1998 Publications |
1 | 1998 | MWAURA F.B. & D. WIDDOWSON(1998). Some Physiological Studies Of Diazotrophic Bacteria Associated With Maize In A Temperate And A Tropical Soil In:Nitrogen Fixation With Non-legumes (K,Malik, M.S. Mirza & J.K. Ladha Eds) Pg. 261-264. Kluwer Academic Publis Click to View Abstract
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Clematis brachiata Thunberg (Ranunculaceae) is used in Kenya for the management of headaches, malaria and other febrile illnesses, abdominal disorders, yaws and for skin disorders. Old stems and leaves are chewed for the management of toothaches and sore throats.
Extracts of the plant were subjected to tests for antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
The root extract gave the highest in vitro antimalarial activity against a mulitidrug resistant strain, Plasmodium falciparum VI/S (IC50=39.24 mg/ml). The stem and leaf extracts had insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The leaf, stem and root extracts had bacterial or fungal growth even at very high concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The LD50 values of the stem and leaf methanol extracts against the brine shrimp larvae was 365.60 and 66.5 mg/ml respectively.
The in vitro anti malarial activity of the root extract in part supports the ethnobotanical use of the plant to manage malaria.
KEY WORDS
Clematis, Ranunculaceae, antimalarial, brine shrimp, antimicrobial |
2 | 1998 | MWANGI S.W. & F.B. MWAURA(1998). Response Of Leuceana Leucocephala, L.diversifolia, Calliandra Calothyrsus & Sesbania Sesban To Inoculation With Rhizobia From Several Ecological Zones Of Kenya. In:Harnessing Biological Nitrogen Fixation In African Agricul Click to View Abstract
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Clematis brachiata Thunberg (Ranunculaceae) is used in Kenya for the management of headaches, malaria and other febrile illnesses, abdominal disorders, yaws and for skin disorders. Old stems and leaves are chewed for the management of toothaches and sore throats.
Extracts of the plant were subjected to tests for antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
The root extract gave the highest in vitro antimalarial activity against a mulitidrug resistant strain, Plasmodium falciparum VI/S (IC50=39.24 mg/ml). The stem and leaf extracts had insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The leaf, stem and root extracts had bacterial or fungal growth even at very high concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The LD50 values of the stem and leaf methanol extracts against the brine shrimp larvae was 365.60 and 66.5 mg/ml respectively.
The in vitro anti malarial activity of the root extract in part supports the ethnobotanical use of the plant to manage malaria.
KEY WORDS
Clematis, Ranunculaceae, antimalarial, brine shrimp, antimicrobial |
3 | 1998 | Common Skin Diseases Child Health Dialogues 1998: 10 6 Click to View Abstract
The chapter discusses common both infectious and non infectious skin diseases in the tropical environment in a medicine text book: Medicine: Non-communicable Diseases in Adults; which widely explores common medical diseases in the tropical setting. The chapter begins with the outline, glossary of terms and introduction to the structure and function of the skin. Skin infections are discussed under bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infestations at the end of the section.The section on Allergic or immunological disorders discusses eczema in its diversity, urticaria and adverse cutaneous drug reactions.The last section discusses acne vulgaris and the papulosquamous disorders. |
4 | 1998 | Control Of Energy In Offices In Nairobi: A Study Of Fenestration In A Tropical Highland Climate Click to View Abstract
Heavily glazed office buildings in the Kenyan Capital City Nairobi, common in recent times does not augur well for a micro and macro architectural environment. This has a consequent negative impact on energy use in office spaces. By use of computer simulations, traditional tools and literature review glazing use in office fenestration is analysed and its implications for architectural design investigated. The results indicate a direct relationship between the variable parameters of glazing type and size, glazed opening orientation, shading devices and control of energy loads within the office spaces and the objective of human comfort in the office spaces. In conclusion it is recommended that optimum levels of glazing size and type as well as suitable glazing orientations for architectural use in office buildings in Nairobi. |
5 | 1998 | Art And Craft, Teachers Guide For Lower Primary (P1-P3). Published By Curriculum Steering Committee For Primary Schools In South Sudan, Nairobi, 1998. Co-authored With V. Odula And Kizito Achoka. Nairobi, Pp. 118. Click to View Abstract
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6 | 1998 | Education And Development In The Riparian Districts Of Nyanza Province: The Need For Intervention, Elderkin (editor). Proceedings Of Leadership Symposium On HIV/AIDS And Development In Nyanza Province Held At Ukweli Pastoral Centre, Kisumu Click to View Abstract
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7 | 1998 | Wagoro (1998), Community Mental Health Nursing; Click to View Abstract
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is an uncommon yet potentially life threatening condition which is often under-diagnosed or misdiagnosed because of the variability of the clinical signs and symptoms. The imaging findings are often subtle thus the need for a high index of suspicion. The superior sagittal and transverse sinuses are the most frequently involved. The correct diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis relies on neuroimaging studies. The two cases reported highlight the fact that the radiologist may be the first clinician to suspect and diagnose this condition. This ultimately affects prognosis as early diagnosis and treatment reduces morbidity and mortality. |
8 | 1998 | Mary Njeri Kinyanjui 1998, "Ziwani And Kigandaini Jua Kali Enterprises Cluster: Do Small Business Gain By Being In Close Proximity To Each Other", In Journal Of African Research And Development, Vol. 27&28, 1997/98 Pp 270-298. Click to View Abstract
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9 | 1998 | Ackello-Ogutu, C. (1998) Informal Cross-border Trade In Eastern And Southern Africa: Methodological Approaches And Preliminary Results. In Asiwaju, A. I. And M. De Leeuw (Editors): Border Region Development In Africa: Focus On Eastern And Southern Sub-Reg Click to View Abstract
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10 | 1998 | Ackello-Ogutu, C. And P. Echessah (1998). Unrecorded Trade Between Tanzania And Her Neighbors: Implications For Food Security. USAID SD Publication Series Technical Paper No. 89 Click to View Abstract
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11 | 1998 | Macamo, J. L.; Ackello-Ogutu, C.; And P. Echessah - Editors (1998). Unrecorded Trade Between Mozambique And Her Neighbors: Proceedings Of A Workshop Held In Maputo, November, 1997. USAID SD Publication Series Technical Paper Click to View Abstract
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12 | 1998 | C.K. Maitai, I.O. Kibwage, A. N. Guantai, J. N. Ombega And F.A. Ndemo (1998). A Retrospective Study Of Childhood Poisoning In Kenya In 1991- 93. Click to View Abstract
Operations Research techniques involving modelling a situation or a problem and finding an optimal solution for it. These tools are not designed nor intended to replace managerial decision making, but rather their purpose is to aid in the decision-making process by providing a quantitative basis for decision making. Unfortunately, the proliferation of OR tools in organizational decision making has been lacking, with concerns been expressed about the limited awareness of the business community of OR's potential and capability. Current study was based in the premise that students provide an appropriate avenue, as agent of change, in sensitizing and demonstrating the potential and capacity of OR tools/techniques in resolving various problems, both in public and private sector. Study aimed at evaluating the use of OR as tools of data analysis at MBA level. A sample of 100 MBA research projects undertaken between 2005 and 2007 was randomly selected and their objectives and selected data analysis tools recorded. Where OR tools were not used, the research evaluated if there was a possibility of using OR tools. Results indicated low usage of OR as data analysis, though there was a high potential for the use of OR tools.
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13 | 1998 | Macoco, DK., 1998: The Impact Of Global Positioning System On Surveying And Mapping Click to View Abstract
Open wound healing following dehorning using a wire saw was observed in 25 cattle aged between 1 and 5 years. Initially, there was a marked thickening of the scab over the wound as a ridge near the skin margin. A pale yellow to pink membrane then developed from the sides of the frontal sinus opening. Granulation tissue formed to fill the frontal sinus opening before healing by epithelization, followed by wound contraction. In some animals a bony horn stump projecting about 2-3 mm above the wound surface appeared which underwent osteosis; the dead bone gradually loosened and fell off during the healing process; histological sections revealed the presence of numerous osteoclasts lining the bone spicules. The presence of the frontal sinus and the stump of the horn processes left after dehorning are factors that make the healing of an open dehorning wound unique compared with other wounds |
14 | 1998 | Macoco, DK., 1998: Report On The XXI FIG International Congress Held At Brighton, U. K. The Kenya Surveyor Journal Vol. 7 No.1 May/June 1999 Click to View Abstract
Open wound healing following dehorning using a wire saw was observed in 25 cattle aged between 1 and 5 years. Initially, there was a marked thickening of the scab over the wound as a ridge near the skin margin. A pale yellow to pink membrane then developed from the sides of the frontal sinus opening. Granulation tissue formed to fill the frontal sinus opening before healing by epithelization, followed by wound contraction. In some animals a bony horn stump projecting about 2-3 mm above the wound surface appeared which underwent osteosis; the dead bone gradually loosened and fell off during the healing process; histological sections revealed the presence of numerous osteoclasts lining the bone spicules. The presence of the frontal sinus and the stump of the horn processes left after dehorning are factors that make the healing of an open dehorning wound unique compared with other wounds |
15 | 1998 | Macoco, DK., 1998: The Impact Of GPS Technology On Surveying And Mapping Click to View Abstract
Open wound healing following dehorning using a wire saw was observed in 25 cattle aged between 1 and 5 years. Initially, there was a marked thickening of the scab over the wound as a ridge near the skin margin. A pale yellow to pink membrane then developed from the sides of the frontal sinus opening. Granulation tissue formed to fill the frontal sinus opening before healing by epithelization, followed by wound contraction. In some animals a bony horn stump projecting about 2-3 mm above the wound surface appeared which underwent osteosis; the dead bone gradually loosened and fell off during the healing process; histological sections revealed the presence of numerous osteoclasts lining the bone spicules. The presence of the frontal sinus and the stump of the horn processes left after dehorning are factors that make the healing of an open dehorning wound unique compared with other wounds |
16 | 1998 | Mueke, S.W., Njenga, E.M., Sekadde-Kigondu,C.B.,Ruminjo, J.K., Amd Ojwang, S.O.B., The Prevalence Of Menstrual Disorders In Reproductive Diabetic Women In Kenya: A Comprehensive Study. J. Obstet.Gynaecol, E. And Centr. Afr, 14; 62, 1998. Click to View Abstract
Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi. Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF. |
17 | 1998 | Kirumbi, L.W., Makokha, E.A., Mukolwe, B.A., Sekadde-Kigondu, C.B., Nichols, D. Causes Fo Maternal Mortality In Three Districts In Kenya: Kilifi, Kirinyaga And Kakamega. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. E. And Centr. Afr. 14:62, 1998. Click to View Abstract
Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi. Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF. |
18 | 1998 | Jeldesa, G.W., Qureshi, Z.P., Sekadde-Kigondu, C.B.,Wanjala, S.M.H., Maternal Mortality In Garissa Provincial Hospital. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. E. And Centre. Afr. 14: 68, 1998 Click to View Abstract
Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi. Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF. |
19 | 1998 | Jeldesa, G.W., Qureshi, Z.P., Sekadde-Kigondu, C.B., Factors Enhansing The Practice Of Female Genital Mutilation Among Kenyan Somalis. J. Obstet.Gynaecol.E. And Centr. Afr. 14: 110, 1998 Click to View Abstract
Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi. Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF. |
20 | 1998 | Mutungi, A.K., Sanghvi, H.C.G., Sinei, S.K., Ojwang, S.B.O., Sekadde-Kigondu,C.B. Contraceptive Acceptance And Continuation Among Women Managed For Incomplete Abortion At Kenyatta National Hospital.J. Obstet. Gynaecol. E. Centr. Afr. 14; 78. 1998. Click to View Abstract
Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi. Forty females, age 14 to 35 years (mean 28.6 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were included in the study. Their menstrual patterns were noted. The function of their hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis was assessed by the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), prolactin (PrL), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) at different phases of the menstrual cycle in patients who continued to have normal menses (Group 1) and at weekly intervals for six weeks in patients with menstrual disturbances (Group II). The mean hormone levels during the initial contact Luteal phase in group I were FSH 12.0 IU/L (N, 1.0-3.0 IU/L), LH 1.8IU/L (N 1.5-101U/L), PrL 652mIU/L (N, 100-600 mIU/L) mE2 160 pmol/L (N 400-1400 pmol/L) and P5 nmol/L (N 14-60 nmol/L) for group I. Corresponding values for group II were 1.2, 10.3, 250, 600 and 3.0 in relevant units. All patients (fourteen) with end stage renal disease (ESRD) had amenorrhoae. On the other hand, most patients with stable CRF (22/26) had normal menses. Following initiation of therapy (conservative or dialytic), there was no significant alteration in the hormonal profile or menstrual pattern. We conclude that other factors apart from the hormonal imbalances, may be responsible for the menstrual disturbances noted in patients with CRF. |
21 | 1998 | Kimwele C., Graves J., Burke T., & Hanotte O. (1998)Development Of Microsatellite Markers For Parentage Typing Of Chicks In The Ostrich Struthio Camelus .Mol. Ecol., 7, 249-251. Click to View Abstract
Over the last six years there has been a tremendous development of infrastructure projects in virtually all corners of Kenya. This has taken the form of Road Improvement Project, Water and sewerage improvement project and the Electricity Transmission Improvement Project as envisioned in the Kenya Vision 2030. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the principles of compulsory land acquisition and way leaves in the three sectors in Kenya by looking at the current legislative framework governing the entire process of acquisition. In considering the process, the paper explores the various provisions of the relevant act which governs the particular utility envisaged for improvement project component in the Kenya Vision 2030. A critical evaluation of the procedures adopted is outlined in each case and the general public apprehensions towards such acquisitions. The second part of the paper focuses on suggestions on the choice of valuation methodology in making claims for compensation for land for various infrastructure projects in Kenya. This is borne out of the fact that there appear to be very little standardization in the methods adopted by the various bodies. The paper cites several cases under the Electricity Transmission Improvement Project where a large proportion of way leaves are dealt with at local level, with little consistency. Coupled to this is the public concern that electricity lines have potentially serious health effects that continue to attract research and media interest. The paper concludes with a description of the various cases on how to improve compensation paid to those affected by compulsory acquisition in cases of land and way leaves.
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22 | 1998 | Isolation And Characterisation Of The Ostrich, Struthio Camelus Massaicus, Microsatellite Markers. Click to View Abstract
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23 | 1998 | Polycystic Kidney In Tuberous Sclorosis Complex- A Case Report. Click to View Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether there was any difference in the T-cell subset counts and serum immunoglobulin concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure as compared to normal controls. Ninety individuals participated in the study. These were divided into three groups as follows; (i) 30 subjects with normal renal function; (ii) 30 subjects with chronic renal failure (CRF)(creatinine clearance 10-50 mls/min), not requiring haemodialysis and; (iii) 30 subjects with end stage renal disease (creatinine clearance < 10 mls/min) on haemodialysis. The subjects in the three groups were matched for age and sex. In addition, it was ascertained that none of the subjects was on any medication or suffered from any ailment known to interfere with the immune system. The T-cell subset counts were carried out using flow cytometry while the serum concentration of immunoglobulins was measured using the radio-immunodiffusion method. Patients with CRF, whether on haemodialysis or not, had significantly lower lymphocyte counts as a proportion of total white cell count (19% and 19.2% respectively versus 39%) and low absolute CD4 cell counts per mm3 (337 +/- 94 and 449 +/- 116 respectively versus 891 +/- 360) and CD8 cell counts per mm3 (437 +/- 234 and 490 +/- 176 respectively versus 644 +/- 228) as compared to normals, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups with CRF. The CD4: CD8 ratios in the three groups studied were 1.487 +/- 0.233, 0.961 +/- 0.326 and 0.751 +/- 0.167 respectively, being significantly higher in normal controls than in any of the groups with CRF (p < 0.05) and in the group with CRF not requiring dialysis than in those requiring it (p < 0.05). The serum concentration of immunoglobulins in the two groups with CRF were similar to those in the group with normal renal function. It is concluded that CRF represents a state of immunodeficiency not significantly corrected by haemodialysis.
