus (Celeoptera: Bruchidae), Oviposition Behaviour And Its Effects On Bean Varieties, MSc. - PASSED. Click to View Abstract
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673 | 1993 | Okalebo, J.R., Karanja, N.K., Gathua, K.W., Lekasi, J.K. And Woomer, P.L.,1993. The Use Of Manure And Fertilizer In Sustained Maize Production In Drylands Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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674 | 1993 | Inducible Humoral Antibacterial Immunity In Insects Click to View Abstract
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675 | 1993 | Biological Control: An Environmentally Safe Alternative To Chemical Pesticides Click to View Abstract
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676 | 1993 | The Role Of Indigenous Plant Extracts In Integrated Control Of African Livestock Ticks Click to View Abstract
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677 | 1993 | ’Formal Training Programs At PSRI’ Click to View Abstract
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678 | 1993 | Population Growth And Socio-economic Development Click to View Abstract
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679 | 1993 | Preliminary Observations On The Population Development Of Anystid And Free -living Mesostigmatic Mites In A Cereal Field In Southern England. Click to View Abstract
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680 | 1993 | Olaho-Mukani, W., Munyua,W.K., Njogu, A.R., And Mutugi, M.W. (1993): Comparison Of Antibody- And Antigen-detection Enzyme Immunoassays For The Detection Of Trypanosoma Evansi In Camels. Vet. Parasitol. 45: 231-240. Click to View Abstract
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681 | 1993 | Maingi, N, Munyua, W.K. And Gichohi, V.M. (1993). Prevalence And Levels Of Infection With Helminths In Sheep In Nyandarua District Of Kenya. Proc. Of 14th Inter. Conf. Of The World Association For The Advancement Of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) Au Click to View Abstract
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682 | 1993 | Munyua, W.K. (1993). Effects Of Morantel Sustained Release Bolus Against Gastrointestinal In Field Grazing Calves In Kiambu District, Kenya. Proc. Of The 14th Inter. Conf. Of The World Association For The Advancement Of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P. Click to View Abstract
n/a |
683 | 1993 | OKOTH, M.W. (Editor). KIFST Review, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1993 (71 Pp.). Click to View Abstract
n/a |
684 | 1993 | Engendering Democratization In Kenya: A Political Perspective Click to View Abstract
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685 | 1993 | The KenyaWomen's Movement In A Changing Political Context Click to View Abstract
n/a |
686 | 1993 | External Influence On The Political Economy Of Kenya: The Case Of MNCS, Click to View Abstract
n/a |
687 | 1993 | The Unfinished Democracy: The Gender Dimension Of Democratization In Kenya Click to View Abstract
n/a |
688 | 1993 | The Gender Dimension Of Democratization In Kenya: Some International Linkages Click to View Abstract
n/a |
689 | 1993 | Church And Human Rights: Political Social And Cultural Dimensions Click to View Abstract
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690 | 1993 | Introduction To Sociology, Click to View Abstract
n/a |
691 | 1993 | Karatina: Economic Changes And T Heir Impact On Economic Activities In Mathira Division, Nyer I District, 1902 - 1963 Click to View Abstract
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692 | 1993 | Women And Elections In Kenya Click to View Abstract
n/a |
693 | 1993 | Resource Centre For The Professionalisation And Marketing Of Sustainability In The Construction Industry In Kenya: A Project Appraisal Click to View Abstract
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694 | 1993 | Peripheral Plasma Concentration Of B-endorphin And Cortisol In Sows Around Weaning. Click to View Abstract
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695 | 1993 | Pharmacology Of Beta Adrenoreceptor Blocking Agents Click to View Abstract
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696 | 1993 | Women's Indigenous Knowledge In Management Of Natural Resources In Africa Click to View Abstract
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697 | 1993 | Fluoride And Abrasive Content In Community Used Dentifrices As The Kenya Market Click to View Abstract
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698 | 1993 | Background Study On Training And Employment Impli Cations Of The Districts Focus For Rural Development Strategy (DFRDS) In Kenya In The Seventh National Development Plan 1994 - 1997 On Employment And Human Resources Development For The Government Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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699 | 1993 | The Kenya Women's Movement In A Changing Political Context’ Click to View Abstract
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700 | 1993 | The Gender Dimension Of Democratization In Kenya: Some International Linkages Click to View Abstract
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701 | 1993 | Gender Studies In Africa At Crossroads? Click to View Abstract
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702 | 1993 | Gender Policy Interventions In The 7th Parliament" Click to View Abstract
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703 | 1993 | African Women In The Public Sector" Click to View Abstract
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704 | 1993 | 'Mainstreaming Gender Issues In The Democratization Agenda And National Development Policies: Some Strategies For Women’s Empowerment Click to View Abstract
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705 | 1993 | ’The Social And Political Challenges Of A New Kenya’’ Click to View Abstract
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706 | 1993 | Political Participation In Democratic Change From 1963 – 1993: Which Way Forward For Women?" Click to View Abstract
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707 | 1993 | Practices, Principles And Institutes Of Governance And Accountability In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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708 | 1993 | . Role Of Fine-needle Aspiration Biopsy In The Diagnosis Of Breast Lumps At The Kenyatta National Hospital. Click to View Abstract
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709 | 1993 | Quantitative Assessment Of Oestrogen And Progesterone Receptors On Fine-needle Aspirates And Cryostat Sections Of Breast Carcinomas: How Does This Compare With Biochemical Assays? Click to View Abstract
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710 | 1993 | Present Status Of Otters And Their Habitats In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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711 | 1993 | Plasma Cortisol, Luteinizing Hormone And Testosterone Levels In Human African Trypanosomiasis Patients From Western Kenya Click to View Abstract
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712 | 1993 | Isolation And Screening For Antibiotics From Soil Actinomycetes And Their Control Of Fusarium Wilt Of Carnation Click to View Abstract
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713 | 1993 | An Age Structured Population Model Click to View Abstract
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714 | 1993 | Development Of A Streamflow Model For Rural Catchments In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
A stream flow model was developed for use in rural catchments in Kenya. In the model the physical environment was divided into three zones: the unsaturated zone (consists of multiple hydrological response units defined by homogenous land use and soil type in which a daily soil moisture balance is maintained), shallow saturated and deep saturated zones which were modelled as regional aquifers. Rainfall and evapotranspiration were distributed according to altitude, and runoff was determined using the curve number method devised by the US Soil Conservation Service: a function of five-day antecedent precipitation. Evapotranspiration was varied according to the soil moisture content, and the weather generator allowed Monte Carol simulations over a long period. The data consisted of daily rainfall, mean daily evaporation for each month, land use/vegetation and soil type. The ARC-INFO GIS package was used to assemble the topographical, hydrological, land use/vegetation type and soil information in different layer. The model was tested on the Naro Moru catchment (172kn2) in Kenya, which has climatic conditions that vary from the glaciated peaks of Mount Kenya (5,200 m) to the semi-arid Laikipia plateau (1,800 m). The model was calibrated over a two-year period and validated over a different two-year period. A comparison of the observed and simulated stream flow showed that minimal calibration was required. The simulated stream flow compared well with the observed values for both the calibration and the validation periods (70-85% for the 10-day period) indicating that the model is appropriate for ungauged catchments.
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715 | 1993 | Climate Variations, Drought And Desertification Click to View Abstract
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716 | 1993 | Effects Of Supplemental Dietary Fat On Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Flow To The Duodenum, And Milk Yield And Composition Of Lactating Dairy Cows Click to View Abstract
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717 | 1993 | Erosion And Sedimentation Problems In The Arid And Semi-arid Lands Of Kenya. Click to View Abstract
This paper examine past and present trends in the development of Kenyan water resources, and the status of Kenya's arid and semi-arid lands. It considers the parameters linked with soil erosion and sedimentation processes and suggests means of combating the problem.
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718 | 1993 | Development Of A Streamflow Model For Rural Catchments In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
A stream flow model was developed for use in rural catchments in Kenya. In the model the physical environment was divided into three zones: the unsaturated zone (consists of multiple hydrological response units defined by homogenous land use and soil type in which a daily soil moisture balance is maintained), shallow saturated and deep saturated zones which were modelled as regional aquifers. Rainfall and evapotranspiration were distributed according to altitude, and runoff was determined using the curve number method devised by the US Soil Conservation Service: a function of five-day antecedent precipitation. Evapotranspiration was varied according to the soil moisture content, and the weather generator allowed Monte Carol simulations over a long period. The data consisted of daily rainfall, mean daily evaporation for each month, land use/vegetation and soil type. The ARC-INFO GIS package was used to assemble the topographical, hydrological, land use/vegetation type and soil information in different layer. The model was tested on the Naro Moru catchment (172kn2) in Kenya, which has climatic conditions that vary from the glaciated peaks of Mount Kenya (5,200 m) to the semi-arid Laikipia plateau (1,800 m). The model was calibrated over a two-year period and validated over a different two-year period. A comparison of the observed and simulated stream flow showed that minimal calibration was required. The simulated stream flow compared well with the observed values for both the calibration and the validation periods (70-85% for the 10-day period) indicating that the model is appropriate for ungauged catchments.