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24 | 1998 | Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease - A Systemic Disorder. Click to View Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [ADPKB] is one of the commonest genetic diseases. Apart from the involvement of the kidneys, several other organs, viz. the liver, the central nervous system, the pancreas, the spleen, the ovaries and the gut, amongst others, are also sometimes involved. This makes ADFKD more of a systemic rather than an isolated renal disorder. This becomes more so considering that the involvement of the other organs contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of ADPKD. This review looks at the pattern and prevalence of involvement of other organs, apart from the kidney in ADPKD.
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25 | 1998 | Herpes Zoster In HIV/AIDS–a Little Recognised Opportunistic Infection With Important Clinical And Cost Implications. Click to View Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [ADPKB] is one of the commonest genetic diseases. Apart from the involvement of the kidneys, several other organs, viz. the liver, the central nervous system, the pancreas, the spleen, the ovaries and the gut, amongst others, are also sometimes involved. This makes ADFKD more of a systemic rather than an isolated renal disorder. This becomes more so considering that the involvement of the other organs contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of ADPKD. This review looks at the pattern and prevalence of involvement of other organs, apart from the kidney in ADPKD.
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26 | 1998 | Smoking–an Emerging Risk Factor For Renal Diseases. Click to View Abstract
The health, economic and social costs of smoking are enormous and well known to physicians. Smoking results in a lot of morbidity and mortality mainly related to cardiovascular disease, cancer and pulmonary disease. The effect of smoking on the kidneys is little appreciated. It is the purpose of this review article to give evidence from available literature that smoking is indeed deleterious to the kidneys and may result in progression of chronic renal failure to end stage renal disease. It is concluded that nephrologists, and indeed all physicians, should make a concerted effort to save their patients from this vice.
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27 | 1998 | Stikans M.,. Gatari M.J., Lindgren E.S., Click to View Abstract
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28 | 1998 | Siboe, G.M. And Lukhoba, C.W., 1998. Plant Disease Data In Planning For Sustainable Use Of African Mountain Forest Resources: Problems And Opportunities. In: Francis G. Ojany (ed.), African Mountains And Highlands: Planning For Sustainable Use Of Mountain Click to View Abstract
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29 | 1998 | Mibey, R.K. & J.O. Kokwaro. Meliola Icacinacearum And M. Kerichoensis, Spp. Nov. From Kenya. Mycol. Res. 102(11):1418-1420 Click to View Abstract
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30 | 1998 | Kamau, G.N., Kithinji, Z. ,Morris, G.F., And Warui, C.N. (1998). Extraction And Spectroscopic Study Of Avocado Oil. International J. Of Biochem, Physics, Vol. 6 And 7, Nos 1 And 2: 36 - 43 Click to View Abstract
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31 | 1998 | Nanguri, D.L., Warui, C.N. And Kamau, G.N. (1998). Spectroscopic Studies And Physico-chemical Properties Of Unsaponifiable Matter Of Avocado Oil Click to View Abstract
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32 | 1998 | Warui, C.N. And Skadhauge, E. (1998). Morphological And Functional Anatomy Of The Cloaca And Terminal Colon Of The African Ostrich: Click to View Abstract
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33 | 1998 | Warui, C.N., Macharia, R.G., Mwangi, D.K., Macheru, P.W. And Moilo, J. (1998). Observations On The Morphology Of The Cloacal Region Of The African Ostrich (Struthio Camelus Maasaicus). The Kenya Veterinary Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3 Pp 71-74. Click to View Abstract
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34 | 1998 | Macharia, R.G., Warui, C.N. And Macheru, P.W. (1998). Comparisons Between Fibre Types Cross-section Areas And Volume Densities In The Pectoralis Muscle Of The Fruit Bat And Similar Sized Species Of Flying Birds. The Kenya Veterinary Journal, Vol; 23 No. 3 Click to View Abstract
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35 | 1998 | Moilo, J., Mwangi, D.K., And Warui, C.N., (1998). Electrophysiological Responses Of Female Anopheles Gambiae Sensu Stricto (Diptera:Culcidae) To Pyrethroid Pesticides And Host Related Semiochemicals. The Kenya Veterinary Journal, Vol 23, No. 3 Pp 107-110. Click to View Abstract
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36 | 1998 | Moilo, J., Mwangi, D.K., And Warui, C.N., (1998). Electrophysiological Responses Of Female Anopheles Gambiae Sensu Stricto (Diptera:Culcidae) To Pyrethroid Pesticides And Host Related Semiochemicals. The Kenya Veterinary Journal, Vol 23, No. 3 Pp 107-110. Click to View Abstract
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37 | 1998 | Macharia, R.G., Warui, C.N. And Kisia, S.M. (1998). The Effects Of Decamethonium Bromide Induced Paralysis On The Skeletal Development In The Chick Embryo. The Kenya Veterinary Journal, Vol 23,No.3 Pp. 82-85. Click to View Abstract
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38 | 1998 | Radio Isotope Photon Excited Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Technique For The Analysis Of Organic Matrices Click to View Abstract
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39 | 1998 | Geostatistical Modelling Of A High Background Radiation Area Geothermal Field Matrix Trace Elements: The Goals And Challenges Of Kerio Valley Geothermal Field P.O. Ogwari1, H. K. Angeyo1, A. O. Mustapha3 And J.M. Mangala2 Click to View Abstract
Estimating spatial variability of trace geothermal signatures is an important factor is evaluating the geothermal field potential. It is expected that a particular geothermal feature (hot spring, fumarole, geyser, etc.) exhibits unique 'marker' trace element/ and radiogenic signatures that may be used to prospect the field over large spatial dimension (for example mapping of passive sites) based on the results of a few measurements on the feature. Geostatistical methods provide means to study the heterogeneous nature of the 'marker' spatial distribution especially in an area of poor accessibility. The geothermal signatures in this study are trace elements in thermal water that uniquely characterize the Kerio Valley geothermal field, which lies in the mid Rift System of Kenya. The region has been associated with elevated background radiation to the extent that certain areas in have been characterized as high background radiation areas (HBRA) thereby providing a perfect setting to understand the relations between geothermal characterizing trace elements and naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) signatures. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysed Sr, K, Rb, Br, Ca and Cr showed a strong positive correlation with water temperature and were considered for mapping their variability and prediction of unsampled areas. Variogram and Kriging analysis was performed using ArchMap 9.3. The results show that the spatial distribution of the sampling points is insufficient to map the whole area of interest. Various variogram models fit well for Sr, Rb and Cr. However, a fitting model for K, Br, and Ca could not be found. This is due to the unharmonized nature of the covariance between the sampled points. The kriging maps, which are a product of the variograms, capture the sense and importance of sampling design (DoE) in geostatistical modelling. This study therefore serves as a base for the design and systematic sampling approach for the sparse nature of the Kerio Valley goethermal signatures. Springs of elevated thermal gradient have been identified as the sampling points. Both water and soil (i.e. sediment) will be sample accordingly to 'markers' have shown a strong positive correlation with thermal gradient in water, and the soil has provided the same correlation pattern as the water. Therefore in cases of dried springs, soil samples can confidently provide a good model.
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40 | 1998 | Co-editors (Bahemuka, J And Nganda, B) Poverty Revisited: Analysis And Strategies Towards Poverty Eradication In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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41 | 1998 | Wabacha J.K., G.K. Gitau, L.C. Bebora, C.O. Bwanga, Z.M. Wamuri And P.M.F. Mbithi: Occurrence Of Dermatomycosis (ringworm) Due To Trichophyton Verrucosum In Dairy Calves And Its Spread To Animal Attendants.Journal Of The South African Veterinary Associati Click to View Abstract
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42 | 1998 | Compendium Of Environmental Laws Of African Countries Volume V: 424 Pages (comprising Only Sectoral Environmental Laws And Regulations) 1998. Click to View Abstract
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43 | 1998 | Compendium Of Environmental Laws Of African Countries Volume VI: 529 Pages (comprising Only Sectoral Environmental Laws And Regulations) 1998. Click to View Abstract
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44 | 1998 | Compendium Of Environmental Laws Of African Countries Volume VII: 456 Pages (comprising Only Sectoral Environmental Laws And Regulations) 1998. Click to View Abstract
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45 | 1998 | Compendium Of Environmental Laws Of African Countries Volume VIII:463 Pages (comprising Only Sectoral Environmental Laws And Regulations) 1998. Click to View Abstract
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46 | 1998 | Supplement To Volume I 125 Pages (comprising Only Framework Laws And EIA Regulations) Click to View Abstract
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47 | 1998 | Industries And Enforcement Of Environmental Law In Africa: Industry Experts Review Environmental Practice - A4 Paper Size 198 Pages - 1998 Click to View Abstract
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48 | 1998 | Bulletin Of Environmental Law: Special Issue 1998 - 82 Pages Click to View Abstract
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49 | 1998 | Compendium Of Judicial Decisions In Matters Related To The Environment Volume I - National Decisions - 511 Pages. Click to View Abstract
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50 | 1998 | Compendium Of Judicial Decisions In Matters Related To The Environment Volume I - International Decisions - 350 Pages Click to View Abstract
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51 | 1998 | Ogoyi, DO, Osir, EO And Olembo, NKO (1998). Studies On The Fat Body Tryacylglycerol Lipase In Solitary And Gregarious Phase Of Schistocerca Gregaria. Comp. Biochem Physiol. 119B, 163-167. Click to View Abstract
Separation of midgut membrane proteins from the tick, Ambylomma variegatum, using a nonionic detergent (Triton X-114), resulted in two protein fractions, namely DET (detergent) and AQ (aqueous). In immunoblotting analysis with polyclonal antibodies against these fractions, 4 proteins (Mr approximately 27,000, 67,000, 86,000 and 95,000,) and 2 proteins (M, approximately 54,000 and 67,000) were detected in the DET and AQ fractions, respectively. Three of the DET fraction proteins Mr approximately 27,000, 67,000 and 95,000 were glycosylated since they bound to the lectin, concanavalin A. In 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the AQ and DET fraction proteins were found to be acidic in nature. In a series of bioassay experiments, rabbits were first immunised with both DET and AQ fractions and then infested with ticks. The egg batch weights of these ticks were reduced by 50% compared to control ticks. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the hatchability of eggs laid by ticks fed on rabbits previously immunised with both DET (14%) and AQ (33%) fractions. Based on the egg hatchability, the reproductive capacity of ticks was reduced by 77 and 48% by DET and AQ fractions, respectively. |
52 | 1998 | Ficken, K.J., Street-Perrott, F.A., Perrott, R.A., Swain, D.L, Olago, D.O. And Eglinton, G. (1998). Glacial/interglacial Variations In Carbon Cycling Revealed By Molecular And Isotope Stratigraphy Of Lake Nkunga, Mt. Kenya, East Africa. Organic Geochemist Click to View Abstract
n/a |
53 | 1998 | Mirie W., The Relationship Between Nutrition And Pharmacology. East And Central African Journal Of Pharmaceutical Services, Vol 1 No. 3, October 1998 Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
54 | 1998 | Mirie W., Maternal Nutritional And Food Security. Nutrition Association Of Kenya Newsletter, Vol. 4 December, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
55 | 1998 | Mirie W., An Evaluation Of Education Program Of Breastfeeding Information Group (BIG) In Nairobi (A Thesis For The Msc. In Applied Human Nutrition, University Of Nairobi). Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
56 | 1998 | Politics And Struggles For Access To Land: Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
57 | 1998 | Ethnicity, Party Politics And Electoral Process In Kenya - The 1997 Multi-party General Elections (pp10-16). Contribution To Arne Tostensen Et Al (ed), Kenya Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
58 | 1998 | Civil Society And Politics Of Democratisation In Kenya; The 1997 Elections (pp 30-33). Contribution In Arne Tostensen Et Al (ed), Kenya Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
59 | 1998 | Politics And Struggles For Access To Land: Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
60 | 1998 | Struggles Of Access To Land: The Squatter Question In Coastal Kenya", CDR Working Paper No. 98.7, Centre For Development Research, Copenhagen. Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
61 | 1998 | "Contestation Over Political Space: The State And Demobilization Of Party Politics In Kenya" CDR Working Paper No. 98.12, Centre For Development Research, Copenhagen (Revised Version Published As A Book Chapter). Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
62 | 1998 | Harou, P., Aguero, A. Doumani, F., Jama, M. Et Al "Epistemic Communities Of Environmental Economists To Shape Development Policies" Click to View Abstract
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Products of gene modification have vast implications. Creating public awareness and disseminating information on the subject seeks to demystify some of the widely held falsehoods regarding genetically modified products.
This is an informative, thorough and easy to understand guidebook that aims to enlighten and debunk some of the commonly held misconceptions on products of gene modification and to give the reader a better understanding of the role genetic modification will play. The review sheds light on the safety, and application of these products in medicine, the food industry and other areas, especially those where genetic modification may represent a cheap, faster, credible, viable alternative in achieving sustainable development among resource-poor communities. |
63 | 1998 | Ntiba, M. J And E. Wakwabi. The Kenyan Coast Fish And Fisheries. A Chapter In The East African Coastal And Marine Environment And Resource Atlas, Phase One: Kenya Click to View Abstract
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Macrophytes have been shown to perform important ecological roles in Lake Naivasha. Consequently, various studies regarding the impact of biotic factors on the macrophytes have been advanced but related studies on environmental parameters have lagged behind. In an attempt to address this gap, sampling on floating species and submergents was carried out in eight sampling sites in 2003 to investigate how they were influenced by a set of environmental factors. Soil texture (sandy sediments; P < 0.05, regression coefficient = - 0.749) and wind were the most important environmental parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of floating macrophytes. Combination of soil texture and lake-bed slope explained the most (86.3%) variation encountered in the submergents. Continuous translocation of the floating dominant water hyacinth to the western parts by wind has led to displacement of the submergents from those areas. In view of these findings, the maintenance and preservation of the steep Crescent Lake basin whose substratum is dominated by sand thus hosting most submergents remain important, if the whole functional purpose of the macrophytes is to be sustained. |
64 | 1998 | Ndetei D. M., Kathuku D. M., Othieno C. J. Et Al (1998). Final Report On Economic Politico-social Aspects Of Illicit Drug Trades I N Kenya. A United Nations Drug Control Programme Study. University Of Nairobi Click to View Abstract
Sixty-four patients atteending the Kenyatta National Hospital psychiatric clinic with minor p.yychiatric disorders were assessed using the Enugu Somatization Scale with a view of eliciting the nature and types of somatic complaints they had. A control group of 66, 5th year medical student, was used. The average scores for the head and body symptoms were 10.9 and 22.1 for the neurotics and 0.9 and 1.5 for the controls respectively. Overall the commonest complaints among the patients were vague, the highest positive scores in order a/frequency being. 'What worries me is not steady." . 3.7%), "parts of my body are out of order" (87.3%), "my whole body is not all right" (87.3%), ':feeling various parts of the body shiver" (85. 7%) and ':feeling dizzy" (84. 1 %). The complaints were not related to age, sex, education, occupation or p,\ychiatric diagno,yis. The average scores for the Kenyan neurotic, were higher than that obtained from the Nigerian (head: 8.14; body: 15.2) and Indian neurotics (head: 8.75: body: 11.78) in previous .ytudies. On the other hand the Kenyan controls had lower scores compared to the other 2 groups. The implication of these findings is discussed.
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65 | 1998 | National Council Of Women Of Kenya. Leadership Education Training Manual Click to View Abstract
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Macrophytes have been shown to perform important ecological roles in Lake Naivasha. Consequently, various studies regarding the impact of biotic factors on the macrophytes have been advanced but related studies on environmental parameters have lagged behind. In an attempt to address this gap, sampling on floating species and submergents was carried out in eight sampling sites in 2003 to investigate how they were influenced by a set of environmental factors. Soil texture (sandy sediments; P < 0.05, regression coefficient = - 0.749) and wind were the most important environmental parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of floating macrophytes. Combination of soil texture and lake-bed slope explained the most (86.3%) variation encountered in the submergents. Continuous translocation of the floating dominant water hyacinth to the western parts by wind has led to displacement of the submergents from those areas. In view of these findings, the maintenance and preservation of the steep Crescent Lake basin whose substratum is dominated by sand thus hosting most submergents remain important, if the whole functional purpose of the macrophytes is to be sustained. |
66 | 1998 | Ayiemba, E.H.O., Nyandega, I.A. And Weere, W.B., 1998: Climate Impact On Human Settlement: Case Study Of Laikipia And Nairobi Districts Click to View Abstract
Vertex epidural haematomas (VEDH) are rare and difficulties are encountered in diagnosis and management. This is a case report of a patient with a vertex epidural haematoma who presented with signs of severe head injury with upper limb decerebrate posture. We discuss the challenges of radiological investigation and neurosurgical management of VEDH. |
67 | 1998 | Ndolo, I.J. (1998): Some Aspects Of The Urban Microclimate Of Nairobi City. Click to View Abstract
Vertex epidural haematomas (VEDH) are rare and difficulties are encountered in diagnosis and management. This is a case report of a patient with a vertex epidural haematoma who presented with signs of severe head injury with upper limb decerebrate posture. We discuss the challenges of radiological investigation and neurosurgical management of VEDH. |
68 | 1998 | Onyango, D. W., Wango, E. O. Odongo, H., Mugweru, J & Okindo, E (1998):Effects Of Heptachlor On Rat Plasma LH, Testosterone And Cortisol And Testicular Structure. In; Click to View Abstract
Isolated mouse interstitial cells were incubated with different concentrations of khat (Catha edulis) extract (0.06 mg/ml, 0.6 mg/ml. 6 mg/ml. 30 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml) and cell viability as well as testosterone concentration measured at 30 min intervals over a 3 h incubation period. High concentrations of khat extract (30 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml) significantly inhibited testosterone production while low concentrations (0.06 mg/ml. 0.6 mg/ml and 6 mg/ml) significantly stimulated (P < 0.05) testosterone production by mouse interstitial cells. Similarly, at concentrations of 30 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml, there was a significant decrease in interstitial cell viability, whereas at 0.06 mg/ml, 0.6 mg/ml and 6 mg/ml there was no significant decrease. There was only a weak correlation (r= 0.39) between testosterone production and viable interstitial cells. We postulate that khat extract at high concentrations may cause reproductive function impairment in the user but at low concentrations. may enhance testosterone production with accompanying effects on reproductive functions in male mice. @2006 Publishedby Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Kel'lVords: In dtro; Khat; Testosterone; Interstitial cells; Mouse
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69 | 1998 | Community Perceptions And Treatment Of Malaria In Baringo District:Implications For Disease Control. East African Medical Journal, Vol. 75 No. 12 Pp.687-691. Click to View Abstract
The book is a biography of the author. He begins with fundamenbtal question whether we can determine our destiny or we are just fulfiling what has already been ordained. He then explains how he has grown over the yeas experiencing changes. |
70 | 1998 | K. Social Conditions And Cultural Beliefs On Malaria. African Journal Of Medical Practice, Vol. 5 No.6, Pp. 286-288. Click to View Abstract
The book is a biography of the author. He begins with fundamenbtal question whether we can determine our destiny or we are just fulfiling what has already been ordained. He then explains how he has grown over the yeas experiencing changes. |
71 | 1998 | The Face Of Rural Poverty: The Case Of Makueni District In Bahemuka, J.M., Nganda, B. And Nzioka (ed). UNESCO/University Of Nairobi Publication. Click to View Abstract
The book is a biography of the author. He begins with fundamenbtal question whether we can determine our destiny or we are just fulfiling what has already been ordained. He then explains how he has grown over the yeas experiencing changes. |
72 | 1998 | Kinyanjui, M And Munguti, K. Gender Concerns In Sustainable Community Development: A Research Agenda (Paper Presented For Publication To UNESCO/UNITWIN, University Of Nairobi). Click to View Abstract
The book is a biography of the author. He begins with fundamenbtal question whether we can determine our destiny or we are just fulfiling what has already been ordained. He then explains how he has grown over the yeas experiencing changes. |
73 | 1998 | Skull Abnormalities In The Waterbuck Kobus Ellipsiprymnus Defassa (Ruppel 1935) In The Rift Valley Lake Systems Of Kenya. Click to View Abstract
|7 Skulls of the waterbuck (kobus ellipsiprynnus defassa) ithree lake systems of the central Kenyan Rift Valley (viz. tfakuru, Elementaita and Naivasha) were examined for bnormalities, as a result of chronic signs of ill health, in ome of the animals in the region. The waterbuck were ulled randomly and weighed. Several parameters were leasured. A post mortem examination was carried out on ach of the animals culled. Bone samples were stripped F all tissue by boiling. The skulls were weighed and amined for any abnormalities. The teeth were used for eing the animals.
lemean age of the waterbuck was 5.1±1.7 years. 67% of Bimals in poor body condition showed skeletal normalities including pathological eruption and growth • wear of teeth. The teeth had black stains along the gual and buccal surfaces but no evidence of fluorosis. |je abnormalities observed in the skulls could be uted to mineral imbalances in some of the areas in the al Kenyan Rift Valley region. Abnormal eruption of i could in turn play a role in poor feeding of the affected als thus contributing to poor health.
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74 | 1998 | The Energy Sector: A Case Study On Hydropower. In: Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability And Adaptation. Click to View Abstract
Statement of the Problem
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Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have been increasing rapidly (IPCC 1994). This increase has been attributed mainly to human activities. The composition of the atmosphere has thus changed considerably and will continue to do so in future. Such changes are capable of affecting the surface climate of the earth and can have possible consequences on both natural and man-made resources, thereby threatening both marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Deleterious effects of these consequences will affect the well-being of man through impacts on important sectors such as health, agriculture, transport, industry, and water resources (IPCC 1990; 1995). To these sectors, energy is crucial for their development but energy itself is also vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Negative changes in energy production will therefore seriously affect global industrialization programs as well as national economies considering that global demands for energy have been rising at an annual rate of 2% (IPCC, 1995).
Kenya, like most developing countries relies on biomass (mostly woodfuel and charcoal^as the biggest source of energy, contributing about 73% of the total energy requirements. It is used by over 80% of the rural population, mostly for cooking and heating. In addition to biomass, the other two major sources of energy in Kenya are petroleum and electricity. The domestic sector is the largest consumer (59%), followed by industry (15%), transportation (11%), agriculture (10%), and commercial (5%) sectors (Kenya/Canada Energy Advisory Project, 1991).
When considered in terms of social-economic development, human settlement infrastructure, as well as manufacturing, electricity is the most important form of energy in Kenya Currently, it is generated from several sources including hydropower, gas turbines, geothermal power and diesel engines. Of the total amount generated, hydropower contributes over 76%.
Hydroelectricity generation depends on availability of water, which in turn depends on the prevailing climate. Fluctuations in rainfall and temperature can affect evapotranspiration rates which in turn can determine the channel flow and power generation rates. In this regard, the hydro-power source of electricity becomes the most vulnerable to climate change effects. This study therefore focuses on hydro-power development in Kenya in relation to the impacts of climate change that are anticipated in future.
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75 | 1998 | The Economic Situation In East Africa And Its Implication On Education, In Seppala (ed) Liberalizede And Neglected? Food Marketing Policies In Eastern Africa, (WIDER) Click to View Abstract
Department of Paediatrics, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Verbal autopsy was used to determine causes of death in 239 children under the age of 5 years. The diagnosis derived from verbal autopsy was corroborated with hospital diagnosis in 39 cases. There was concurrence of diagnosis in 72% of the cases. Using the diagnosis of bronchopneumonia to validate the method, verbal autopsy was found to have a sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 92%, a positive predictive value of 85%. Reliability index of agreement was 0.654. Recall period up to 29 months after death was found to be reliable.
PMID: 2282890 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
76 | 1998 | L'economie Kenyane Face A L'ajustement Structural (1978-1995). Click to View Abstract
Department of Paediatrics, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
Verbal autopsy was used to determine causes of death in 239 children under the age of 5 years. The diagnosis derived from verbal autopsy was corroborated with hospital diagnosis in 39 cases. There was concurrence of diagnosis in 72% of the cases. Using the diagnosis of bronchopneumonia to validate the method, verbal autopsy was found to have a sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 92%, a positive predictive value of 85%. Reliability index of agreement was 0.654. Recall period up to 29 months after death was found to be reliable.
PMID: 2282890 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
77 | 1998 | Financing Of Political Parties, Jointly With Eve Odete, The Road To Democarcy, ESAURP, Dar Es Salaam Click to View Abstract
The Road to Democarcy, ESAURP, Dar es Salaam |
78 | 1998 | The Structure Of Kenya's Manufacturing, Jointly With Others Arne Bigsten And Peter Kimuyu (eds) Click to View Abstract
The Road to Democarcy, ESAURP, Dar es Salaam |
79 | 1998 | TIRFIE, A. NGAU, P. AND MWANGI, I.K. (1998 Eds) Regional Policy In Africa:Problems And Prospects Towards 21st Century. Nairobi: UNCRD: UNCRD Proceedings Series No. 29. Click to View Abstract
Vertex epidural haematomas (VEDH) are rare and difficulties are encountered in diagnosis and management. This is a case report of a patient with a vertex epidural haematoma who presented with signs of severe head injury with upper limb decerebrate posture. We discuss the challenges of radiological investigation and neurosurgical management of VEDH. |
80 | 1998 | FLURY, M., MWANGI, I.K. ET AL Stakeholders In The Limelight: Principles Of Actor-Centred Resource Management. Eastern And Southern Africa Geographical Journal Vol. 8. Special Number 1998: 97-105. Click to View Abstract
Vertex epidural haematomas (VEDH) are rare and difficulties are encountered in diagnosis and management. This is a case report of a patient with a vertex epidural haematoma who presented with signs of severe head injury with upper limb decerebrate posture. We discuss the challenges of radiological investigation and neurosurgical management of VEDH. |
81 | 1998 | MWANGI, I.K. Comment. Regional Development Dialogue Vol. 19. No.2 Autumn 1998:65-68; On ADARKWA, K.K. The Role Of Regional Development In Closing The Gap Between Rural And Urban Areas: The Ghanian Experience. Regional Development Dialogue Vol. 19. No.2, A Click to View Abstract
Vertex epidural haematomas (VEDH) are rare and difficulties are encountered in diagnosis and management. This is a case report of a patient with a vertex epidural haematoma who presented with signs of severe head injury with upper limb decerebrate posture. We discuss the challenges of radiological investigation and neurosurgical management of VEDH. |
82 | 1998 | Controlled Source Seismic Experiments In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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83 | 1998 | Neotectonics And Stress Pattern In Africa. Click to View Abstract
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84 | 1998 | Quaternary Volcanic Events In Africa Click to View Abstract
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85 | 1998 | Current State-of-the-art, Problems And Preliminary Results Of Seismic Hazard Assessment In Sub-Saharan Africa. Click to View Abstract
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86 | 1998 | Trypanocidal Drug Use In Selected Trypanosomes Endemic Areas In Kenya: A Survey. Click to View Abstract
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87 | 1998 | Adaptability Of Maasai Zebu/Orma Boran Calves Raised In A Trypanosomosis Endemic Region. Click to View Abstract
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88 | 1998 | P.W.N. KANYARI, OYEJIDE,A.O., ALAK, J.I.B., OYEWOLE, A., ANDERSON, D.L., WILSON, S.T. (1998). "Cryposporidium Parvum: Histopathological Evidence Of Transplacental Transmission In Mice". The Kenya Veterinarian 23:103-105 Click to View Abstract
Twelve Red Masai and 12 Dorper sheep aged between 6 and 9 months, were acquired from a fluke-free area and sheep of each breed divided into two equal groups of six. Each animal in one group of each breed was experimentally infected with 400 viable metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. The other groups acted as uninfected controls. Blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for the determination of serum bilirubin, albumin and gamma glutamyl transferase levels. Following the establishment of infection, albumin levels declined in both breeds of infected animals without any significant difference between the two breeds. However, serum bilirubin and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the infected animals were elevated significantly more in the Dorper than in the Red Masai sheep. Based on these findings, it would appear that Dorper sheep are more susceptible to the infection than Red Masai sheep. Keywords: Dorper, Fasciola gigantica, Red Masai, serum biochemical changes |
89 | 1998 | T.A. NGATIA, P.G. MBUTHIA, R.M. WARUIRU, S.M. NJIRO, P.W. N. KANYARI, W.K. MUNYUA, EH. WEDA And J. NGOTHO (1998). Sarcocystis In Slaughtered Wild Animals In Kenya. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production In Africa, 46: 1 - 4 Click to View Abstract
Twelve Red Masai and 12 Dorper sheep aged between 6 and 9 months, were acquired from a fluke-free area and sheep of each breed divided into two equal groups of six. Each animal in one group of each breed was experimentally infected with 400 viable metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. The other groups acted as uninfected controls. Blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for the determination of serum bilirubin, albumin and gamma glutamyl transferase levels. Following the establishment of infection, albumin levels declined in both breeds of infected animals without any significant difference between the two breeds. However, serum bilirubin and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the infected animals were elevated significantly more in the Dorper than in the Red Masai sheep. Based on these findings, it would appear that Dorper sheep are more susceptible to the infection than Red Masai sheep. Keywords: Dorper, Fasciola gigantica, Red Masai, serum biochemical changes |
90 | 1998 | J.A. OMEGA, W.K. MUNYUA, T.A. NGATIA, E.K. KANG'ETHE And P.W.N. KANYARI ( 1998). Fasciola Worms, Faecal And Gall Bladder Egg Count Relationships In Sheep Experimentally Infected With Fasciola Gigantica. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production In Africa 4 Click to View Abstract
Twelve Red Masai and 12 Dorper sheep aged between 6 and 9 months, were acquired from a fluke-free area and sheep of each breed divided into two equal groups of six. Each animal in one group of each breed was experimentally infected with 400 viable metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. The other groups acted as uninfected controls. Blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for the determination of serum bilirubin, albumin and gamma glutamyl transferase levels. Following the establishment of infection, albumin levels declined in both breeds of infected animals without any significant difference between the two breeds. However, serum bilirubin and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the infected animals were elevated significantly more in the Dorper than in the Red Masai sheep. Based on these findings, it would appear that Dorper sheep are more susceptible to the infection than Red Masai sheep. Keywords: Dorper, Fasciola gigantica, Red Masai, serum biochemical changes |
91 | 1998 | P.W.N. KANYARI Et. Al. ( 1998). Occurrence Of The Nematode Parasite Toxocara Sp. In The African Buffalo ( Syncerus Caffer): Click to View Abstract
Twelve Red Masai and 12 Dorper sheep aged between 6 and 9 months, were acquired from a fluke-free area and sheep of each breed divided into two equal groups of six. Each animal in one group of each breed was experimentally infected with 400 viable metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. The other groups acted as uninfected controls. Blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for the determination of serum bilirubin, albumin and gamma glutamyl transferase levels. Following the establishment of infection, albumin levels declined in both breeds of infected animals without any significant difference between the two breeds. However, serum bilirubin and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the infected animals were elevated significantly more in the Dorper than in the Red Masai sheep. Based on these findings, it would appear that Dorper sheep are more susceptible to the infection than Red Masai sheep. Keywords: Dorper, Fasciola gigantica, Red Masai, serum biochemical changes |
92 | 1998 | P.W.N. KANYARI Et. Al. ( 1998). Cryptosporidium Parvum: Histopathological Evidence Of Transplacental Transmission In Mice. Click to View Abstract
Twelve Red Masai and 12 Dorper sheep aged between 6 and 9 months, were acquired from a fluke-free area and sheep of each breed divided into two equal groups of six. Each animal in one group of each breed was experimentally infected with 400 viable metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica. The other groups acted as uninfected controls. Blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for the determination of serum bilirubin, albumin and gamma glutamyl transferase levels. Following the establishment of infection, albumin levels declined in both breeds of infected animals without any significant difference between the two breeds. However, serum bilirubin and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the infected animals were elevated significantly more in the Dorper than in the Red Masai sheep. Based on these findings, it would appear that Dorper sheep are more susceptible to the infection than Red Masai sheep. Keywords: Dorper, Fasciola gigantica, Red Masai, serum biochemical changes |