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719 | 1993 | Erosion And Sedimentation Problems In The Arid And Semi-arid Lands Of Kenya. Click to View Abstract
This paper examine past and present trends in the development of Kenyan water resources, and the status of Kenya's arid and semi-arid lands. It considers the parameters linked with soil erosion and sedimentation processes and suggests means of combating the problem.
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720 | 1993 | Marketing Options For Livestock Products: A Total Systems Cum-managerial Perspective Click to View Abstract
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721 | 1993 | WHO International Survey Of Orofacial Mutilations And NOMA (Cancrum Oris) At Kenyatta National Hospital. Click to View Abstract
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722 | 1993 | Political Restructuring And Development Process In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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723 | 1993 | Value Of Erect Lateral Pelvimetry In Management Of Patients With One Previous Cesarean Scar Click to View Abstract
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724 | 1993 | Value Of Erect Lateral Pelvimetry In Management Of Patients With One Previous Cesarean Scar Click to View Abstract
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725 | 1993 | Democratic Change In Africa: Women's Perspective Click to View Abstract
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726 | 1993 | From OAU To AU And NEPAD: Regional Integration Processes In Africa And African Women, Keynote Address Made At Regional Strategy Meeting Click to View Abstract
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727 | 1993 | Gender And Development: A FEMNET Manual For Trainers Click to View Abstract
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728 | 1993 | Gender And Development: The Femnet Model For Gender Responsive Planning, Programming, Advocacy, And Sensitization Click to View Abstract
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729 | 1993 | Field Survey Methods: Click to View Abstract
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730 | 1993 | Gender Roles In Agricultural Extension Click to View Abstract
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731 | 1993 | Kenya: Introduction Click to View Abstract
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732 | 1993 | Delineation Of Regional Rainfall Zones For Hydrological Studies In Uganda Click to View Abstract
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733 | 1993 | Diurnal Activity Of White-bellied Eupodotis Senegalensis And Kori Ardeotis Kori, Bustards Near Nairobi, Kenya Click to View Abstract
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734 | 1993 | The Ecological Role Of The Mangroves In The Capture Marine Fisheries Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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735 | 1993 | Transsexual Surgery: A Case Of True Gender Dysphoria Click to View Abstract
A 28 year old male was screened, investigated and diagnosed as a case of true gender dysphoria. Subsequently he was operated and transsexual surgery successfully carried out. Four years after surgery, the patient has been followed up and found to be living a normal life as a female
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736 | 1993 | Acitivity Of Gardenia Jovis Tonantis On Isolated Rabbit Ileum And Rat Phrenic Nerve Diaphram Click to View Abstract
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737 | 1993 | Mission In African Christianity : Critical Essays In Methodology; Uzima Press Click to View Abstract
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738 | 1993 | Needs Assessment Rusinga Island Click to View Abstract
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739 | 1993 | Monitoring Of Mountainous Resources By Remote Sensing, A Study Of The Variations Of Mount Kenya S Glaciers Click to View Abstract
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740 | 1993 | Lithostratigraphic Formations Of The Archaean Sedimentary Rocks Of Western Kenya Click to View Abstract
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741 | 1993 | Okot P'Bitek On Trial: A Biographical Play Click to View Abstract
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742 | 1993 | Magneto-hydrodynamic Steady Flow Of Liquid Between Two Parallel Plates Click to View Abstract
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743 | 1993 | Non-motorized Urban Transport: The Central Business District - A Designer’s Perspective Click to View Abstract
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744 | 1993 | Acquired Tetracycline Resistance Genes In Nosocomial Salmonella Typhimurium Infection In A Kenyan Hospital. Click to View Abstract
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745 | 1993 | Surgical Aspects Of Live Donor Kidney Transplants In Kenya Click to View Abstract
Review of twenty cases of live-donor kidney transplants in Kenya for a period of 5 years (1985-1989) and the follow up study results revealed that there were both high graft losses, high morbidity and mortality due to various complications pertaining to surgery and immunosuppression. The most serious complications were intercurrent infections, acute or chronic rejection, pulmonary embolism, steroid induced diabetes, pneumonia, and myocardial infarction. At the end of the first year follow up, there were only twelve graft patients alive. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was not available for assessing the anatomical and functional behaviour of the transplanted kidneys. This would have assisted in early diagnosis of the degree and onset of rejection for appropriate treatment before the death of the allografts. It would also assist in differentiating perfusional problems from rejection.
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746 | 1993 | Policy Options For Scientific And Technological Capacity-building Click to View Abstract
The ability of policies on biodiversity prospecting to contribute over the long term to economic development, conservation and the equitable sharing of genetic resources is examined. Consideration is given to: national innovation policy and biodiversity, the linkage of biotechnology to biodiversity, biotechnology transfer, technology assessment, and blind alleys and windows of opportunity. The discussion underlines that biodiversity prospecting will not contribute much to developing countries unless it helps them accumulate technological capacity through training programmes and technology development through scientific innovation. In order that national biotechnology policies enhance biodiversity prospecting much attention needs to be paid to human resource development, technological innovation, legal and institutional reforms, biotechnology regulation and intellectual property management. The experiences of INBio (Costa Rica's National Biodiversity Institute), a pilot technology transfer project, are discussed
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747 | 1993 | Professional Sustainability In Constrained Environments Click to View Abstract
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748 | 1993 | The Role Of Small And Intermediate Urban Centres In Economic Recovery And Regional Development In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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749 | 1993 | Photosynthesis And Water Relations Of Two Savanna Grasses As Influenced By Shade And Water Stress Click to View Abstract
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750 | 1993 | Sediment Sources To Masinga Dam Click to View Abstract
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751 | 1993 | The Problem Of Coastal Erosion And Flooding In Eastern Africa Click to View Abstract
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752 | 1993 | Situation Of Women And The Media In Africa Click to View Abstract
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753 | 1993 | Relationship Between Rainfall Anomalies In Eastern And Southern Africa And El-Nino Southern Oscillation. Ibid Click to View Abstract
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754 | 1993 | The Breaking Strength And Resistance To Abrasion Of Some Casting Bandages Click to View Abstract
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755 | 1993 | Agricultural Education And Training For Rural Development In Africa. Click to View Abstract
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756 | 1993 | Y Chromosome Loss In Esophageal Carcinoma: An In Situ Hybridization Study Click to View Abstract
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757 | 1993 | Trends In Low Cost Housing In Africa Click to View Abstract
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758 | 1993 | Stratigraphy And Sedimentology Of The Archaean Greenstone Belt Of Western Kenya Click to View Abstract
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759 | 1993 | Achievements And Constraints Of Structural Adjustment On The Micro-economy In Africa: Perspectives Of Small Entrepreneurs And Farmers. Chapter In Foundation For Advanced Studies On International Development (FASID). JICA Click to View Abstract
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760 | 1993 | Woodfuel Situation In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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761 | 1993 | Centrum Poisoning In A Youg Horse- A Case Report. Click to View Abstract
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762 | 1993 | Validity Of The ENSO-related Impacts In Eastern And Southern Africa. Click to View Abstract
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763 | 1993 | Urbanization And Urban Development Strategies In East Africa Click to View Abstract
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764 | 1993 | Urban Public Transport In Nairobi, Kenya Click to View Abstract
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765 | 1993 | Urban Public Transport In Nairobi, Kenya Click to View Abstract
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766 | 1993 | Tillage Methods And Soil And Water Conservation In Eastern Africa Click to View Abstract
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767 | 1993 | A Static Dynamic Model For Densification Of Geodetic Networks. Click to View Abstract
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768 | 1993 | Combine Harvester Reel Stagger - II Empirical Study On Crop Stem Deflection And Application Of The Results For Reel Stagger Determination Click to View Abstract
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769 | 1993 | Communication And Journalism Curricula In Africa: The Case Of Kenya, Uganda And Tanzania Click to View Abstract
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770 | 1993 | Survey Of The Pests And Current Control Measures Of Major Pests Of French Beans Click to View Abstract
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771 | 1993 | A Study Of Storage Bruchids(Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Infesting Cowpeas(Vigna Unguiculata(L.) Walp.) In Kenya And Their Control Click to View Abstract
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772 | 1993 | Real Estate Sub-markets Click to View Abstract
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773 | 1993 | SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE SOILS (0-20 Cm) OF THE SELECTED SITES AT KIMUTWA AND MASH IN Click to View Abstract
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774 | 1993 | Benzidine Catalysis Of Aniline Electro- Polymerization On A Carbon Graphite Electrode Click to View Abstract
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775 | 1993 | Demographic Profile And Human Resource Base In Nyanza Province, Kenya Click to View Abstract
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776 | 1993 | Soil Cover For Improved Productivity: Attractive Water And Soil Conservation For The Drylands In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
The importance of soil cover and topsoil management for soil and water conservation was studied in catchment and test plot studies and infiltration trials in the west and north of Mount Kenya. The short-term improvement of productivity through specific biological and management measures is discussed along with aspects of long-term sustainable development for implementation programmes. Results show that permanent grass cover (50%) reduced catchment runoff rates to less than one third and erosion rates to less than one in thirty of that from an overgrazed area with a cover of less than 10%. Infiltration on different soil types increased 3-12 times under permanent cover compared to that under overgrazed land. Monitoring of cropland productivity under different conservation measures illustrated the potential of mulching/minimum tillage and agroforestry systems to double yields with no additional input, compared to local practices
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777 | 1993 | Antibody To Rmp (outer Membrane Protein 3) Increases Susceptibility To Gonococcal Infection Click to View Abstract
The severe adverse effects of gonococcal infection on human fertility suggests that Neisseria gonorrhoeae would exert powerful selection for the development of a protective immune response in humans. N. gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen and must persist in humans to survive. Since it is an ecologically successful organism, it must have evolved strategies to evade any human immune response it elicits. In a longitudinal study among 243 women working as prostitutes and experiencing frequent gonococcal infection, younger women, women with HIV infection, and women with antibody to the gonococcal outer membrane protein 3 (Rmp) were at increased risk of infection (adjusted odds ratio 3.4, CI95% 1.1-10.4, P < 0.05). Rmp is highly conserved in N. gonorrhoeae and the blocking of mucosal defences may be one of its functions. As similar proteins occur in many gram negative mucosal pathogens, the enhancing effect of such proteins may be a general strategy whereby bacteria evade human immune responses.