93 | 1998 | The Impact Of Macroeconomics Policy To Tax Productivity In Kenya Click to View Abstract
This paper develops an improved real and reactive power control technique using linear programming (LP) for an integrated power system. The problem is decomposed into two subproblems comprising real (P) and reactive power (Q) modules, and, using a unified approach, the real power generation, voltage magnitude, and transformer tap settings are optimized. The objective function is the fuel cost which is minimized in both the P and Q modules, subject to the operating constraints. The P-Q decomposition combined with the LP formulation improve the computation speed. The paper has another advantage of using the same cost objective function for both modules, unlike other conventional methods which use the power loss function for the Q module. The LP formulation is used for both the P and Q optimization modules, utilizing the revised simplex method which is normally available in a mainframe computer. |
94 | 1998 | Adoption Of Radio-based Agricultural Innovation Among Small Scale Farmers In The Revenue Impact And Elements Of Tax Reforms In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
This paper develops an improved real and reactive power control technique using linear programming (LP) for an integrated power system. The problem is decomposed into two subproblems comprising real (P) and reactive power (Q) modules, and, using a unified approach, the real power generation, voltage magnitude, and transformer tap settings are optimized. The objective function is the fuel cost which is minimized in both the P and Q modules, subject to the operating constraints. The P-Q decomposition combined with the LP formulation improve the computation speed. The paper has another advantage of using the same cost objective function for both modules, unlike other conventional methods which use the power loss function for the Q module. The LP formulation is used for both the P and Q optimization modules, utilizing the revised simplex method which is normally available in a mainframe computer. |
95 | 1998 | Abuga K.O., Bosire K.O., Kokwaro G.O.: Concomitant Administration Of Theophylline And Oxamniquine In Rats: Effects On Theophylline Clearance. E.A.J.P.Sc. 1 (1998) 1-27. Click to View Abstract
Asiatic acid (AA) is a pentacyclic triterpene found in Centella asiatica. In the present study, the mechanism of anticancer effect of AA on skin cancer was investigated. AA decreased viability and induced apoptosis in human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. AA also markedly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and enhanced the expression of Bax but not Bcl-2 protein in the cells. In addition, AA-induced activation of caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with Trolox, an antioxidant, significantly blocked the induction of Bax and activation of caspase-3 in AA-treated cells. Furthermore, Ac-DEVD-CHO, a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, and Trolox prevented the AA-induced apoptosis. AA did not elevate p53 nuclear protein levels that are present in a mutant form in SK-MEL-2 cells. These results suggest that AA-induced apoptosis may be mediated through generation of ROS, alteration of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspase-3, but p53-independent. These results further suggest that AA may be a good candidate for the therapeutic intervention of human skin cancer. |
96 | 1998 | Mirza NB, Estambale BB, Wamola IA, Kariuki N, Onyono E, Kabiru P, Piollet M.Bacterial Meningitis In Children Admitted In Hospitals Within Nairobi.East Afr Med J. 1998 Feb;75(2):73-6. Click to View Abstract
Four hundred and ninety nine children (aged between one month and five years) admitted with clinical features of meningitis were recruited in cross-sectional survey of bacterial meningitis in hospitals within Nairobi. Lumbar punctures were done on all of them and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysed bacteriologically and serologically for the common causative organisms. Two hundred and fifty (50.1%) cases were diagnosed clinically as having meningitis. Of these, 132 (52.8%) had turbid CSF specimens, while 118 (47.2%) were clear. When turbid CSF specimens were cultured, 83 (62.8%) yielded three common bacterial micro-organisms namely; Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in that order of frequency. The implications of these findings in paediatric meningitis together with the drug sensitivity patterns is presented and discussed. |
97 | 1998 | HIV/AIDS Orphanhood A Situational Analysis Of Its Impact On HIV/AIDS Orphaned Children And Their Caregivers In Kisumu, Kenya Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and pattern of conjuctival squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in patients with HIV infection. DESIGN: A hospital based cross sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and Kikuyu Eye Unit (KEU) during the period November 2003 and May 2004. SUBJECTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients. RESULTS: Four hundred and nine HIV positive patients aged 25 to 53 years were screened. Male to Female ratio was 1:1. One hundred and three had conjunctival growths. Thirty two had histologically proven conjunctiva squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Estimated prevalence of CSCC among HIV positive patients was 7.8%. The average duration of growth of the conjunctival masses was 21.8 months. The average size of the lesions at the time of presentation was 6.6 mm. Twenty two (68.8%) patients had primary CSCC, while ten (31.2%) had recurrent lesions. The pattern of the histopathology results was: fifteen (46.9%) patients had poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; nine (28%) had moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma; five patients (15.6%) had CIN; two patients (6.3%) had dysplasia and one patient (3.1%) had a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CSCC in HIV/AIDS patients was 7.8%. Patients present late with advanced lesions. Recurrence rates from previous surgery are high. The often uncharacteristic complaints and findings on presentation complicate the clinical diagnosis. Active search for early manifestations of CSCC in HIV / AIDS patients, complete surgical excision and close follow up is necessary. Alternative treatment methods and techniques like the topical use of antimetabolites should be explored further.
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98 | 1998 | Economic Organisation Of The Pre-colonial Pokot Society. Click to View Abstract
A study that devised a modified method of reporting antibiotic sensitivity results was undertaken. Enterobacteriaceae and Gram positive cocci were tested for drug sensitivity by a disc diffusion method. Zones of bacterial growth inhibition were measured, dividing the isolates into four groups: the highly sensitive, the moderately sensitive, the slightly sensitive and the resistant ones. The slightly sensitive isolates were taken as indicators of antibiotic resistance acquisition. By that system, when more than 50% of the isolates fell into the slightly and resistant groups, that meant that the antibiotic concerned would be discontinued for some time until the bacteria reverted to being moderately sensitive. The study also provided a method of making antibiotic discs from local blotting papers, and a sample of a form on which antibiotic sensitivity results could be recorded was presented. The method is considered to be easy and very appropriate for developing countries in detecting gradual and abrupt acquisition of antibiotic resistance by bacteria. |
99 | 1998 | The Traditional Pottery: A Case Study Of The Pokot Pottery And People Of West Pokot District. Click to View Abstract
A study that devised a modified method of reporting antibiotic sensitivity results was undertaken. Enterobacteriaceae and Gram positive cocci were tested for drug sensitivity by a disc diffusion method. Zones of bacterial growth inhibition were measured, dividing the isolates into four groups: the highly sensitive, the moderately sensitive, the slightly sensitive and the resistant ones. The slightly sensitive isolates were taken as indicators of antibiotic resistance acquisition. By that system, when more than 50% of the isolates fell into the slightly and resistant groups, that meant that the antibiotic concerned would be discontinued for some time until the bacteria reverted to being moderately sensitive. The study also provided a method of making antibiotic discs from local blotting papers, and a sample of a form on which antibiotic sensitivity results could be recorded was presented. The method is considered to be easy and very appropriate for developing countries in detecting gradual and abrupt acquisition of antibiotic resistance by bacteria. |
100 | 1998 | The Agony Of AIDS In The Rural Areas: The Case Study Of Kapenguria Division In West Pokot District. Click to View Abstract
A study that devised a modified method of reporting antibiotic sensitivity results was undertaken. Enterobacteriaceae and Gram positive cocci were tested for drug sensitivity by a disc diffusion method. Zones of bacterial growth inhibition were measured, dividing the isolates into four groups: the highly sensitive, the moderately sensitive, the slightly sensitive and the resistant ones. The slightly sensitive isolates were taken as indicators of antibiotic resistance acquisition. By that system, when more than 50% of the isolates fell into the slightly and resistant groups, that meant that the antibiotic concerned would be discontinued for some time until the bacteria reverted to being moderately sensitive. The study also provided a method of making antibiotic discs from local blotting papers, and a sample of a form on which antibiotic sensitivity results could be recorded was presented. The method is considered to be easy and very appropriate for developing countries in detecting gradual and abrupt acquisition of antibiotic resistance by bacteria. |
101 | 1998 | Wang'ombe, J.K Et Al (1998) Capacity Of Non Click to View Abstract
The author illustrates how qualitative data from open-ended interviews, pile sorts, and triad sorts can be used to test quantitatively for intracultural variation in norms. Specifically, the author tests whether Gusii men and women in the Suneka Division of Kisii District in southwest Kenya have developed a common set of standards in response to symptoms of malaria. In this small sample, the focus is on internal, rather than external, validity. While the findings about Gusii responses to malaria are not generalizable beyond the village where the data were collected, the method described may be used to study cultural similarities across socioeconomic, gender, and other groups. |
102 | 1998 | Teachers Manual For "MSINGI BORA" Careers Guidance And Counseling A Gender Component. A Project Of Plan International Click to View Abstract
The author illustrates how qualitative data from open-ended interviews, pile sorts, and triad sorts can be used to test quantitatively for intracultural variation in norms. Specifically, the author tests whether Gusii men and women in the Suneka Division of Kisii District in southwest Kenya have developed a common set of standards in response to symptoms of malaria. In this small sample, the focus is on internal, rather than external, validity. While the findings about Gusii responses to malaria are not generalizable beyond the village where the data were collected, the method described may be used to study cultural similarities across socioeconomic, gender, and other groups. |
103 | 1998 | Chindia M.L., Guthua S.W., Awange D.O., Wakoli K.A.: Osteosarcoma Of The Maxillofacial Bones In Kenyans. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1998 Apr;26(2):98-101. Click to View Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly malignant tumour and is the most common primary neoplasm of bone; although rare, especially in the maxillofacial skeleton. This article presents 14 Kenyan cases of OS of the maxillofacial bones seen between January 1991 and July 1997: 11 in the mandible, two in the maxilla and one in the right zygomatic arch. Patients ranged in age from one week to 50 years (Mean = 29.7), with an equal gender distribution. While pain and rapid swelling were the commonest clinical features, the radiographic and histopathological characteristics were as varied as has been described elsewhere. Generally, effective management of most of the cases was poor due to late presentation for treatment. |
104 | 1998 | "Manufacturing Strategy For Enhanced Competitiveness", A Conference Paper Presented At The 8th Annual Management Conference (2001), Organized By The Makerere University Business School. Click to View Abstract
Asiatic acid (AA) is a pentacyclic triterpene found in Centella asiatica. In the present study, the mechanism of anticancer effect of AA on skin cancer was investigated. AA decreased viability and induced apoptosis in human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. AA also markedly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and enhanced the expression of Bax but not Bcl-2 protein in the cells. In addition, AA-induced activation of caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with Trolox, an antioxidant, significantly blocked the induction of Bax and activation of caspase-3 in AA-treated cells. Furthermore, Ac-DEVD-CHO, a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, and Trolox prevented the AA-induced apoptosis. AA did not elevate p53 nuclear protein levels that are present in a mutant form in SK-MEL-2 cells. These results suggest that AA-induced apoptosis may be mediated through generation of ROS, alteration of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspase-3, but p53-independent. These results further suggest that AA may be a good candidate for the therapeutic intervention of human skin cancer. |
105 | 1998 | Realizing Competitiveness Through Operations Management (currently Under Preparation). Click to View Abstract
Asiatic acid (AA) is a pentacyclic triterpene found in Centella asiatica. In the present study, the mechanism of anticancer effect of AA on skin cancer was investigated. AA decreased viability and induced apoptosis in human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. AA also markedly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and enhanced the expression of Bax but not Bcl-2 protein in the cells. In addition, AA-induced activation of caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with Trolox, an antioxidant, significantly blocked the induction of Bax and activation of caspase-3 in AA-treated cells. Furthermore, Ac-DEVD-CHO, a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, and Trolox prevented the AA-induced apoptosis. AA did not elevate p53 nuclear protein levels that are present in a mutant form in SK-MEL-2 cells. These results suggest that AA-induced apoptosis may be mediated through generation of ROS, alteration of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of caspase-3, but p53-independent. These results further suggest that AA may be a good candidate for the therapeutic intervention of human skin cancer. |
106 | 1998 | Kiama, S. G., Bhattacharjee, J., Maina, J. N., Weyrauch, K. D. And P. Gehr (1998). A Scanning Electron Microscope Study Of The Luminal Surface Specialisations In The Blood Vessels Of The Pecten Oculi In A Diurnal Bird, The Black Kite (Milvus Migrans). Ann Click to View Abstract
Recent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM. |
107 | 1998 | Kiama, S. G., Bhattacharjee, J., Maina, J. N., Weyrauch, K. D. And P.Gehr (1998). A Scanning Electron Microscope Study Of The Luminal Surface Specialisations In The Blood Vessels Of The Pecten Oculi In A Diurnal Bird, The Black Kite (Milvus Migrans). Anna Click to View Abstract
Recent publications have demonstrated that the protease caspase-1 is responsible for the processing of pro-interleukin 18 (IL-18) into the active form. Studies on cell lines and murine macrophages have shown that the bacterial invasion factor SipB activates caspase-1, triggering cell death. Thus, we investigated the role of SipB in the activation and release of IL-18 in human alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, AM are a more important source of IL-18 than are dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. Cytokine production by AM and DC was compared after both types of cells had been infected with a virulent strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and an isogenic sipB mutant, which were used as an infection model. Infection with virulent Salmonella led to marked cell death with features of apoptosis while both intracellular activation and release of IL-18 were demonstrated. In contrast, the sipB mutant did not induce such cell death or the release of active IL-18. The specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK blocked the early IL-18 release in AM infected with the virulent strain. However, the type of Salmonella infection did not differentially regulate IL-18 gene expression. We concluded that the bacterial virulence factor SipB plays an essential posttranslational role in the intracellular activation of IL-18 and the release of the cytokine in human AM. |
108 | 1998 | Qureshi Z P, Raassen T J I P. Vesico-vaginal Fistulae Occurring After Total Abdominal Hysterectomy. Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology Of East And Central Africa 14 (2), 115,1998 Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In sub-Saharan Africa, many family planning programmes do not encourage advance provision of oral contraceptives to clients who must wait until menses to initiate pill use. Since some resistance to advance provision of pills is due to provider fears that the practice may be harmful, we conducted a study in Kenya in 1997 to compare pill-taking outcomes between 20 "advance provision" clients and 280 "standard" clients. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Six family planning clinics in Central and Western Kenya. SUBJECTS: Women presenting as new clients at MOH family planning clinics. INTERVENTIONS: Researchers used prospective tracking to compare indicators of pill-taking success between non-menstruating clients given pills to carry home for later use and menstruating clients who began pill use immediately. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pill-taking outcomes such as side effects, compliance, knowledge, satisfaction, and a continuation proxy. RESULTS: Among clients returning for re-supply, those receiving advance provision of pills did no worse than, and often had superior outcomes to, their counterparts who started taking pills immediately after the clinic visit. CONCLUSIONS: Advance provision of pills, already practiced worldwide, is safe and feasible. Explicit mention should be made of advance provision of pills in national family planning guidance documents and training curricula in Kenya and throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
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109 | 1998 | Factors Enhancing The Practice Of Female Genital Mutilation Among The Kenyan Somalis. Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology Of East And Central Africa 14 (2), 110, 1998 Click to View Abstract
This is a descriptive cross sectional study. A structured questionnaire was used to interview 300 respondents who had infibulation as a form of female genital circumcision.The interviews were conducted at Garissa General Hosptial Gynaecology out-patient clinic. The objective of this study was to establish the factors that enhance the practice of female circumcision.
Female circumcision was performed between 3 to 14 years of age with the peak age of 7 years. In 83% of the respondents the event was arranged by the mother of the respondents. The three leading reasons why the practice was carried out in the community were, religious demand(66.3%), prevention of enlargement of clitoris(51%), and protection of virginity (48.3%).
In conclusion FGM is a harmful traditional practice that is traditionally justified but has no medical support.
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110 | 1998 | Jaldesa GW, Wanjala SMH, Qureshi Z P, Sekkade-Kigondu C. Maternal Morbidity And Mortality At Garissa Provincial Hospital, 3 Year Retrospective Survey. Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology Of East And Central Africa 14 ( 2 ), 68, 1998 Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In sub-Saharan Africa, many family planning programmes do not encourage advance provision of oral contraceptives to clients who must wait until menses to initiate pill use. Since some resistance to advance provision of pills is due to provider fears that the practice may be harmful, we conducted a study in Kenya in 1997 to compare pill-taking outcomes between 20 "advance provision" clients and 280 "standard" clients. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Six family planning clinics in Central and Western Kenya. SUBJECTS: Women presenting as new clients at MOH family planning clinics. INTERVENTIONS: Researchers used prospective tracking to compare indicators of pill-taking success between non-menstruating clients given pills to carry home for later use and menstruating clients who began pill use immediately. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pill-taking outcomes such as side effects, compliance, knowledge, satisfaction, and a continuation proxy. RESULTS: Among clients returning for re-supply, those receiving advance provision of pills did no worse than, and often had superior outcomes to, their counterparts who started taking pills immediately after the clinic visit. CONCLUSIONS: Advance provision of pills, already practiced worldwide, is safe and feasible. Explicit mention should be made of advance provision of pills in national family planning guidance documents and training curricula in Kenya and throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
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111 | 1998 | Qureshi Z P, Raassen TJIP. Obstetric Fistula Repair Programme Of The Department Of Obstetrics And Gynaecology Of The University Of Nairobi. Proceedings Of The 1st Meeting Of The East, Central And Southern Africa Association Of Obstetrical And Gynaecologic Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In sub-Saharan Africa, many family planning programmes do not encourage advance provision of oral contraceptives to clients who must wait until menses to initiate pill use. Since some resistance to advance provision of pills is due to provider fears that the practice may be harmful, we conducted a study in Kenya in 1997 to compare pill-taking outcomes between 20 "advance provision" clients and 280 "standard" clients. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Six family planning clinics in Central and Western Kenya. SUBJECTS: Women presenting as new clients at MOH family planning clinics. INTERVENTIONS: Researchers used prospective tracking to compare indicators of pill-taking success between non-menstruating clients given pills to carry home for later use and menstruating clients who began pill use immediately. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pill-taking outcomes such as side effects, compliance, knowledge, satisfaction, and a continuation proxy. RESULTS: Among clients returning for re-supply, those receiving advance provision of pills did no worse than, and often had superior outcomes to, their counterparts who started taking pills immediately after the clinic visit. CONCLUSIONS: Advance provision of pills, already practiced worldwide, is safe and feasible. Explicit mention should be made of advance provision of pills in national family planning guidance documents and training curricula in Kenya and throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
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112 | 1998 | The Impact Of PAC And PIC On Accountability And Transparency In Kenya Under The New Photography Changes On The Standing Orders Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of Xerophthalmia among Kenyan children aged four to seven years in high risk using Conjuctival Impression Cytology and transfer. DESIGN: A cross sectional community based study. SETTING: Mathare slum in Nairobi and Tiva/Ithiani area of Kitui. SUBJECTS: Children aged four to seven years residing in the above areas were assessed for both clinical and cytological features of vitamin A deficiency. RESULTS: Of the 342 children included in this study, 316 (92.0%) were normal, five (1.5%) had XN, 19 (5.9% had XIA and two (0.6%) had XIB. No signs of corneal Xerophthalmia were seen in this study. Conjuctival impression cytology and transfer (CICT) was used to asses for squamous metaplastic changes associated with Vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Seventy five (23.1%) of the children were normal by CICT while 249 (76.9%) were abnormal. In comparing the two areas of study, only 13.2% of the children in Mathare had normal CICT compared to 50% in Kitui. For each of the age groups studied there was significant difference between the two areas with children from Mathare being more deficient than those from Kitui. CONCLUSION: VAD is a significant health problem in the high risk areas assessed by CICT in this study. |
113 | 1998 | Mwanthi, M. A. Occurrence Of Three Pesticides In Community Water Supplies, Kenya. Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology, 60:601-608, 1998. Click to View Abstract
BACKGROUND: Butere-Mumias district is one of the districts which performs poorly on immunisation coverage, as observed from the Kenya Expanded Programme of Immunisation reports. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that contribute to the low level of immunisation coverage in the district among children under the age of five years. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Butere-Mumias district. RESULTS: Out of the 293 mothers who were sampled, 238 (80%) had attained primary level of education while, 55 (20%) attained secondary level and above. Immunisation coverage was found to be 35% in this district. Long distances to health facilities, poor states of the roads, age, attitude and knowledge regarding immunisation among mothers were significant factors that determined immunisation coverage. CONCLUSION: Low levels of education, long distances to the nearest health facilities, lack of knowledge on immunisations and lack of staff were responsible for the low coverage. There is therefore, need to act on these factors which hamper the immunisation coverage in order to reduce child mortality rate which are attributable to non-immunisation. |
114 | 1998 | Population Distribution In Africa: Urbanization Under Weak Economic Conditions , In United Nations (ed) Population And Migration. New York: United Nations, 1998: 84-101, ISBN 92-1-151324-3. Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. |
115 | 1998 | Some Effects Of The Rising Case Load Of Adult HIV-related Disease On A Hospital In Nairobi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998 Jul 1;18(3):234-40. Click to View Abstract
Increasing numbers of HIV-infected adults in Africa need hospital care. It remains unclear what impact this has on health care services or on how hospitals respond. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of a rising case load of adult HIV-related disease by comparing results from a prospective cross-sectional study of acute adult medical admissions to a government hospital in Nairobi conducted in 1992 with results from a previous study done in 1988 and 1989 in the same hospital, using the same study design and protocol. Data on age, gender, number admitted, length of stay, HIV status, clinical AIDS, final diagnosis, case mix, and outcome were compared. In 1992, 374 consecutive patients were admitted in 15 24-hour periods (24.9 patients/period) compared with the 1988 to 1989 study, which enrolled 506 patients in 22 24-hour periods (23.0 patients/period). Patients' age, gender, and length of hospital stay were similar in both studies. In 1992, 39% of patients were HIV-positive compared with 19% in 1988 to 1989 (p < 10(-6)); whereas seropositive admissions rose 123% between the two periods (p < .0001), HIV-negative admissions declined 18% (p < .05). Clinical surveillance for AIDS consistently identified <40% of HIV-positive patients. Irrespective of HIV status, tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia were the leading diagnoses in both surveys. No change was found in the diagnoses recorded for HIV-positive patients, but in HIV-negative patients, reductions were significant in the case mix (p < .00001) and range of diagnoses (p < .001) seen in 1992. Outcome remained unchanged for HIV-positive patients with approximately 35% mortality in both surveys. Outcome significantly worsened, in relative and absolute terms, for HIV-negative patients: in 1992, mortality was 23%, compared with 13.9% in 1988 to 1989 (p < .005), with 3.5 deaths per 24-hour period in 1992 compared with 2.6 deaths per 24-hour period in 1988 to 1989 (p < .05, one-tailed). These data suggest that increasing selection for admission is taking place as demand for care increases because of HIV/AIDS. This process appears to favor HIV-positive patients at the expense of HIV-negative patients who seem to be crowded out and, once admitted, experience higher mortality rates. The true social costs of the HIV epidemic are underestimated by not including the effects on HIV-negative people. PIP: The impact of the escalating demand for HIV/AIDS-related care on hospital services in Nairobi, Kenya, was investigated in two prospective cross-sectional studies conducted at Kenyatta National Hospital. Data on age, gender, number of admissions, length of stay, HIV status, clinical AIDS, final diagnosis, case mix, and outcome were compared in a 1988-89 study that enrolled 506 consecutive patients in a total of 22 24-hour periods and in a 1992 study of 374 patients admitted in 15 24-hour periods. 18.7% of hospital patients in 1988-89 were HIV-positive compared with 38.5% in 1992, with a concomitant decline of 18% in the number of HIV-negative admissions. Clinical surveillance for AIDS consistently identified less than 40% of HIV-positive patients. Tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia were the leading diagnoses in both surveys among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. Diagnoses recorded for HIV-positive patients did not change over time; however, among HIV-negative patients, there was a significant narrowing in the range of diagnoses seen. Mortality among HIV-positive patients remained constant at 35% in both surveys. Among HIV-negative patients, mortality increased from 13.9% in 1988-89 to 23% in 1992 (2.6 and 3.5 deaths per 24-hour period, respectively). These findings suggest that increasing demand for hospital care by HIV-positive patients has been accompanied by deteriorating conditions for HIV-negative patients, especially an admissions selection process that favors HIV/AIDS patients. Recommended to address the worsening crisis in health care delivery are general guidelines on admission criteria that neither crowd out HIV-negative patients nor discriminate against those with HIV/AIDS.
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116 | 1998 | The Potential Of Non-motorized Transport In Enhancing Urban Environment And Poverty Alleviation In Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The relative bioavailabilities of three carbamazepine tablet formulations available in the Kenyan market (Temporal(R), Taver(R) and Carbamazepine Lincoln) compared with the innovator formulation (Tegretol(R)) were evaluated in seven healthy African volunteers (5 males, two females; aged 22-36 years), according to a randomised fourway crossover study design, following oral administration of single 200 mg doses with a three week washout period. In vitro dissolution profiles of the tablets were also evaluated. Relative bioavailabilities ((F)rel) of Temporal(R), Taver(R) and Carbamazepine Linocoln were 101.2%, 82.2% and 71.6% respectively, compared with Tegretol(R). Percent drug content dissolved in vitro after I hour were 91.3%, 75.9% and 39.3% for Temporal(R), Taver(R) and Carbamazepine Lincoln, respectively. It was concluded that Temporal(R) was bioequivalent to Tegretol(R) while Taver(R) and Carbamazepin Lincoln were bioinequivalent to Tegretol(R). Administration of Taver(R) or Carbamazepine Lincoln might lead to poor control of epileptic seizures. |
117 | 1998 | Overview Of Pedestrians And Cyclist Issues In Nairobi Click to View Abstract
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The relative bioavailabilities of three carbamazepine tablet formulations available in the Kenyan market (Temporal(R), Taver(R) and Carbamazepine Lincoln) compared with the innovator formulation (Tegretol(R)) were evaluated in seven healthy African volunteers (5 males, two females; aged 22-36 years), according to a randomised fourway crossover study design, following oral administration of single 200 mg doses with a three week washout period. In vitro dissolution profiles of the tablets were also evaluated. Relative bioavailabilities ((F)rel) of Temporal(R), Taver(R) and Carbamazepine Linocoln were 101.2%, 82.2% and 71.6% respectively, compared with Tegretol(R). Percent drug content dissolved in vitro after I hour were 91.3%, 75.9% and 39.3% for Temporal(R), Taver(R) and Carbamazepine Lincoln, respectively. It was concluded that Temporal(R) was bioequivalent to Tegretol(R) while Taver(R) and Carbamazepin Lincoln were bioinequivalent to Tegretol(R). Administration of Taver(R) or Carbamazepine Lincoln might lead to poor control of epileptic seizures. |
118 | 1998 | A Proposal That Initiated The Formation Of A Task Force For Establishing A University At The Coast Of Kenya, Bandari/JKUAT In 1998. Click to View Abstract
This article reveals that the concept of education as a process of growth is a difficult one. Philosophers are, therefore, justified in being weary when pondering over its meaning, both in theory and practice. By way of conclusion, the article appreciates the complexities inherent in the growth theory of education, summarizing its major strength and weaknesses. Then it cautions educational planners and practitioners to be weary when, and if, they translate the theory into practice, so that they utilize the strengths inherent in the theory whilst paying attention to the dangers of its inherent weaknesses. |
119 | 1998 | Kagiko, M.M. (1998). Challenges To Veterinary Medicine In The Next Millennium. Ken. Vet. 23: 50 - 51 Click to View Abstract
Objectives: To determine the occurrence of food borne disease outbreaks in Kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.
Design: A cross-sectional survey.
Setting: Forty two districts in Kenya between 1970 and 1993.
Study subjects: Food-borne disease outbreak episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, chemicals, aflatoxins, plant and animal poisons.
Outcome measures: Number and aetiological causes of food-borne disease outbreaks reported in the study period.
Results: Thirty seven food poisoning outbreaks were reported to the Ministry of Health from various parts of the country in the study period 1970 to 1993, and only 13 of these involving a total of 926 people were confirmed to be due to particular aetiological agents. Foods that were involved included milk and milk products, meat and meat products, maize flour, bread scones and other wheat products, vegetables and lemon pie pudding. A high number of food poisoning cases were treated as outpatients in various health facilities.
Conclusions: Under-reporting, inadequate investigation of outbreaks and inadequate diagnostic facilities suggest that food-borne disease outbreaks are more that is recorded by the Ministry of Health. |
120 | 1998 | K.W. Simiyu, P.B. Gathuma, M.N. Kyule, L.W. Kanja, J.N. Ombui, And M.M. Kagiko (1998). Prevalence Of Escherichia Coli Toxins And Antibiotics Resistance Of Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated From River Water. Ken. Vet. 23: 205 Click to View Abstract
Objectives: To determine the occurrence of food borne disease outbreaks in Kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.
Design: A cross-sectional survey.
Setting: Forty two districts in Kenya between 1970 and 1993.
Study subjects: Food-borne disease outbreak episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, chemicals, aflatoxins, plant and animal poisons.
Outcome measures: Number and aetiological causes of food-borne disease outbreaks reported in the study period.
Results: Thirty seven food poisoning outbreaks were reported to the Ministry of Health from various parts of the country in the study period 1970 to 1993, and only 13 of these involving a total of 926 people were confirmed to be due to particular aetiological agents. Foods that were involved included milk and milk products, meat and meat products, maize flour, bread scones and other wheat products, vegetables and lemon pie pudding. A high number of food poisoning cases were treated as outpatients in various health facilities.