PIP:
Between March 1985 and July 1986 researchers enrolled 243 female prostitutes in Pumwani community of Nairobi, Kenya, in a longitudinal study to examine the relationship between the antibody to the gonococcal outer membrane protein 3 (Rmp Ab) and gonococcal mucosal infection. Few women used condoms. 69% were HIV-1 seropositive. Just 9.5% (23) of the women had not had any gonococcal infections, despite probable exposure to them, indicating the possibility of some acquired protective immunity to Neisseria gonorrhoea. 90.5% had had at least 1 gonococcal infection. Women with Rmp Ab faced a greater risk of gonococcal infection than those who were Rmp Ab negative (OR = 3.4;l p .05), denoting that Rmp Ab increases susceptibility to gonococcal mucosal infections. Women older than 29 years were at lower risk of gonococcal infection than those younger than 29 years (odds ratio [OR] = 0.3; p .03). Women who used oral contraceptives (OCs) were also likely to be infected with N. gonorrhoea (OR = 3; p = .062). Further, 31% of OC users had cervical ectopy compared to just 14% of nonusers (OR = 2.8; p .005), suggesting that the effect of OCs on the cervix make it more susceptible to gonococcal infection. Rmp Ab also exists in many other gram-negative mucosal pathogens, often playing the same role as it does in N. gonorrhoea infection. Thus, Rmp Ab may be a common scheme bacteria used to elude human immune responses. These findings provide more understanding as to why N. gonorrhoea is an ecologically successful human pathogen
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778 | 1993 | Developments In International Environmental Law: Towards A Convention To Combat Desertification Click to View Abstract
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779 | 1993 | The Relationship Between Tooth Brushing Frequency And Personal Higiene Habits In Teenagers Click to View Abstract
A Survey of 904, 14•17 year old school children from secondary schools around Nairobi was dose to find out if there was any relationship between toothbrushing frequency and person •• 1 hygeine habits. The students completed a questionnaire anonymously in class. Female students brushed their teeth more often than the male students. 62.2% of the females and 50.1 % of the males brushed their teeth more than once a day. Of those students who brushed their teeth more than once a day, 52% bathed daily, 22% used perfumes/deodorants daily and 50.1 % always washed their hands after visiting the lavatory. No relationship was found between washing of hair and toothbrushing frequency, 69.7% males and 53.2% females gave toothache and toothdecay as the main reasons for mouth care. Those who brushed their teeth more frequently also visited the medical doctor regularly for routine check-ups. These findings indicated that toothbrushing was closely related to personal hygeine habits.
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780 | 1993 | Children's Intellectual Needs: A Case Of Short And Other Oral Literature Click to View Abstract
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781 | 1993 | Routine Oxygen Consumption In Different Sizes Of A Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus (Trewavas) Using The Closed Chamber Respiratory Method. Click to View Abstract
Routine oxygen consumption (Vo2) measurements on 54 specimens (0.055-190.4 g) of a tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas) were carried out using two different types of closed respirometers: a modified cuvette for fish weighing 0.055-0.91 g and ordinary closed chamber respirometer for fish weighing more than 1 g. Vo2 values over the weight range studied had a scaling value of 0.743 which relates closely to the values for the gill respiratory surface area and morphometric oxygen diffusing capacity of O. niloticus in a previous study /13/. This shows that a close relationship exists between changes in structural parameters involved in oxygen uptake and the routine metabolism of O. niloticus with development. The values for routine Vo2 of 1.38 and 7.65 ml/h for 10 g and 100 g fish, respectively (calculated from the regression equation) show that O. niloticus is a moderately active fish.
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782 | 1993 | Recognition Of Illness In Very Young Infants By Inexperienced Health Workers Click to View Abstract
To determine whether inexperienced health workers can recognize severe infection in infants less than 3 months of age, a study was conducted of 200 infants with cough, fever or 'not feeling well'. The presence or absence of five symptoms: cough, difficulty in breathing, feeding problem, fever or history of convulsions, and ten signs: appearing ill, respiratory rate > or = 60/min, chest indrawing, grunting, cyanosis, wheeze, lethargy, 'too hot', 'too cold' or abdominal distension, were recorded by a health worker, who made a diagnosis of 'ill' or 'mildly ill'. Each infant was then reviewed by an experienced paediatrician who made a diagnosis of 'ill' (pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis or other severe illness) or 'mildly ill'. Using these diagnoses as the 'gold standard', the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of each parameter were calculated. In 89% of the 200 infants, the health worker made the correct diagnosis. Forty infants were admitted. In 36 instances (90%) the health worker made the correct decision. The most discriminating symptoms and signs were 'not feeding well', 'appears ill', chest indrawing and grunting. A respiratory rate > or = 60/min was 78% sensitive and 69% specific. Our study suggests that inexperienced health workers can recognize severe illness in infants under 3 months of age.
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783 | 1993 | Recognition Of Illness In Very Young Infants By Inexperienced Health Workers Click to View Abstract
To determine whether inexperienced health workers can recognize severe infection in infants less than 3 months of age, a study was conducted of 200 infants with cough, fever or 'not feeling well'. The presence or absence of five symptoms: cough, difficulty in breathing, feeding problem, fever or history of convulsions, and ten signs: appearing ill, respiratory rate > or = 60/min, chest indrawing, grunting, cyanosis, wheeze, lethargy, 'too hot', 'too cold' or abdominal distension, were recorded by a health worker, who made a diagnosis of 'ill' or 'mildly ill'. Each infant was then reviewed by an experienced paediatrician who made a diagnosis of 'ill' (pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis or other severe illness) or 'mildly ill'. Using these diagnoses as the 'gold standard', the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of each parameter were calculated. In 89% of the 200 infants, the health worker made the correct diagnosis. Forty infants were admitted. In 36 instances (90%) the health worker made the correct decision. The most discriminating symptoms and signs were 'not feeding well', 'appears ill', chest indrawing and grunting. A respiratory rate > or = 60/min was 78% sensitive and 69% specific. Our study suggests that inexperienced health workers can recognize severe illness in infants under 3 months of age.
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784 | 1993 | Recent Epidemic Meningococcal Meningitis In Nairobi Click to View Abstract
This is a prospective study of the recent explosive epidemic of group A meningococcal meningitis that occurred in Nairobi from April 1989 to January 1990. It was compared with previous less explosive outbreaks that occurred from 1975 to 1981. The recent epidemic was correlated to its Neisseria meningiriais carrier status among case-control samples with carrier rate in nasopharyngeal respiratory pathogens of children born of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) positive and negative mothers at about the same time of the outbreak. The effect of mass vaccination on the course of the outbreak is presented on selected affected areas of Nairobi city residents who were offered the bivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine against serotype A and C
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785 | 1993 | Recent Epidemic Meningococcal Meningitis In Nairobi Click to View Abstract
This is a prospective study of the recent explosive epidemic of group A meningococcal meningitis that occurred in Nairobi from April 1989 to January 1990. It was compared with previous less explosive outbreaks that occurred from 1975 to 1981. The recent epidemic was correlated to its Neisseria meningiriais carrier status among case-control samples with carrier rate in nasopharyngeal respiratory pathogens of children born of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) positive and negative mothers at about the same time of the outbreak. The effect of mass vaccination on the course of the outbreak is presented on selected affected areas of Nairobi city residents who were offered the bivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine against serotype A and C
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786 | 1993 | Risk Factors For Infection And Disease With The Malaria Parasite In Children Less Than Five Years Of Age In Kisumu District Nyanza Province Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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787 | 1993 | A Model For The Establishment Of An Integrated Regional Geodetic Datum. Click to View Abstract
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788 | 1993 | RETROSPECTIVE PREVALENCE STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RIFT-VALLEY FEVER VIRUS IN KENYA Click to View Abstract
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789 | 1993 | Response Of Striga Hermonthica Seeds To Different Germination Stimulants And Concentrations Click to View Abstract
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790 | 1993 | Mechanisms Governing Alkali Metal Capture By Kaolinite In A Downflow Combustor Click to View Abstract
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791 | 1993 | Resistance To Abrasion Of Plaster Casting Bandages Available In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Five plaster of Paris casting bandages including Nairobi Enterprises, Salvagyps, Helm, Plasrun-gyps and Veronese, available on the Kenyan market were evaluated based on their resistance to abrasion. The mean loss in mass per square area for Nairobi Enterprises and Salvagyps was significantly lower (p
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792 | 1993 | Maintenance Of Urban Residential Property In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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793 | 1993 | Research On Indigenous Food Plants Click to View Abstract
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794 | 1993 | Radiation Dose As A Factor In The Choice Of Routine Pre-operative Dental Radiographs Click to View Abstract
Radiation doses received by patients during dental x-ray examinations were measured in 95 patients referred to the X-ray Department of the Teaching Dental Hospital, University of Nairobi. The mean skin dose for single periapical films was 5.96 milligray (596 millirads) with the bitewing view recording a mean dose of 5.57 milligray (mGy). During a 14-film full-mouth periapical survey, mean doses ranged from 10.3-16.2 mGy for the upper jaw and 10.1-13.5 mGy for the lower jaw, respectively, depending on the region of dentition. In these full-mouth examinations, the distribution of skin dose over different parts of the dentition showed a characteristic pattern which may be explained by the overlap of radiation fields in the aggregated series of exposure. Orthopantomography recorded lower mean skin doses of 3.26 mGy in the molar region and 2.67 mGy at the posterior midline at the level of the 2nd cervical vertebra. The relative merits of intra-oral radiography versus orthopantomography are discussed, with radiation dosage as one of the factors to be considered. Some observations are made on measures to reduce patient dose
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795 | 1993 | Cardiovascular Features In Adolescents And Adults With Sickle Cell Anaemia Click to View Abstract
Fifty five sickle cell anaemia (SCA) patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital were studied with a view to elucidating their cardiovascular status. Their age range was 13 to 27 years (median 18.9 years). They comprised 27 males and 28 females and their mean haemoglobin concentration was 8.5 +/- 1.4 g/dl. Haemoglobin level of 8.0-9.9 g/dl seen in 30 patients was noted to confer the lowest incidence of exertional dyspnoea and palpitation. Similarly, patients with this haemoglobin level had the lowest mean heart rate. The mean blood pressure was 114.9 +/- 9.9 mmHg systolic and 64.6 +/- 10 mmHg diastolic. Blood pressures, ejection fraction (EF) and differential fibre shortening (%D) were found to be directly related to haemoglobin level, whereas cardio-thoracic index (CTI) and left ventricular dimensions were inversely related to haemoglobin level. Mean echocardiographic measurements were within normal limits and left ventricular functions were found to be normal in 80.9% of the patients indicating that the majority of SCA patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital have good cardiac function
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796 | 1993 | Use Of Medicinal Plants: Kenya Click to View Abstract
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797 | 1993 | History Of Spread Of Islam On The East African Coas Click to View Abstract
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798 | 1993 | Radiological Evaluation Of Plaster Cast Bandages Click to View Abstract
Five plaster of Paris casting bandages including Nairobi Enterprises, salvagyps, helm, Plasrunpgyps and Veronese, available on the Kenyan market were evaluated based on their resistance to abrasion. The mean loss in mass per square area for Nairobi enterprises and Salvagyps was significantly lower (P<0.05) indicating that these two products were more resistance to abrasion. A new method of evaluation of resistance to abrasion is also described
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799 | 1993 | Hepatic Coma As A Presenting Feature Of Constrictive Pericarditis Click to View Abstract
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800 | 1993 | Problems Of River-water Management For A Basin West Of Mount Kenya: Challenge To Water Resource Planners. Click to View Abstract
A case study was conducted in two reaches in the Naro Moru river basin, which extends from the humid western slopes of Mount Kenya to the semi-arid Laikipia plateau. The study involved measuring the amount of water abstracted from all abstraction points, as well as river discharge, for a period of eight months starting from November 1990. Results showed that the amount of water abstracted from each reach as a percentage of the available river inflow rose from 10% at the end of the wet season to over 60% at the end of the dry season. A survey of water permits revealed that legal abstractions constituted 30% of the amount abstracted during the wet season, but only 8% of the dry season abstractions. Communal water supply systems taking water for domestic use, for watering livestock and for irrigation accounted for over 90% of the water that was abstracted from the river during the period of study.
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801 | 1993 | Ceftriaxone No Longer Predictably Cures Chancroid In Kenya Click to View Abstract
Ceftriaxone in a dose of 250 mg given intramuscularly is currently recommended for the treatment of chancroid. Among 133 men in Nairobi, Kenya, with culture-proven chancroid, who were treated with ceftriaxone, treatment failed in 35%. Poor outcome was associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositivity. Thus, treatment recommendations for chancroid should be reevaluated.
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802 | 1993 | Primary Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Of The Mandible Click to View Abstract
A case report of a primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) in the mandible of a young adult male is presented and relevant literature reviewed. The clinical presentation and course of the case is typical of MFH of the jaw as reported in the literature.
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803 | 1993 | Developing An Integrated Monitoring Programme For Waterbirds In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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804 | 1993 | Preliminary Findings From An Experimental Study Of Caprine Besnoitiosis In Kenya Click to View Abstract
Inoculation of cystozoites obtained from natural, chronic cases of caprine besnoitiosis produced clinical disease in goats but not in rabbits, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats or cattle. Histological examination of tissue sections from the experimental animals showedBesnoitia cysts only in goats. This, together with field observations that cattle reared together with goats having besnoitiosis do not contract the disease, suggests that theBesnoitia species that infects goats in Kenya is host-specific and is notBesnoitia besnoiti. We suggest that the nameBesnoitia caprae be adopted for the caprine pathogen.
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805 | 1993 | An Inventory And Appraisal Of Demographic And Socio-Economic Data Base For Development Planning In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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806 | 1993 | Planning Irrigation Cropping Systems Click to View Abstract
Farmers of the Sagana irrigation project, Kenya, have identified fluctuating and low prices for their agricultural produce as their main constraint. This paper reports results from a study carried out to identify an alternative cropping system that could be used to optimize their returns by harvesting their crops when the market price is highest. The study shows that there is a complex interaction of factors affecting the selection of a cropping system: climatic, water requirements, marketing and farmer preferences. It also illustrates how proper planning of the cropping calendar can reduce irrigation water requirements and maximize project benefits.