Conclusions: Under-reporting, inadequate investigation of outbreaks and inadequate diagnostic facilities suggest that food-borne disease outbreaks are more that is recorded by the Ministry of Health. |
121 | 1998 | Oteno,G.O., Suda, C., Gitau, T., Mwangi, J.M., McDermott, J.J., Waltner-Toews, D., Gathuma, J M., Kangethe, E.K., Kimani, V.W., Kilungo, J.K. And Muni, R.K. (1998). Participatory Action Research : The Missing Link To Sustainable And Effective Intervention Click to View Abstract
Objectives: To determine the occurrence of food borne disease outbreaks in Kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.
Design: A cross-sectional survey.
Setting: Forty two districts in Kenya between 1970 and 1993.
Study subjects: Food-borne disease outbreak episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, chemicals, aflatoxins, plant and animal poisons.
Outcome measures: Number and aetiological causes of food-borne disease outbreaks reported in the study period.
Results: Thirty seven food poisoning outbreaks were reported to the Ministry of Health from various parts of the country in the study period 1970 to 1993, and only 13 of these involving a total of 926 people were confirmed to be due to particular aetiological agents. Foods that were involved included milk and milk products, meat and meat products, maize flour, bread scones and other wheat products, vegetables and lemon pie pudding. A high number of food poisoning cases were treated as outpatients in various health facilities.
Conclusions: Under-reporting, inadequate investigation of outbreaks and inadequate diagnostic facilities suggest that food-borne disease outbreaks are more that is recorded by the Ministry of Health. |
122 | 1998 | Mwangi, J.M., Otieno, G.O., Suda,C., Gitau, T., McDermott,J.J., Waltner-Toews,D., Gathuma, J.M., Kangethe, E.K., Kimani,V.W.,Kilungo,J.K., Muni, R.K. And Khasiani, S.A.(1998). Social Economic Constraints To Agricultural Productivity In Kiambu District. Ke Click to View Abstract
Objectives: To determine the occurrence of food borne disease outbreaks in Kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.
Design: A cross-sectional survey.
Setting: Forty two districts in Kenya between 1970 and 1993.
Study subjects: Food-borne disease outbreak episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, chemicals, aflatoxins, plant and animal poisons.
Outcome measures: Number and aetiological causes of food-borne disease outbreaks reported in the study period.
Results: Thirty seven food poisoning outbreaks were reported to the Ministry of Health from various parts of the country in the study period 1970 to 1993, and only 13 of these involving a total of 926 people were confirmed to be due to particular aetiological agents. Foods that were involved included milk and milk products, meat and meat products, maize flour, bread scones and other wheat products, vegetables and lemon pie pudding. A high number of food poisoning cases were treated as outpatients in various health facilities.
Conclusions: Under-reporting, inadequate investigation of outbreaks and inadequate diagnostic facilities suggest that food-borne disease outbreaks are more that is recorded by the Ministry of Health. |
123 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Nansen, PO., Kyvsgaard, N., Thamsborg, S.M., Gathuma, J.M. And Bogh, H.O (1998). An Abattoir Survey Of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections In Cattle In The Central Highlands Of Kenya. Vet. Res. Commun., 22, 325 Click to View Abstract
Objectives: To determine the occurrence of food borne disease outbreaks in Kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.
Design: A cross-sectional survey.
Setting: Forty two districts in Kenya between 1970 and 1993.
Study subjects: Food-borne disease outbreak episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, chemicals, aflatoxins, plant and animal poisons.
Outcome measures: Number and aetiological causes of food-borne disease outbreaks reported in the study period.
Results: Thirty seven food poisoning outbreaks were reported to the Ministry of Health from various parts of the country in the study period 1970 to 1993, and only 13 of these involving a total of 926 people were confirmed to be due to particular aetiological agents. Foods that were involved included milk and milk products, meat and meat products, maize flour, bread scones and other wheat products, vegetables and lemon pie pudding. A high number of food poisoning cases were treated as outpatients in various health facilities.
Conclusions: Under-reporting, inadequate investigation of outbreaks and inadequate diagnostic facilities suggest that food-borne disease outbreaks are more that is recorded by the Ministry of Health. |
124 | 1998 | Gatongi, P.M., Richard, R.K., Ranjan, S., Gathuma, J.M., Munyua, W.K., Cheruiyot, H. And Scoot, M.E. (1998). Hypobiosis Of Haemonclus Contortus In 13 Natural Infections Of Sheep And Goats In A Semi-arid Area Of Kenya. Vet. Parasit. 77, 49 Click to View Abstract
Objectives: To determine the occurrence of food borne disease outbreaks in Kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.
Design: A cross-sectional survey.
Setting: Forty two districts in Kenya between 1970 and 1993.
Study subjects: Food-borne disease outbreak episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, chemicals, aflatoxins, plant and animal poisons.
Outcome measures: Number and aetiological causes of food-borne disease outbreaks reported in the study period.
Results: Thirty seven food poisoning outbreaks were reported to the Ministry of Health from various parts of the country in the study period 1970 to 1993, and only 13 of these involving a total of 926 people were confirmed to be due to particular aetiological agents. Foods that were involved included milk and milk products, meat and meat products, maize flour, bread scones and other wheat products, vegetables and lemon pie pudding. A high number of food poisoning cases were treated as outpatients in various health facilities.
Conclusions: Under-reporting, inadequate investigation of outbreaks and inadequate diagnostic facilities suggest that food-borne disease outbreaks are more that is recorded by the Ministry of Health. |
125 | 1998 | Maingi, N., Bjorn, H., Munyua,W.K. And Gathuma, J.M. (1998). Resistance To Benzimidazoles And Levamisole In Nematode Parasites Of Sheep In Nyandarua District Of Kenya. Acta Tropica, 69, 31-40 Click to View Abstract
Objectives: To determine the occurrence of food borne disease outbreaks in Kenya and the efforts employed to combat them.
Design: A cross-sectional survey.
Setting: Forty two districts in Kenya between 1970 and 1993.
Study subjects: Food-borne disease outbreak episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, chemicals, aflatoxins, plant and animal poisons.
Outcome measures: Number and aetiological causes of food-borne disease outbreaks reported in the study period.
Results: Thirty seven food poisoning outbreaks were reported to the Ministry of Health from various parts of the country in the study period 1970 to 1993, and only 13 of these involving a total of 926 people were confirmed to be due to particular aetiological agents. Foods that were involved included milk and milk products, meat and meat products, maize flour, bread scones and other wheat products, vegetables and lemon pie pudding. A high number of food poisoning cases were treated as outpatients in various health facilities.
Conclusions: Under-reporting, inadequate investigation of outbreaks and inadequate diagnostic facilities suggest that food-borne disease outbreaks are more that is recorded by the Ministry of Health. |
126 | 1998 | Mugivane, Fred I. 1998. Benefits And Constraints Of Zero-Grazing Dairy Production By Small Holder Farm Women Groups. Submitted: Discovery And Innovation: AA/MSS/1626. Click to View Abstract
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127 | 1998 | E.S. Kilelu Et Al (1998) Prevalence Of NewCastle Disease Virus In Indigenous Chiken In Nairobi And Machakos Districts Of Kenya. Kenya Veterinarian Jaurnal Vol. 101 No. 73 P37 Click to View Abstract
Psychiatric morbidity among 200 medical in-patients at Kenyatta National Hospital was determined by a two-stage screening procedure, using the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) and standardized psychiatric interview (SPI). 44 (22%) of the total sample of 200 patients who were interviewed met the pre-established criteria for psychiatric morbidity; of these 59% comprised affective disorders. 4 (9%) of the psychiatric morbidity cases were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Referral seemed to be related to severity of illness and a previous history of psychiatric illness. There was no evidence in the notes that the psychiatric problems had been detected, treated or dealt with in any other way by the medical team in 34 patients out of 44 with psychiatric morbidity. Increase in the mental health input in the training of all health workers with emphasis on recognition and management of some of the commoner psychological problems is recommended. |
128 | 1998 | Muiva, M. N., Click to View Abstract
The gene Q13L coding for the Capripoxvirus group specific structural protein P32 was expressed in Escherichia coli using plasmid pGEX-2T as a fusion protein with glutathione-s-transferase and purified on glutathione sepharose affinity chromatography column. The protein was then employed for diagnosis of sheeppox, goatpox and lumpyskin disease, by a latex agglutination test (LAT) using the purified P32 antigen and guinea pig detector antiserum raised against the P32 antigen. The LAT and virus neutralization test (VNT) were used to screen one hundred livestock field sera for antibodies to Capripoxvirus, in comparison the LAT was simpler, rapid and 23% more sensitive than the VNT. In addition the LAT was found to be specific for Carpripoxvirus because it did not pick antibodies to Orthopoxvirus and Parapoxvirus. The LA test can be taken for a simple and quick diagnostic tool for primary screening of Carpripoxvirus infection and will reduce the reliance of diagnostic laboratories on
tissue culture facilities.
Keywords: Carpripox, latex agglutination test, attachment gene
J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 36-43 |
129 | 1998 | HIV Type 1 Resistance In Kenyan Sex Workers Is Not Associated With Altered Cellular Susceptibility To HIV Type 1 Infection Or Enhanced Beta-chemokine Production. Fowke KR; Dong T; Rowland-Jones SL; Oyugi J Rutherford WJ; Kimani J; Krausa P; Bwayo JJ; Simo Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To monitor and analyse trends in HIV-1 seroprevalence among antenatal women in Nairobi, Kenya. DESIGN: Six sequential surveys were carried out among antenatal clinic attenders at four Nairobi City Council health centres between November 1991 and April 1997. METHODS: A total of 6828 women attending for first antenatal clinic visit were administered a standard questionnaire to obtain demographic information and were screened for HIV-1. RESULTS: HIV-1 seroprevalence rose from 12.1% in the first survey to 16.2% in the third, completed in October 1993. No rise was observed in subsequent surveys, and seroprevalence among women under the age of 20 declined after the third survey. Significant differences in seroprevalence (P < 0.001) were observed in all survey rounds between women who reported that their province of origin was Nyanza (22.4% overall), compared with those from other provinces in western Kenya (14.1%), and the eastern group of provinces (8.9%). The rise in HIV-1 seroprevalence observed between 1991 and 1993 was almost entirely attributable to the rising seroprevalence among women from Nyanza. There were considerable differences in HIV-1 seroprevalence among the four health centres, partly accounted for by differences in the proportion of clinic attenders from different provinces of origin, which also changed significantly over time. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-1 seroprevalence has stabilized in antenatal women attending these health centres in Nairobi, and may be declining among women in the youngest age group. This may reflect stabilization of HIV-1 incidence, but further observation is required. The levels of infection among Nairobi residents reflect the evolution of the HIV epidemic in their provinces of origin, and changing client composition influences HIV-1 seroprevalence at different clinics. HIV sentinel surveillance should be carried out at multiple sites in large urban centres to monitor accurately the evolution of the HIV epidemic and the impact of control efforts in reducing transmission. |
130 | 1998 | Cohen CR; Sinei S; Reilly M; Bukusi E; Eschenbach D; Holmes KK; Ndinya-Achola JO; Bwayo JJ; Grieco V; Stamm W; Karanja J; Kreiss J.Effect Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Upon Acute Salpingitis: A Laparoscopic Study.Infect Dis. 1998 Nov;17 Click to View Abstract
To determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection upon pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a laparoscopic study of acute PID was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya. Subjects underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, HIV-1 serology, and testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Of the 133 women with laparoscopically verified salpingitis, 52 (39%) were HIV-1-seropositive. Tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) were found in 33% of HIV-1-infected and 15% of HIV-1-uninfected women (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.5). Among seropositive women, TOA was found in 55% of those with CD4 cell percent <14% vs. 28% with CD4 cell percent>14% (OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.6-15.3). Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 37 women (28%) and Chlamydia trachomatis in 12 (9%); neither was significantly related to HIV-1 seropositivity. Length of hospitalization was not affected by HIV-1 serostatus overall but was prolonged among HIV-1-infected women with CD4 cell percent <14%. Among patients with acute salpingitis, likelihood of TOA was related to HIV-1 infection and advanced immunosuppression. In general, HIV-1-seropositive women with acute salpingitis responded well to treatment. |
131 | 1998 | Cytotoxic T Cell Responses To Multiple Conserved HIV Epitopes In HIV-resistant Prostitutes In Nairobi [see Comments] Rowland-Jones SL; Dong T; Fowke KR; Kimani J; Krausa P; Newell H; Blanchard T; Ariyoshi K; Oyugi J; Ngugi E; Bwayo JJ; MacDonald KS; McMic Click to View Abstract
To determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection upon pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a laparoscopic study of acute PID was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya. Subjects underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, HIV-1 serology, and testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Of the 133 women with laparoscopically verified salpingitis, 52 (39%) were HIV-1-seropositive. Tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) were found in 33% of HIV-1-infected and 15% of HIV-1-uninfected women (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.5). Among seropositive women, TOA was found in 55% of those with CD4 cell percent <14% vs. 28% with CD4 cell percent>14% (OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.6-15.3). Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 37 women (28%) and Chlamydia trachomatis in 12 (9%); neither was significantly related to HIV-1 seropositivity. Length of hospitalization was not affected by HIV-1 serostatus overall but was prolonged among HIV-1-infected women with CD4 cell percent <14%. Among patients with acute salpingitis, likelihood of TOA was related to HIV-1 infection and advanced immunosuppression. In general, HIV-1-seropositive women with acute salpingitis responded well to treatment. |
132 | 1998 | Cervical And Vaginal Shedding Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-infected Cells Throughout The Menstrual Cycle. Mostad SB; Jackson S; Overbaugh J; Reilly M Chohan B; Mandaliya K; Nyange P; Ndinya-Achola J; Bwayo JJ Kreiss JK. Infect Dis. 1998 Oct;178( Click to View Abstract
To determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection upon pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a laparoscopic study of acute PID was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya. Subjects underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, HIV-1 serology, and testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Of the 133 women with laparoscopically verified salpingitis, 52 (39%) were HIV-1-seropositive. Tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) were found in 33% of HIV-1-infected and 15% of HIV-1-uninfected women (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.5). Among seropositive women, TOA was found in 55% of those with CD4 cell percent <14% vs. 28% with CD4 cell percent>14% (OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.6-15.3). Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 37 women (28%) and Chlamydia trachomatis in 12 (9%); neither was significantly related to HIV-1 seropositivity. Length of hospitalization was not affected by HIV-1 serostatus overall but was prolonged among HIV-1-infected women with CD4 cell percent <14%. Among patients with acute salpingitis, likelihood of TOA was related to HIV-1 infection and advanced immunosuppression. In general, HIV-1-seropositive women with acute salpingitis responded well to treatment. |