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807 | 1993 | • Laboratory Calibration Of A Tipping-bucket Device And Sediment Sampling Tube For Soil Erosion Plots. Click to View Abstract
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808 | 1993 | • Laboratory Calibration Of A Tipping-bucket Device And Sediment Sampling Tube For Soil Erosion Plots. Click to View Abstract
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809 | 1993 | The Effects Of Nutrient Solution Acic{ity (l'il}, Aluminium Content Taproot Elongation, Formation On Field Rosecoco F)iscovery And Innovatior Vol. 5 No. 1 March 1993 Rcrct Crowth In Irhosroils R,l.tlgatis L. Cv Roser-trco 35 And Rhizobium Inoculati*n Rrn Click to View Abstract
The effects of nutrient solution pH.aluminium concentration and Rhizobium irr6ttrrlalis.,i i,i1 !-rl\rir::f r,16;11g6{i111r, rgi1t p:rt-,wth and nqltrle ftrrmatittn on field beans (Plrascolrts ttulgaris L). cv Rosecoco, Ct.l, 2lyyc ., .., ,.ii;, li",! i;r i'r grr,fitlrr;rrsr' Ilrere was a highly significant reduction (p < 0.001) of the mean taproot length. lVith res1..,,,,'l t'i nutrient solution afli(ri,t, the highest mean taprrxtt length was observed at pH 4.0. These differences were attlitruil .r !,r i|16, exis{:ence of forrns of Al having varying degrees of toxicity, controlled by the ptl of the nutrient solutirxr. 'l'he c*o,.r,nlration of Al in ttrr: nrrtriept solution did not affect the mean root dry matter weight significantly but affected thc nlr.li,lo lrumbers wltirh dpcr+,ased as the concentration of this eleme,nt increased in the nutrient solution. The highest ntean trrurl!q,r,r.rf rro,;lrrles li:rrtred was 13.12 at pH 5.8 and 0 ppm Al. Field beans cultivar "Rosecoco", CLP 2, showed a poor teslxlrrse trr irirN:ui;rtiorr corlparxl tg pthers. Nutrient solution acidity inhibited nodulation of the beans. It is suggested that tlre inhibitliy efft,::t *f Al nray d;:pend on the sPecific ionic form of this element apart from its concentration and pH of the nutrient sr,iiir,ir;i;.
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810 | 1993 | Use Of A Prepaid Cellulase Solution For Screening Forage Grass Germplasm For Digestibilit Click to View Abstract
A reliable rapid and inexpensive laboratory procedure is needed to screen native African forage grass species for forage quality. This study determined the potential of using a prepared cellulase solution to assess in vitro dry matter solubility of 22 native Kenyan forage grasses and 18 native warm season grasses from Missouri, USA. A prepared cellulase solution was used for screening the grass species for digestibility using two procedures. One procedure involved digesting grass samples in prepared cellulose solution without any pre-treatment (CSD), and the other procedure used an acid pepsin pretreatment prior to digestion in the prepared cellulose solution (APCS). The CSD procedures in comparison to APCS generally underestimated in vitro dry matter solubility by a rand of up to 23%. The variations were highly species dependent. Although the APCS procedure more time consuming, it made it possible to identify a group of species resolvable into high (42.6-61.4%), medium (36-40%) and low (29-34%) digestibility. With intensified efforts it is possible for one person to obtain in vitro dry matter solubility estimates on up to 200 samples in 30 days with minimal expense. Results of this investigation points to the end need for further research on the potential of the two digestibility procedures for rationalizing numbers in germplasm collection for initial screening
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811 | 1993 | Quantifying The Returns On Soil Conservation In Kitui And Machakos Areas Of Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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812 | 1993 | Quantifying The Returns On Soil Conservation In Kitui And Machakos Areas Of Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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813 | 1993 | Quantifying The Returns On Soil Conservation In Kitui And Machakos Areas Of Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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814 | 1993 | Towards A Systems Approach In Population Dynamics Research In Sub-Saharan Africa Click to View Abstract
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815 | 1993 | Effects Of Temperature On Germination Of Seeds Of Three Pigeonpea (Cajanus Cajant Genotypes Click to View Abstract
Two sets of incubator experiments to determine the effects of temperature on germination of three pigeonpea genotype seeds were carried out in the Crop Science Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi. The pigeonpea genotypes were NPP 670, Katheka and Kioko. In the first set of experiments, the pigeonpea seeds were germinated at 15, 20,25,30,35 and 40°C in darkness. In the second set of experiments the seeds were germinated at different 12 hour day and 12 hour night temperature combinations of 15/15, 20/15, 25/15, 30/15, 20/20°C, 25/20, 30/20 and 35/20°C for day and night, respectively. A broad temperature range (20-35°C and 20/15°C to 30/20°C day/night) maximum 13-day germination was obtained for all genotypes. Overall genotype NPP 670 had the highest per cent germination while Kioko had the lowest. However, Kioko had the highest per cent germination at 15°e. Initial germination was delayed at 15°C and 40°C for all genotypes. Time to 50 per cent germination was only Significantly (P = 0.05) increased at 15°C. Maximum per cent germination was observed at 25°C. At 40°C, genotypes Kioko and Katheka seeds imbibed water at a faster rate and exuded brownish substances that started smelling after 36 hours. A bacterial ooze from the seeds was observed for genotype Ka theka at 30°C, 20/15 and 25/ 20°e. NPP 670 showed low amounts of the bacterial ooze at all temperatures. The bacteria fluoresced under ultraviolet light suggesting that they belonged to the Pseudomonadaceae family. The results showed that per cent germination of pigeonpea seeds is decreased by both low and high temperatures. Other factors which include presence of seed borne micro-organisms may also affect the germination of seeds
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816 | 1993 | Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Decisions On Small Ruminant Production By Smallscale Farmers In West Laikipia Click to View Abstract
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817 | 1993 | State Policy And Urban Housing: Institutional Framework As A Bottleneck To Implementation Click to View Abstract
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818 | 1993 | Some Reflections On Social Research Questionnaire Design And Computer Data Analysis. Paper Presented At Women And Law In East Africa Regional Methodology Workshop Held At The British Council Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Click to View Abstract
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819 | 1993 | English Language As A Tool For Transition Click to View Abstract
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820 | 1993 | Language And Social Change Click to View Abstract
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821 | 1993 | Language Use And Language D Evelopment - Review Of Soci Olinguistic Theory Click to View Abstract
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822 | 1993 | Inhibition Of Blood Meal Digestion In Tsetse Fly Glossina Morsitans Centralis Fed On Rabbits Immunized With Tsetse Mid Gut Proteins Click to View Abstract
The human body louse, Pediculus humanus, showed eighteen midgut proteins ranging between 12 and 117 kDa, when analysed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Seven of them (12 kDa, 17 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 55 kDa and 97 kDa) were major bands based on their intensity of staining. The immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract elicited the production of protective polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies reacted strongly with all major midgut proteins as well as with 63 kDa and 117 kDa proteins when tested by the Western blot technique. The analysis of the proteins revealed that the 12 kDa, 25 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 45 kDa, 87 kDa and 97 kDa proteins are glycosylated and none of them contained a lipid moiety. By electroelution, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa were purified. On trypsinization, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa produced four major fragments (F1, F2, F3, and F4) when resolved on a 18% SDS-PAGE. The F1 fragment of the 35 kDa protein reacted with the polyclonal antibodies by the immunoblot technique.
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823 | 1993 | Agricultural Transformation In Africa: Proceedings Of The Seminar On Agricultural Transformation In Africa Click to View Abstract
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824 | 1993 | Postpartum Counselling Of HIV Infected Women And Their Subsequent Reproductive Behaviour Click to View Abstract
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825 | 1993 | Literature As A Socializing Agent In Children Click to View Abstract
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826 | 1993 | Pathogenicity Of Beauveria Bassiana, Metarhizium Anisopliae And Serratia Marcescens To The Banana Weevil Cosmopolites Sordidus Click to View Abstract
Two exotic fungal isolates, one of Beauveria bassiana (268–86) and another of Metarhizium anisopliae (100–82), three local isolates of B. bassiana (isolates I, II, III) and one of the entomogenous bacteria Serratia marcescens, were tested for pathogenicity against the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus. All four isolates of B. bassiana and the one of M. anisopliae were found to be pathogenic to third—instar larvae of C. sordidus, causing mortalities of 98–100% by 9 days post—exposure to dry fungal spores. M. anisopliae was the least pathogenic to larvae with LT50 of 4.2 days, compared to 3.5, 3.3, 3.6 and 4.0 respectively for isolates I, II, III and 268–86. B. bassiana was also pathogenic to adult C. sordidus, causing mortalities varying from 63–97% by 35 days post—exposure depending on isolate. As for larvae M. anisopliae exhibited low pathogenicity for the adult C. sordidus. In general, all the fungi tested were less pathogenic to adult weevils (LT50 = 17.5; 12.5; 8.0 and 22.0 days) for isolates I, II, III and 268–86 respectively, while isolate 100–82 failed to kill 50% of adults even by 35 days post—exposure. Incubation of dead weevils in a moist environment led to development of surface mycelia starting from intersegmental junctions. Histopathology revealed extensive destruction of internal organs by hyphae which invaded most of the organs. The LT50 for S. marcescens against C. sordidus larvae was 2.8 days. However, the bacterium did not kill adult C. sordidus even at 10 times the concentration applied on larvae.
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827 | 1993 | Research Proposal And Solicitation Of Research Funds Click to View Abstract
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828 | 1993 | Making Decisions On Health Care Household Management Of Malaria And Viscerol Click to View Abstract
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829 | 1993 | Electrochemical Degradation Of A Metallated Polyaniline Click to View Abstract
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830 | 1993 | Performance Of Crushed Coconut Shell As Coarse Media In Dual Media Filters Click to View Abstract
Filtration accounts for a substantial portion of water treatment cost. The dual media filter, by operating at a higher filtration rate than the conventional rapid sand filter, can reduce the cost of filtration considerably. However, use of the dual media filter in Kenya is limited by lack of suitable material for use as coarse media. In this study, pilot plant filtration tests have been carried out to investigate the performance of crushed coconut shell as coarse media in dual media filters. Filtration rate, size of crushed coconut shell, relative depth of media and backwash requirements have been investigated. A dual media filter with equal depths of 1.20 rom effective size crushed coconut shell and 0.42 romeffective size sand was found to give the best performance. The filter was found to operate at 2.4 times the filtration rate of the conventional rapid sand filter while maintaining the same effluent quality and length. of filter runs as the rapid sand filter. The filter also required a smaller percentage of filtered water for backwashing than the rapid sand filter. Durability tests on crushed coconut shell media have indicated that the media would be durable against microbiological degradation while in service. Scrapping off the less compact surface layer of the shell was found to improve the durability of the media
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831 | 1993 | Mechanical Strength Of Some Plaster Of Paris Casts Click to View Abstract
Five plaster of Paris casting bandages including Nairobi Enterprises, Salvagyps, Helm, Plasrum-gyps and Veronese, available on the Kenyan market were evaluated based on breaking strength. Helm plaster of Paris had a significantly higher mean maximum load compared to all the other products (p-0.050. Plasrun-gyps supported the highest mean maximum load per unit thickness. Based on this study, Helm and Plasrun-gyps are recommended as more suitable for cast application on the basis of their superior breaking strength.
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832 | 1993 | HIV Disease In Africans Of High Social Class Click to View Abstract
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833 | 1993 | Carbohydrate And Phenolic Constituents In Rapeseed And Their Nutritional Significance For Poultry Click to View Abstract
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834 | 1993 | Agricultural Sector Development Click to View Abstract
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835 | 1993 | Cattle Gastrointestinal Helminths On Some Farms In Njabini Area Of Kinangop Division, Nyandarua District, Kenya Click to View Abstract
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836 | 1993 | The Clinical Manifestation Of Infectious Bursal Disease In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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837 | 1993 | Common Gastrointestinal Parasites In Donkeys In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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838 | 1993 | Community Breeding Of Livestock Pays Off In Ethiopia Click to View Abstract
On 15 and 16 November 2011, the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) held a workshop on Sharing Research Results on Trypanotolerance in Indigenous Cattle Breeds and Experiences of Community Based Breed Improvement of Indigenous Sheep in Ethiopia. Here Okeyo Mwai from ILRI explains the importance of community breeding programs.
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839 | 1993 | Women's Groups Movement Activities: Achievements And Obstacles Click to View Abstract
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840 | 1993 | Terrace Riser Stabilization And Fodder Production Click to View Abstract
This paper describes a completely randomized block experiment that was laid out on four terraces at the Kabete campus, Kenya, to test the suitability of seven plant spp. (Tripsacum laxum, Brachiaria decumbens, Panicum trichocladum, Pennisetum purpureum, Setaria anceps, Brachiaria humidicola and Panicum coloratum var. Makarikariense) for riser stabilization and fodder production. A further treatment, stone pitching, was used as a control. The trial was started in the short rains of 1982 and the land between the risers was cropped, with maize, beans or sunflowers, for the next 12 seasons. In three seasons the rains failed and in four seasons the rains were poor. Observations were made of plant cover and persistence and fodder yields were measured. The impact of the fodder on the adjacent crops was assessed by measuring crop yields in the adjacent rows. The results show that of the fodder grasses that were most vigorous and productive, (P. purpureum and T. laxum) caused greatest depression in crop yield. In seasons of low rainfall, the control showed significantly better crop yield mainly due to lack of competition for water. Of the grasses tested, B. decumbens exhibited best cover and persistence. The costs and benefits of bench-type terracing in terms of loss of cropping area and gain in fodder area are briefly discussed.
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841 | 1993 | The Politics Of Structural Adjustment In Kenya. The Case Of Cost-sharing In Education And Health Care Click to View Abstract
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842 | 1993 | Composition Of Essential On Of Plectranthus TenuiBorus (Vatke) Agnew Click to View Abstract
The essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from leaves of Plectranthus tenuiftorus (Vatke) Agnew was analysed by GC and GC-MS. A total of 17 compounds accounting for 72.3% of the oil were identified. Carvacrol (14.3%), a-terpinene (10.2%) and p-cymene (10.9%) were the major constituents. The oil had low quantities of oxygenated
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843 | 1993 | Discovery And Innovation, 5(1): 75-80 Click to View Abstract
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844 | 1993 | Environmental And Hydrological Implications Of The Development Of Multipurpose Reservoirs In Some Catchments Of Kenya: Meeting Kenya's Water Demands By The Year 2010. Click to View Abstract
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845 | 1993 | Ethnographic Dimension Of Rock Art Research Click to View Abstract
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846 | 1993 | Economics Of Goat Production 2002. Paper Presented At The 4th Eastern Africa Goat Development Network (EAGODEN) Workshop, Masaka, Uganda. 4-6 March 2002 Click to View Abstract
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847 | 1993 | The Effect Of Feeding Raw And Extruded Grain Amaranth Diets On Performance In Broiler Chickens Click to View Abstract
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848 | 1993 | The Effect Of Feeding Raw And Extruded Grain Amaranth Diets On Performance In Broiler Chickens Click to View Abstract
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849 | 1993 | Entrepreneurial Characteristics Motives And Small And Medium Sized Enterprises Formation And Development In Central Kenya Click to View Abstract
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850 | 1993 | The Erosion Susceptibilty/Hazard Of The Soils Of The Semi-Arid Sirima Catchment, Laikipa District, K Enya Click to View Abstract
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851 | 1993 | Fertility Measures Click to View Abstract
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852 | 1993 | Finance, Availability Of Capital And New Firm Formation In Central Kenya Click to View Abstract
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853 | 1993 | Preservation Of Public Security Through Executive Restraint Of Personal Liberty: A Case Study Of The Kenyan Position, Law & Politics In Africa, Asia And Latin America Click to View Abstract
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854 | 1993 | Experiences And Lessons Of The Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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855 | 1993 | Patterns Of Nerve Regeneration In Dental Pulps Of Monkeys Following Surgical Transection At 1 Year Click to View Abstract
Previous studies have reported revascularization and reorganization of dental pulp chambers with periodontal tissues of monkeys following complete surgical transection through a portion of the apical roots. This study observed 128 teeth in four adult monkeys. Following surgical transection, the tissues were acquired by perfusion fixation, serially sectioned, and stained for cellular detail with hematoxylin and eosin. Collagen tissues were stained with Preece's trichrome and neural tissues with Rowles' silver cyanate for controlled impregnation. At 1 and 2 weeks the coronal tissues showed tissue disruption, necrosis, and degenerating nerves. The 3- and 4-week tissues that had been completely transected showed replacement healing of the pulp tissue with periodontal ligament connective tissue, but no nerves were present. At 6 weeks, no nerves were present in the coronal chambers of those teeth with complete vital transection. The 24-, 36-, and 52-week pulp chambers with complete transection failed to show nerve fibers in their reorganized connective tissues.
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856 | 1993 | Patterns Of Agrochemical Handling And Community Response In Central Kenya Click to View Abstract
During the last decade, importation and use of pesticides and fertilizers in Kenya has more than tripled. Improper handling of these chemicals by the small scale farmers continues to pose untold health risks. In an effort to assess the magnitude of the problems emanating from improper handling of these agrochemicals, a study was conducted in a rural agricultural community in Kenya between 1987 and 1990. The study investigated the extent of use of agrochemicals by farmers, the level of awareness of the dangers posed by these chemicals, and attitudes toward agricultural chemicals. The study population consisted of all 1,797 households in 10 villages randomly selected by cluster sampling in the Githunguri location of Kiambu District. Despite their limited knowledge of safety in handling and storage of agrochemicals or of the antidote for accidental poisoning, 100 percent of the farmers used pesticides extensively. Various health complaints related to agrochemicals were reported. By and large the community's or the individuals' lack of awareness of the risks associated with use of agrochemicals is believed to have contributed to some of the agrochemical poisonings. An intervention program has been initiated with the community as a key participant. The main emphasis is on safe procedures for handling agrochemicals.