133 | 1998 | Evolution Of Envelope Sequences From The Genital Tract And Peripheral Blood Of Women Infected With Clade A Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Poss M; Rodrigo AG; Gosink JJ; Learn GH; De Vange Panteleeff D; Martin HL Jr; Bwayo JJ; Kreiss JK; Overbaugh J. Click to View Abstract
To determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection upon pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a laparoscopic study of acute PID was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya. Subjects underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, HIV-1 serology, and testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Of the 133 women with laparoscopically verified salpingitis, 52 (39%) were HIV-1-seropositive. Tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) were found in 33% of HIV-1-infected and 15% of HIV-1-uninfected women (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.5). Among seropositive women, TOA was found in 55% of those with CD4 cell percent <14% vs. 28% with CD4 cell percent>14% (OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.6-15.3). Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 37 women (28%) and Chlamydia trachomatis in 12 (9%); neither was significantly related to HIV-1 seropositivity. Length of hospitalization was not affected by HIV-1 serostatus overall but was prolonged among HIV-1-infected women with CD4 cell percent <14%. Among patients with acute salpingitis, likelihood of TOA was related to HIV-1 infection and advanced immunosuppression. In general, HIV-1-seropositive women with acute salpingitis responded well to treatment. |
134 | 1998 | Mother-child Class I HLA Concordance Increase Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission. MacDonald KS; Embree J; Njenga S; Nagelkerke NJ; Ngatia I; Mohammed Z; Barber BH; Ndinya-Achola J; Bwayo JJ; Plummer FA. J Infect Dis. 1998 Mar;177(3 Click to View Abstract
To determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection upon pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a laparoscopic study of acute PID was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya. Subjects underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, HIV-1 serology, and testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Of the 133 women with laparoscopically verified salpingitis, 52 (39%) were HIV-1-seropositive. Tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) were found in 33% of HIV-1-infected and 15% of HIV-1-uninfected women (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.5). Among seropositive women, TOA was found in 55% of those with CD4 cell percent <14% vs. 28% with CD4 cell percent>14% (OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.6-15.3). Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 37 women (28%) and Chlamydia trachomatis in 12 (9%); neither was significantly related to HIV-1 seropositivity. Length of hospitalization was not affected by HIV-1 serostatus overall but was prolonged among HIV-1-infected women with CD4 cell percent <14%. Among patients with acute salpingitis, likelihood of TOA was related to HIV-1 infection and advanced immunosuppression. In general, HIV-1-seropositive women with acute salpingitis responded well to treatment. |
135 | 1998 | Anti-HLA Alloantibody Is Found In Children But Does Not Correlate With A Lack Of HIV Type 1 Transmission From Infected Mothers. Luscher MA; Choy G; Embree JE; Nagelkerke NJ; Bwayo JJ; Njenga S; Plummer FA; Barber BH; MacDonald KS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruse Click to View Abstract
To determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection upon pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a laparoscopic study of acute PID was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya. Subjects underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, HIV-1 serology, and testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Of the 133 women with laparoscopically verified salpingitis, 52 (39%) were HIV-1-seropositive. Tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) were found in 33% of HIV-1-infected and 15% of HIV-1-uninfected women (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.5). Among seropositive women, TOA was found in 55% of those with CD4 cell percent <14% vs. 28% with CD4 cell percent>14% (OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.6-15.3). Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 37 women (28%) and Chlamydia trachomatis in 12 (9%); neither was significantly related to HIV-1 seropositivity. Length of hospitalization was not affected by HIV-1 serostatus overall but was prolonged among HIV-1-infected women with CD4 cell percent <14%. Among patients with acute salpingitis, likelihood of TOA was related to HIV-1 infection and advanced immunosuppression. In general, HIV-1-seropositive women with acute salpingitis responded well to treatment. |
136 | 1998 | Luscher MA, Choy G, Njagi E, Bwayo JJ, Anzala AO, Ndinya-Achola JO, Ball TB, Wade JA, Plummer FA, Barber BH, MacDonald KS.Naturally Occurring IgG Anti-HLA Alloantibody Does Not Correlate With HIV Type 1 Resistance In Nairobi Prostitutes.AIDS Res Hum Retro Click to View Abstract
In an effort to identify an immunological basis for natural resistance to HIV-1 infection, we have examined serum antibody responses to HLA class I antigens in female prostitutes of the Nairobi Sex Workers Study. Anti-HLA antibodies are known to block HIV infectivity in vitro and can be protective against SIV challenge in macaques immunized with purified class I HLA. Thus, it was postulated that broadly cross-reactive alloantibodies recognizing common HLA alleles in the client population might contribute to the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV. In fact, 12% of the women were found to have serum IgG antibodies against class I alloantigens. However, this alloantibody did not correlate with the HIV status of the women and was found in a similar proportion of HIV-positive and HIV-resistant women. The observed levels of alloantibody did not increase with HIV infection in susceptible individuals, suggesting that potential antigenic mimicry between HIV and host HLA class I antigens does not significantly increase levels of anti-class I antibodies. The lack of correlation between serum anti-allo-class I HLA antibodies and the risk of sexual transmission indicates that this humoral immune response is unlikely to be the natural mechanism behind the HIV-resistance phenotype of persistently HIV-seronegative women. This result, however, does not preclude the further investigation of alloimmunization as an artificial HIV immunization strategy. |
137 | 1998 | Response Of Pigeonpea(Cajanus Cajan L. Millsp) To Rhizobium Inoculation And Phospate Fertiliser Application. Acta. Hort. 218: 239-249. Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
138 | 1998 | Mwangi, D.W., Mukuria,J.C. And Noguchi, A. (1998). Hanganutziu And Deicher (HD) Serum Antibody And Total Sialic Acid Levels In Hepatoma Patients.African Journal Of Health Sciences 5: 108 Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the levels of both TSA and HD antibody in sera of patients with various malignancies and evaluate their potential role as diagnostic and/ or prognostic markers. DESIGN: Laboratory based analysis. SETTINGS: Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi. SUBJECTS: A total of 909 serum samples, 420 from cancer patients recruited at Kenyatta National Hospital and 509 from normal blood donors recruited at Nairobi Hospital. RESULTS: The mean age for the patients and controls was 36 and 37 years respectively. Carcinoma patients constituted 54%, sarcoma 12.1%, lymphoma 16.4% and 17.4% had other types of tumours. The mean TSA in patients was 0.86 mg/ml +/- 0.026 compared to 0.82 mg/ml +/- 0.014 in controls. The TSA level was significantly higher in patients compared to controls (Student's t-test p = 0.031 at 0.05 confidence level). The TSA increased with age in both study groups. In patient sera, both gender gave the same mean of 0.83 mg/ml while it was 0.82 mg/ml and 0.83 mg/ml in control females and in males respectively. Sarcomas had the highest amount of 0.93 mg/ml but there was no significant statistical variation between tumour types (p = 0.076). The HD antibody mean readings were 0.004 in pathologic sera compared to 0.011 in controls. The values were significantly elevated in patients (p = 0.03) with females giving a higher value for both study groups (p = 0.628). HD antibody readings was significantly higher in carcinomas (p = 0.017) compared to those of sarcomas and lymphomas. There was no association between antibody readings and age of patient (p = 0.601). CONCLUSION: Both TSA and HD antibody values were significantly elevated in patients compared to clinically healthy controls and while TSA levels increased with age and was independent of gender, HD antibody levels were independent of age, gender and also tumour type. The study demonstrates that although TSA is normally elevated in malignancy, most of the sialic acid shed is of N-acetyl type as some patients do not express HD antibody directed to the N-glycolyl sialic acid. The reason why some tumours would express Neu5Gc at any one time needs further evaluation.
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139 | 1998 | Mwangi DW, Mukuria JC, Noguchi A.Serum Hanganutziu And Deicher (HD) Antibody And Total Sialic Acid Levels In Hepatoma Patients.Afr J Health Sci. 1998;5(1-2):108-12. Click to View Abstract
A preliminary short follow-up study of Hanganutziu and Deicher (HD) antibody titre and sialic acid levels in sera from 7 patients with hepatoma was carried out. Weekly HD antibody titres were abnormal in 6 patients with titres of 4 of the 6 falling to normal in some weeks. Sialic acids levels, however were abnormal (3.830-6.82mmol/ l) compared to those of 33 normal sera (1.08-2.73 mmol/1) throughout the 8 week screening period. There was a poor correlation between the antibody tires and the sialic acid levels (r<0.50) suggesting that at some stage of malignancy, the tumour was expressing N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), the epitope of HD antigens as well as shedding into circulation, excess N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Neu5Gc is a tumor-associated antigen. Measurement of antibodies to this epitope have shown that the antibodies have a potential of offering an alternative method of determining tumor growth and/or metastases. A major follow-up study incorporating information on cancer type, disease stage, therapy and the immnunological status of the patient is called for. |
140 | 1998 | Kariuki MM, Kiaira JK, Mulaa FK, Mwangi JK, Wasunna MK, Martin SK.Plasmodium Falciparum: Purification Of The Various Gametocyte Developmental Stages From In Vitro Cultivated Parasites Gametocytes Am J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 59 (4), 505-508. Click to View Abstract
Cultivated Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes reach maturity in vitro in approximately 14-16 days, during which they pass through five morphologically distinct developmental stages. Purification of the earlier developmental stages has not been previously reported. We have modified the standard discontinuous Percoll gradient method for the separation of stage IV and V gametocytes to obtain enriched preparations of those and the earlier P. falciparum gametocyte stages. In contrast to the stages II, III, and IV, the mature stage V gametocytes from our gradient readily transformed into gametes. Such preparations may be useful in research studies on the mechanisms that underlie gametocytogenesis. |
141 | 1998 | Signal Transduction In Malaria Gametocytes. Biochemical Pathways In Parasites Of Medical Importance. Click to View Abstract
Cultivated Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes reach maturity in vitro in approximately 14-16 days, during which they pass through five morphologically distinct developmental stages. Purification of the earlier developmental stages has not been previously reported. We have modified the standard discontinuous Percoll gradient method for the separation of stage IV and V gametocytes to obtain enriched preparations of those and the earlier P. falciparum gametocyte stages. In contrast to the stages II, III, and IV, the mature stage V gametocytes from our gradient readily transformed into gametes. Such preparations may be useful in research studies on the mechanisms that underlie gametocytogenesis. |
142 | 1998 | Osteogenic Sarcoma Click to View Abstract
Osteogenic Sarcoma at Kenyatta Naitonal Hospital Medicom 13(1): 15, 1998
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143 | 1998 | Obara, D.A. And Mungai, D.N., 1998. Socio-economic Implications Of Soil Conservation In The Highland And Mountain Ecosystems In Murang'a District, Kenya. Section IV (pp. 132-150), In: F.F. Ojany (Ed.), African Mountains And Highlands: Planning For Sustain Click to View Abstract
Department of Periodontology/ Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676 - 00202, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of oral hygiene habits and practices on the risk of developing oral leukoplakia. DESIGN: Case control study. SETTING: Githongo sublocation in Meru District. SUBJECTS: Eighty five cases and 141 controls identified in a house-to-house screening. RESULTS: The relative risk (RR) of oral leukoplakia increased gradually across the various brushing frequencies from the reference RR of 1.0 in those who brushed three times a day, to 7.6 in the "don't brush" group. The trend of increase was statistically significant (X2 for Trend : p = 0.001). The use of chewing stick as compared to conventional tooth brush had no significant influence on RR of oral leukoplakia. Non-users of toothpastes had a significantly higher risk of oral leukoplakia than users (RR = 1.8; 95% confidence levels (CI) = 1.4-2.5). Among tobacco smokers, the RR increased from 4.6 in those who brushed to 7.3 in those who did not brush. Among non-smokers, the RR of oral leukoplakia in those who did not brush (1.8) compared to those who brushed was also statistically significant (95% CL = 1.6-3.8). CONCLUSION: Failure to brush teeth and none use of toothpastes are significantly associated with the development of oral leukoplakia, while the choice of brushing tools between conventional toothbrush and chewing stick is not. In addition, failure to brush teeth appeared to potentiate the effect of smoking tobacco in the development of oral leukoplakia. Recommendations: Oral health education, instruction and motivation for the improvement of oral hygiene habits and practices; and therefore oral hygiene status, should be among the strategies used in oral leukoplakia preventive and control programmes.
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144 | 1998 | Musandu, J. O. Click to View Abstract
Warenius LU, Faxelid EA, Chishimba PN, Musandu JO, Ong'any AA, Nissen EB.
Division of International Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Linnea.Warenius@ki.se
Adolescent sexuality is a highly charged moral issue in Kenya and Zambia. Nurse-midwives are the core health care providers of adolescent sexual and reproductive health services but public health facilities are under-utilised by adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes among Kenyan and Zambian nurse-midwives (n=820) toward adolescent sexual and reproductive health problems, in order to improve services for adolescents. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Findings revealed that nurse-midwives disapproved of adolescent sexual activity, including masturbation, contraceptive use and abortion, but also had a pragmatic attitude to handling these issues. Those with more education and those who had received continuing education on adolescent sexuality and reproduction showed a tendency towards more youth-friendly attitudes. We suggest that critical thinking around the cultural and moral dimensions of adolescent sexuality should be emphasised in undergraduate training and continuing education, to help nurse-midwives to deal more empathetically with the reality of adolescent sexuality. Those in nursing and other leadership positions could also play an important role in encouraging wider social discussion of these matters. This would create an environment that is more tolerant of adolescent sexuality and that recognises the beneficial public health effect for adolescents of greater access to youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services.