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857 | 1993 | Storage And Ripening Of Kenyan Mangoes. In: Post Harvest Handling Of Tropical Fruits Click to View Abstract
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858 | 1993 | The Formalin Test In The Naked Mole-rat (< I> Heterocephalus Glaber): Analgesic Effects Of Morphine, Nefopam And Paracetamol Click to View Abstract
The present experiments were initiated to study the effects of morphine, nefopam and paracetamol in the naked mole-rat, a hairless rodent that lives in subterranean colonies of up to 300, following the inability to demonstrate morphine analgesia in the hot-plate test in the rodent. The formalin test was used. Injection of 20 μl 10% formalin produced two periods of high licking and pain behaviour, the early (0–5 min) and the late phase (15–60 min). Morphine (10 or 20 mg/kg), nefopam (10 or 20 mg/kg) and paracetamol (200 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the two phases. Paracetamol (400 mg/kg) produced significant analgesia only during the late phase. It is concluded that, unlike in the hot-plate test, it is possible to demonstrate the analgesic effects of morphine in the naked mole-rat, in the formalin test.
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859 | 1993 | The Formalin Test In The Naked Mole-rat (Heterocephalus Glaber): Analgesic Effects Of Morphine, Nefopam And Paracetamol Click to View Abstract
The present experiments were initiated to study the effects of morphine, nefopam and paracetamol in the naked mole-rat, a hairless rodent that lives in subterranean colonies of up to 300, following the inability to demonstrate morphine analgesia in the hot-plate test in the rodent. The formalin test was used. Injection of 20 μl 10% formalin produced two periods of high licking and pain behaviour, the early (0–5 min) and the late phase (15–60 min). Morphine (10 or 20 mg/kg), nefopam (10 or 20 mg/kg) and paracetamol (200 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the two phases. Paracetamol (400 mg/kg) produced significant analgesia only during the late phase. It is concluded that, unlike in the hot-plate test, it is possible to demonstrate the analgesic effects of morphine in the naked mole-rat, in the formalin test.
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860 | 1993 | The Social-Political Context Of The Growth Of NGOs In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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861 | 1993 | Immunohistological Diagnosis Of Rinderpest. Click to View Abstract
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862 | 1993 | Population Resources And Sustainable Development In Sub-Saharan Africa Click to View Abstract
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863 | 1993 | The Need To Protect Mt. Kenya Area Soils With Permanent Cover. Click to View Abstract
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864 | 1993 | The Need To Protect Mt. Kenya Area Soils With Permanent Cover. Click to View Abstract
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865 | 1993 | Short Communication: Use Of A Prepaid Cellulase Solution For Screening Forage Grass Germplasm For Digestibility Click to View Abstract
A reliable rapid and inexpensive laboratory procedure is needed to screen native African forage grass species for forage quality. This study determined the potential of using a prepared cellulase solution to assess in vitro dry matter solubility of 22 native Kenyan forage grasses and 18 native warm season grasses from Missouri, USA. A prepared cellulase solution was used for screening the grass species for digestibility using two procedures. One procedure involved digesting grass samples in prepared cellulose solution without any pre-treatment (CSD), and the other procedure used an acid pepsin pretreatment prior to digestion in the prepared cellulose solution (APCS). The CSD procedures in comparison to APCS generally underestimated in vitro dry matter solubility by a rand of up to 23%. The variations were highly species dependent. Although the APCS procedure more time consuming, it made it possible to identify a group of species resolvable into high (42.6-61.4%), medium (36-40%) and low (29-34%) digestibility. With intensified efforts it is possible for one person to obtain in vitro dry matter solubility estimates on up to 200 samples in 30 days with minimal expense. Results of this investigation points to the end need for further research on the potential of the two digestibility procedures for rationalizing numbers in germplasm collection for initial screening.
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866 | 1993 | Some Notable Patterns Of Fertility Behaviour In Africa: The Case Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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867 | 1993 | Uchanganuzi Wa Kimtindo Wa Lugha Ya Wachuuzi Na Lugha Ya Matangazo Ya Biashara Redioni. (A Stylistic Analysis Of The Language Of Hawkers And Radio Commercials) Click to View Abstract
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868 | 1993 | The Opioid System And Underground Living In The Naked Mole-rat (Heterocephalus Glaber). Click to View Abstract
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869 | 1993 | Performance Of Advanced Generation Bean Lines Selected For Multiple Disease Resistance Click to View Abstract
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870 | 1993 | Performance Of Advanced Generation Bean Lines Selected For Multiple Disease Resistance Click to View Abstract
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871 | 1993 | Performance Of Advanced Generation Bean Lines Selected For Multiple Disease Resistance Click to View Abstract
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872 | 1993 | Performance Of Weaner Sheep Fed Wheat Straw Ensiled With Caged Layer Waste Click to View Abstract
The performance of weaner lambs fed for 90 days Rhodes grass hay alone (A) or supplemented with silages containing 0, 20 or 40% (B, C, D) caged layer waste (CLW) was examined. Weaver sheep on the diet of hay supplemented with 40% CLW silage had higher total DMI (P<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) than sheep on the other treatments. Mean DMI/kg W 0.75 and ADG were 59.4, 58.7, 60.0 and 65.0 g/day and 15.0, 20.5, 17.6 and 33.2 g/day for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. Carcass composition did not (P>0.05) differ between treatments except that kidney fat was lower (P<0.05) for sheep on the B silage diet. Dressing percentage, % lean, % fat were: 30.4, 31.4, 32.1 and 33.5, 58.0, 59.0, 58.9 and 58:5, 8.3, 7.2, 8.2 and 8.9% for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. The study showed that CLW was a suitable protein supplement for sheep when processed by ensilage for 42 days at a level of 40% inclusion with wheat straw.
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873 | 1993 | Performance Of Weaner Sheep Fed Wheat Straw Ensiled With Caged Layer Waste Click to View Abstract
The performance of weaner lambs fed for 90 days Rhodes grass hay alone (A) or supplemented with silages containing 0, 20 or 40% (B, C, D) caged layer waste (CLW) was examined. Weaver sheep on the diet of hay supplemented with 40% CLW silage had higher total DMI (P<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) than sheep on the other treatments. Mean DMI/kg W 0.75 and ADG were 59.4, 58.7, 60.0 and 65.0 g/day and 15.0, 20.5, 17.6 and 33.2 g/day for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. Carcass composition did not (P>0.05) differ between treatments except that kidney fat was lower (P<0.05) for sheep on the B silage diet. Dressing percentage, % lean, % fat were: 30.4, 31.4, 32.1 and 33.5, 58.0, 59.0, 58.9 and 58:5, 8.3, 7.2, 8.2 and 8.9% for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. The study showed that CLW was a suitable protein supplement for sheep when processed by ensilage for 42 days at a level of 40% inclusion with wheat straw.
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874 | 1993 | Performance Of Weaner Sheep Fed Wheat Straw Ensiled With Caged Layer Waste Click to View Abstract
The performance of weaner lambs fed for 90 days Rhodes grass hay alone (A) or supplemented with silages containing 0, 20 or 40% (B, C, D) caged layer waste (CLW) was examined. Weaver sheep on the diet of hay supplemented with 40% CLW silage had higher total DMI (P<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) than sheep on the other treatments. Mean DMI/kg W 0.75 and ADG were 59.4, 58.7, 60.0 and 65.0 g/day and 15.0, 20.5, 17.6 and 33.2 g/day for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. Carcass composition did not (P>0.05) differ between treatments except that kidney fat was lower (P<0.05) for sheep on the B silage diet. Dressing percentage, % lean, % fat were: 30.4, 31.4, 32.1 and 33.5, 58.0, 59.0, 58.9 and 58:5, 8.3, 7.2, 8.2 and 8.9% for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. The study showed that CLW was a suitable protein supplement for sheep when processed by ensilage for 42 days at a level of 40% inclusion with wheat straw.
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875 | 1993 | Performance Of Weaner Sheep Fed Wheat Straw Ensiled With Caged Layer Waste Click to View Abstract
The performance of weaner lambs fed for 90 days Rhodes grass hay alone (A) or supplemented with silages containing 0, 20 or 40% (B, C, D) caged layer waste (CLW) was examined. Weaver sheep on the diet of hay supplemented with 40% CLW silage had higher total DMI (P<0.01) and average daily gain (ADG) than sheep on the other treatments. Mean DMI/kg W 0.75 and ADG were 59.4, 58.7, 60.0 and 65.0 g/day and 15.0, 20.5, 17.6 and 33.2 g/day for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. Carcass composition did not (P>0.05) differ between treatments except that kidney fat was lower (P<0.05) for sheep on the B silage diet. Dressing percentage, % lean, % fat were: 30.4, 31.4, 32.1 and 33.5, 58.0, 59.0, 58.9 and 58:5, 8.3, 7.2, 8.2 and 8.9% for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. The study showed that CLW was a suitable protein supplement for sheep when processed by ensilage for 42 days at a level of 40% inclusion with wheat straw.
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876 | 1993 | Why Small Firms Stay Small Risk And Growth In Nairobi's Small-Scale Manufacturing Click to View Abstract
Despite abundant literature on the social and economic benefits of encouraging tiny "informal" firms, scholars generally agree that larger enterprises create more unskilled jobs, use resources more efficiently, and are better at building technological capacity. Yet majority of firms will never grow beyond six workers. This paper argues that one very significant reason why small firms stay small is risk. In Nairobi, the economic and social consequences of business failure are extremely high. Entrepreneurs therefore to protect themselves from failure and, in the process, ensure that their firms remain small. Our research identified four risk-management strategies that work separately and together to discourage firm growth.• First, many entrepreneurs manage risk through flexibility. By working in rent-free quarters, using family labour and little capital, they minimise fixed costs and maximise opportunities for additional income. Second, many small manufacturers also avoid risk by manufacturing standard products for a known market. Third, successful entrepreneurs frequently diversify their income and assetsrather than expanding a single enterprise. Finally, most prefer to preserve their land and other assets unencumbered by debt. These rational responses to a risky 90 business environment ensure that most firms stay small and in the process work against formation of a dynamic manufacturing sector. Policy-makers are challenged to improve the "enabling environment" creating broad policies conducive to firm growth and by targeting specific policies and programmes to small-scale industry. Kenya needs macroeconomic and social policies that indirectly encourage firm growth by removing or reducing business and background risks. It also needs an industrial policy that provides positive incentives for enterprising business owners willing to expand employment, improve efficiency, and upgrade technology and their workers skills
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877 | 1993 | Prevalence And Levels Of Infection With Gastrointestinal Helminths Of Sheep In Nyandarua District Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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878 | 1993 | Prevalence And Levels Of Infection With Gastrointestinal Helminths Of Sheep In Nyandarua District Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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879 | 1993 | The Problem Of Anthelmintic Resistance In East Africa Click to View Abstract
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880 | 1993 | The Role Of Genetics In The Conservation Of Biodiversity Click to View Abstract
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881 | 1993 | Screening For Drought Tolerance In Kenyan Commercial Wheat Varieties And Introduced Lines Click to View Abstract
Twenty-five commercial wheat varieties and four introduced lines were tested for tolerance to drought in Kenya from 1989 to 1992 at Kajiado, Katumani and Naivasha. Performance varied significantly amongst these cultivars as well as across locations. K. Mbweha, K. Chririku and Mbuni performed best amongst the commercial varieties. Mbuni, for example, had a mean yield of 3.9 t.ha. R672 and R674 performed best amongst the introductions with average yields of 3.7 and 3.5 t/ha, respectively. Further comparative testing of these lines is needed to ascertain the stability of their agronomic performance in these marginal environments.
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882 | 1993 | Sedimentation Problems Of Masinga Reservoir. Click to View Abstract
This paper examines the land use patterns in the upper Tana river basin, Kenya, and the resultant erosion that is responsible for the continued loss of storage capacity of the Masinga reservoir. The main Tana branch of the Masinga reservoir contributes about 85% of the total sediment inflow to the reservoir. The high production rates of sediment are linked to the rivers that feed this branch passing through intensively cultivated slopes of the Aberdares and Mount Kenya. Lack of adequate ground cover and the steep slopes often being cultivated without soil conservation measures result in increased surface runoff and soil loss. The need for effective soil conservation in the catchment area is stressed to prevent the expected lifespan of the reservoir form being reduced dramatically.
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883 | 1993 | Sedimentation Problems Of Masinga Reservoir. Click to View Abstract
This paper examines the land use patterns in the upper Tana river basin, Kenya, and the resultant erosion that is responsible for the continued loss of storage capacity of the Masinga reservoir. The main Tana branch of the Masinga reservoir contributes about 85% of the total sediment inflow to the reservoir. The high production rates of sediment are linked to the rivers that feed this branch passing through intensively cultivated slopes of the Aberdares and Mount Kenya. Lack of adequate ground cover and the steep slopes often being cultivated without soil conservation measures result in increased surface runoff and soil loss. The need for effective soil conservation in the catchment area is stressed to prevent the expected lifespan of the reservoir form being reduced dramatically.
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884 | 1993 | Some Diseases Of Farmed Fish In Kabete Click to View Abstract
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885 | 1993 | The Use Of Weather And Climate Information In Planning And Management Of Food Security And Production In Africa Under Conditions Of Increasing Climate Click to View Abstract
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886 | 1993 | The Use Of Weather And Climate Information In Planning And Management Of Food Security And Production In Africa Under Conditions Of Increasing Climate Click to View Abstract
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887 | 1993 | The Criminal Liability Of Company Directors Under The Companies Act I Kenya, 2(5) Click to View Abstract
n/a |
888 | 1993 | A Study Of The Electrical Insulation Characteristics Of Woods Locally Locally Available In Kenya Click to View Abstract
For my thesis I did a problem formulation and then wrote a computer program to help speedily analyze various insulator profiles for use at high voltages. The program when fed the profile would output the potential and electric field patterns around the high voltage insulator, in addition to predicting it's flashover voltage. Validation of the model was obtained through practical measurement in a high voltage laboratory. Profiles that would insulate very high voltages were arrived at this way in a relatively short time.
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889 | 1993 | A Survey Of Mycotoxigenic Fungi And Mycotoxins In Poultry Feeds. Click to View Abstract
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890 | 1993 | (R)-Prechrysophanol From Aloe Graminicola. Click to View Abstract
From the subterranean stem of Aloe graminicola, a new pre-anthraquinone named prechrysophanol was isolated. Chrysophanol, helminthosporin, (R)-aloesaponol I, (R)-aloesaponol II, aloesaponarin I, aloesaponarin II and laccaic acid D methyl ester were also identified.
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891 | 1993 | Knipholone Anthrone From Kniphofia Foliosa. Click to View Abstract
A new anthrone named knipholone anthrone was isolated from the stem of Kniphofia foliosa. Its structure was determined by spectral analysis as well as conversion to knipholone.
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892 | 1993 | Synthesis Of 1-aminotetralin And Its Derivatives By Reductive Amination Of Their Corresponding 1-tetralones" Click to View Abstract
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893 | 1993 | Reduction Of Domain To Boundary Intergrals In The Transonic Integro-differential Equation Click to View Abstract
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894 | 1993 | Ogana, W., And Mberia, J.M. (eds.)Proceedings Of The 1st Conference Of The Kenya Mathematical Society Click to View Abstract
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895 | 1993 | Developments In Transonic Boundary Elements: Decay Functions, In W. Ogana And J.M. Mberia (eds.) Click to View Abstract
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896 | 1993 | The Epidemiology And Control Of Camel Dermatophilosis Click to View Abstract
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897 | 1993 | The Epidemiology Of Camelpox And The Development Of A Camelpox Vaccine Click to View Abstract
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898 | 1993 | Hazardous Wastes Click to View Abstract
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899 | 1993 | Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Parasites And Liver Flukes In Calves In Mathira Division Of Nyeri District, Kenya Click to View Abstract
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900 | 1993 | Fatal Haemonchosis In Heifers In Kiambu District, Kenya: A Case Study Click to View Abstract
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901 | 1993 | Cranial Computed Tomography Of Elderly Patients: An Evaluation Of Its Use In Acute Neurological Presentations Click to View Abstract
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902 | 1993 | The Retinal Pigment Epithelium: A Versatile Partner In Vision Click to View Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of cuboidal cells that lies in close association with the rod and cone photoreceptors. This epithelium has diverse features, three of which are discussed in some detail in this review, namely the daily phagocytosis of rod and cone outer segment fragments that are shed from their distal ends; the uptake, processing, transport and release of vitamin A (retinol) and some of its visual cycle intermediates (retinoids); and some of the aspects of its apical and basolateral membrane polarity that are the reverse of mos |