PMID: 16713886 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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145 | 1998 | Understading Conflcit And Its Management With Nakuru & N. Karuru. Click to View Abstract
African Review of Foreign Policy, Vol.1 No. 3, (Cirino Hiteng) |
146 | 1998 | Women's Land And Property Rights In Conflict SItuation (with N. Karuru). Click to View Abstract
African Review of Foreign Policy, Vol.1 No. 3, (Cirino Hiteng) |
147 | 1998 | A Review Of Presidential Powers In Kenya, In K. Kibwana (ed) Click to View Abstract
Constitutional Law and Politics in Africa: A Case Study of Kenya (Nairobi: Faculty of Law, Unviersity of Nairobi. |
148 | 1998 | J. W. Kimenju, S. W. Waudo, A. W. Mwang Click to View Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium udum Butler, is an economically important disease of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill). Information on the mechanisms of resistance to this disease in pigeonpea is limited. To study the role of vascular occlusion in wilt resistance, isolates of F.udum were inoculated onto resistant and susceptible varieties of pigeonpea and observed under light and transmission electron microscopes. The presence of F. udum in wilt susceptible plants was characterized by mycelia and conidia in the xylem vessels, plugging in some vessels, disintegration of xylem parenchyma cells in the infected areas, and the formation of cavities due to heavy colonization in the pith cortex vascular bundle. Resistance to F. udum in the roots and stems of wilt resistant plants was associated with low fungal colonization and high occlusion due to tyloses and gels in the xylem vessels. There were significant differences (P = 0:05) in the number of xylem vessels occluded by tyloses in resistant and susceptible plants with a maximum of 22.5% and 8.0% occlusion, respectively. It is probable that tyloses and gels formed as a result of F. udum interaction in wilt resistant plants are part of a resistance mechanism. Key words: Fusarium wilt,cajanus cajan, resistance, tylose, vascular occlusion |
149 | 1998 | S. O. Otieno, A. W. Mwang Click to View Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium udum Butler, is an economically important disease of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill). Information on the mechanisms of resistance to this disease in pigeonpea is limited. To study the role of vascular occlusion in wilt resistance, isolates of F.udum were inoculated onto resistant and susceptible varieties of pigeonpea and observed under light and transmission electron microscopes. The presence of F. udum in wilt susceptible plants was characterized by mycelia and conidia in the xylem vessels, plugging in some vessels, disintegration of xylem parenchyma cells in the infected areas, and the formation of cavities due to heavy colonization in the pith cortex vascular bundle. Resistance to F. udum in the roots and stems of wilt resistant plants was associated with low fungal colonization and high occlusion due to tyloses and gels in the xylem vessels. There were significant differences (P = 0:05) in the number of xylem vessels occluded by tyloses in resistant and susceptible plants with a maximum of 22.5% and 8.0% occlusion, respectively. It is probable that tyloses and gels formed as a result of F. udum interaction in wilt resistant plants are part of a resistance mechanism. Key words: Fusarium wilt,cajanus cajan, resistance, tylose, vascular occlusion |
150 | 1998 | A. W. Mwang Click to View Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium udum Butler, is an economically important disease of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill). Information on the mechanisms of resistance to this disease in pigeonpea is limited. To study the role of vascular occlusion in wilt resistance, isolates of F.udum were inoculated onto resistant and susceptible varieties of pigeonpea and observed under light and transmission electron microscopes. The presence of F. udum in wilt susceptible plants was characterized by mycelia and conidia in the xylem vessels, plugging in some vessels, disintegration of xylem parenchyma cells in the infected areas, and the formation of cavities due to heavy colonization in the pith cortex vascular bundle. Resistance to F. udum in the roots and stems of wilt resistant plants was associated with low fungal colonization and high occlusion due to tyloses and gels in the xylem vessels. There were significant differences (P = 0:05) in the number of xylem vessels occluded by tyloses in resistant and susceptible plants with a maximum of 22.5% and 8.0% occlusion, respectively. It is probable that tyloses and gels formed as a result of F. udum interaction in wilt resistant plants are part of a resistance mechanism. Key words: Fusarium wilt,cajanus cajan, resistance, tylose, vascular occlusion |
151 | 1998 | "Future Of United States-Kenya Educational Relations". Click to View Abstract
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152 | 1998 | "Hidden Craws: The History Of Kenya African Teachers College, 1938-1952. Click to View Abstract
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153 | 1998 | Susan Reynolds Whyte, Mauri Yambo, Jens Vestgaard, Kim F. Michaelsen And Bo Vagnby, Family Life Training Programme-Kenya: Evaluation Report. (Copenhagen: DANIDA, March 1989). 93 Pp. Click to View Abstract
{ This paper proposes a new theory, a theory of the memetic sphere; and outlines its main features, based on library research. In Dawkinsian parlance, memes are ideas, phrases and sentences with a gene-like capacity to replicate. The theory maps the chain-reaction in the form of which this replication becomes what we know as the information explosion, and attempts to show what lies beyond the explosion. No known study has highlighted the similitudes between the memetic sphere and the physical universe. The theory is summarized in an Einsteinian equation |
154 | 1998 | "Credit Rationing And Access To Credit:A Study Of Formal And Informal Credit Institutions In Kenya". In African Journal Of Economic Policy, Vol. 5, Number 2, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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155 | 1998 | "Achievements And Constraints Of Structural Adjustments On The Micro-Economy In Africa: "Lending Policies And The Use Of Credit Funds Among Small Scale Farmers In Kenya". In: Savings And Development, Vol. 22, Number 2, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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156 | 1998 | Perspectives Of Small Entrepreneurs And Farmers". With Patrick Alila. In:Micro-economies And Structural Adjustment In Africa-experiences And Prospects Of Small Businesses And Farmers. Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA), And Foundation For Adva Click to View Abstract
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157 | 1998 | "Lending Policies And The Use Of Credit Funds Among Small Scale Farmers In Kenya". In: Savings And Development, Vol. 22, Number 2, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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158 | 1998 | Engineering Education At The University Of Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of an integrated geodetic datum covering a region is treated. The integrated geodetic datum is understood here to comprise the geoid, the reference ellipsoid, and the positional coordinates. A comprehensive unified solution model including the three parameters comprising the datum is considered. The estimation model adopted rigorously incorporates determined prior information in the estimation of the datum parameters. Mathematical models together with the pertinent observation equations are presented, followed by a description of the procedure for the aetual setting up of the datum. The observational scheme is based on a system of modular traverses anchored on a trilateration of GPS baselines. |
159 | 1998 | The Surveying Profession Beyond The Year 2000 And The Kenyan Surveyor. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of an integrated geodetic datum covering a region is treated. The integrated geodetic datum is understood here to comprise the geoid, the reference ellipsoid, and the positional coordinates. A comprehensive unified solution model including the three parameters comprising the datum is considered. The estimation model adopted rigorously incorporates determined prior information in the estimation of the datum parameters. Mathematical models together with the pertinent observation equations are presented, followed by a description of the procedure for the aetual setting up of the datum. The observational scheme is based on a system of modular traverses anchored on a trilateration of GPS baselines. |
160 | 1998 | R. O. Genga Wave Propagation In Quasi-One-Dimensional Quantum Plasmas In A Magnetic Field; International Journal Of Theoretical Physics 27, 835 (1998). Click to View Abstract
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161 | 1998 | Anyango B., Wilson K. J. And Giller K. (1998). Competition In Kenyan Soils Between Rhizobium Leguminosarum Biovar Phaseoli Strain Kim5 And R. Tropici Strain CIAT 899 Using Gus Marker Gene. Plant And Soil 204: 69-78. Click to View Abstract
We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten |
162 | 1998 | Application Of Tetralinyl Group In Solid-phase Peptide, Synthesis. Click to View Abstract
We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten |
163 | 1998 | Synthesis Of Vernolamides Containing Tertiary Amino Groups From Vernonia Galamensis Oil And Their Biological Activities, Bull, Chem, Soc. Click to View Abstract
We surveyed the phytoseid mites in four different geographical zones of Kenya: Zone I, upper highland and tropical alpine (2400-4400m): Zone II, lower highland (1800-2400m); zone III, midland (800-1800m); Zone IV, tropical, hot and humid( 0-800m ). A total of 107 species was found. In the sub family, amblyseeinae there were 14 species in the genus Neoseilus , one in Aspereroseius Chant, one in Paraphytoseius Swirski &Schechter, five in typhlodromips De Leon, five in Transeius Chant & McMurty, one in Graminaseius Chant &McMurty, 11 in Amblyseius Berlese, one in Arrenoseius Wanstein, two in Typhlodromalus muma, seven in Ueckemannseius Chant &McMurty, one in Ambylodromalus Chant &Mcmurty,, 20 in Euseius Wanstein, one in Iphiseius Berlese, one in Phytoseilus Evans and one in Gynaseius Ehara & Imano. In the subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese there were four species in the genus Phytoseiius Ribaga. In the subfamily Typhlodrominae Wanstein, there were four species in the genus Kuzinellus Wainstein and 27 in Typhlodromus Scheuten |
164 | 1998 | Wabacha J.K., Gitao G.K., Bebora L.C., Bwanga C.O., Wamuri Z.M. And Mbithi P.M.F. (1998): Occurrence Of Dermatomycosis (ring Worm) Due To Trichophyton Verrucosum In Dairy Calves And Its Spread To Animal Attendants. J.S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 69(4):172-173. Click to View Abstract
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165 | 1998 | Bebora L.C., Nyaga P.N. And Kimoro C.O. (1998): Comparison Of Immune 15 Responses Of Two Salmonella Gallinarum Strains Viewed As Possible Vaccines For Fowl Typhoid In Kenya. Onderstpoort Journal Of Vet. Research 65(2):67-73. Click to View Abstract
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166 | 1998 | Karanja M.W., Bebora L.C. And Mbugua P.N. (1998): Pathogenicity Of E. Coli Isolated From Normal Healthy Chicken. Kenya Veterinarian Click to View Abstract
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167 | 1998 | Mirza NB, Estambale BB, Wamola IA, Kariuki N, Onyono E, Kabiru P, Piollet M.Bacterial Meningitis In Children Admitted In Hospitals Within Nairobi.East Afr Med J. 1998 Feb;75(2):73-6. Click to View Abstract
Four hundred and ninety nine children (aged between one month and five years) admitted with clinical features of meningitis were recruited in cross-sectional survey of bacterial meningitis in hospitals within Nairobi. Lumbar punctures were done on all of them and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysed bacteriologically and serologically for the common causative organisms. Two hundred and fifty (50.1%) cases were diagnosed clinically as having meningitis. Of these, 132 (52.8%) had turbid CSF specimens, while 118 (47.2%) were clear. When turbid CSF specimens were cultured, 83 (62.8%) yielded three common bacterial micro-organisms namely; Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in that order of frequency. The implications of these findings in paediatric meningitis together with the drug sensitivity patterns is presented and discussed. |
168 | 1998 | Syagga, P.M. And Olima W.H.A. (1998); Urban Shelter Problems In R.A. Obudho. Environment And Development In Kenya. Centre Of Urban Research. Click to View Abstract
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169 | 1998 | Gachuiri, C.K., R.G. Wahome, P.N. Mbugua, M.M. Wanyoike, J.M.Z. Kamau And S.J.M. Munyua. 1998. Performance Of Dairy Animals Under Two Zero Grazing Systems In Kiambu And Nyandarua Districts. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:180-182 Click to View Abstract
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170 | 1998 | Muli, A.N., C.K. Gachuiri, R.G. Wahome And J. Tanner. 1998. Effects Of Water Sources And Watering Frequency For Dairy Cattle On Water Offered And Milk Production In Kiambu District. The Kenya Veterinarian 23: 208-211. Click to View Abstract
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171 | 1998 | Wambugu. M, R.G. Wahome, C.K. Gachuiri And J. Tanner. 1998. Evaluation Of The Use Of Milk Urea Nitrogen (MUM) As An Indicator Of Nutritional Status Of Dairy Cattle In Small Holder Farms In Kiambu District. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:152-154. Click to View Abstract
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172 | 1998 | Wambugu. M, R.G. Wahome, C.K. Gachuiri And J. Tanner. 1998. Delivery Of Technical Information To Smallholder Dairy Farms In Kiambu District. In: Advances In Veterinary Education And Animal Sciences: The Kenya Veterinarian 23:160-162 Click to View Abstract
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173 | 1998 | Gachuiri, C.K., R.G. Wahome, P.N. Mbugua, M.M. Wanyoike, J.M.Z. Kamau And S.J.M. Munyua. 1998. Performance Of Dairy Animals Under Two Zero Grazing Systems In Kiambu And Nyandarua Districts. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:180-182 Click to View Abstract
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174 | 1998 | Muli, A.N., C.K. Gachuiri, R.G. Wahome And J. Tanner. 1998. Effects Of Water Sources And Watering Frequency For Dairy Cattle On Water Offered And Milk Production In Kiambu District. The Kenya Veterinarian 23: 208-211. Click to View Abstract
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175 | 1998 | Wambugu. M, R.G. Wahome, C.K. Gachuiri And J. Tanner. 1998. Evaluation Of The Use Of Milk Urea Nitrogen (MUM) As An Indicator Of Nutritional Status Of Dairy Cattle In Small Holder Farms In Kiambu District. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:152-154. Click to View Abstract
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176 | 1998 | Wambugu. M, R.G. Wahome, C.K. Gachuiri And J. Tanner. 1998. Delivery Of Technical Information To Smallholder Dairy Farms In Kiambu District. In: Advances In Veterinary Education And Animal Sciences: The Kenya Veterinarian 23:160-162 Click to View Abstract
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177 | 1998 | Odoi, A., J.M. Gathuma, C.K. Gachuiri, A. Omore, T. Gitau And S.W. Wanyangu 1998. Constraints To Small Ruminant Production In Small Holder Farms In Kiambu District, Kenya. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:191-195. Click to View Abstract
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178 | 1998 | Kinuthia, M.N., J.W. Wakhungu, M.M. Wanyoike And C.K. Gachuiri. 1998. Milk Production Performance Of Dairy Goat Crosses On Smallholdings In Central Kenya. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:196-198. Click to View Abstract
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179 | 1998 | Kariuki J.N., C.K. Gachuiri, G.K. Gitau, S. Tamminga, J. Van Bruchen, J.M.K. Muia And K.R.G. Irungu. 1998. Effect Of Feeding Napier Grass, Lucerne And Sweet Potato Vines As Sole Diets To Dairy Heifers On Nutrient Intake, Average Dairy Gain And Rumen Degra Click to View Abstract
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180 | 1998 | Kuria, J.K.N., Mbuthia, P.G., Kang'ethe, E.K. And Wahome, R.G., 2001. Caseous Lymphadenitis In Goats: The Pathogenesis, Incubation Period And Serological Response After Experimental Infection. Veterinary Research Communications 25: 89-97. Click to View Abstract
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181 | 1998 | Wahome, R.G. And Mbugua, P.N., 1998. Evaluation Of The Feeding Value Of Dried Brewer's Yeast In Broiler Chicken Diets. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:155-158. Click to View Abstract
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182 | 1998 | Gachuiri, C.K., R.G. Wahome, P.N. Mbugua, M.M. Wanyoike, J.M.Z. Kamau And S.J.M. Munyua. 1998. Performance Of Dairy Animals Under Two Zero Grazing Systems In Kiambu And Nyandarua Districts. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:180-182 Click to View Abstract
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183 | 1998 | Muli, A.N., C.K. Gachuiri, R.G. Wahome And J. Tanner. 1998. Effects Of Water Sources And Watering Frequency For Dairy Cattle On Water Offered And Milk Production In Kiambu District. The Kenya Veterinarian 23: 208-211. Click to View Abstract
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184 | 1998 | Status Of Dairy Cattle In Small Holder Farms In Kiambu District. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:152-154. Click to View Abstract
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185 | 1998 | Biwott, K.J, C.K. Gachuiri, R.G. Wahome And J. Tanner. 1998. Effects Of Different Levels Of Concentrate Supplementation On Milk Production And Body Weights Of Lactating Dairy Cows. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:212- 214. Click to View Abstract
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186 | 1998 | Noor, I.M., Wanyoike, M.M., Wakhungu, J.W. And Wahome, R.G., 1998. Assessment Of Pastoral Camel Production System In Moyale District. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:155-158. Click to View Abstract
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187 | 1998 | Noor, I.M., Wanyoike, M.M., Wakhungu, J.W. And Wahome, R.G., 1998. The State Of Health In Somali And Borana Camel Herds In Moyale District, Kenya. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:155-158. Click to View Abstract
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188 | 1998 | Kuria, J.K.N., Wahome, R.G. And Kang'ethe, E.K., 1998. Caseous Lymphadenitis In Goats: The Dose Of Infection And The Serological Response. Indian Journal Of Animal Sciences 68:601-604. Click to View Abstract
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189 | 1998 | Motile Aeromonads Associated With Rainbow Trout (Onchorynchus Mykiss) Mortality In Kenya. Bull. Ass. Fish Pathol., 18 (1)7. Click to View Abstract
As part of a study to assess zoonotic milk-borne health risks, seasonal survey data and unpasteurized milk samples were collected between January 1999 and February 2000 from randomly selected informal milk market agents (220 and 236 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) and from households purchasing raw milk (213 and 219 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) in rural and urban locations in Central Kenya and screened for antibiotics, Brucella abortus (B. abortus) and presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli 0157:H7).The latter was assessed based on samples from consumer households only. Antibodies to B. abortus were screened using the indirect antibody Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the Milk Ring Test (MRT). The presence of E. coli 0157:H7 was assessed by culture, biochemical characterization, serological testing for production of verocytotoxin one (VTI) and two (VT2) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of genes encoding for the toxins. The prevalence of antibodies to B.abortus varied considerably ranging from none in milk sold in small units and originating from intensive production systems to over 10% in samples that were bulked or originating from extensive production systems. E. coli 0157:H7 was isolated from two samples (0.8%), one of which produced VTI. All urban consumers (100%) and nearly all rural consumers (96%) of marketed milk boiled the milk before consumption, mainly in tea, thus reducing chances of exposure to live pathogens and potential health risks. |
190 | 1998 | Okeyo M A, R O Mosi, G O Ahunya, W O Ogara And M A Okomo, 1998. Morphological And Physical Characteristics Of The Small East African Zebu Cattle In The Lake Victoria Basin And Costal Lowlands Of Kenya. The Kenya Veterinarian Click to View Abstract
As part of a study to assess zoonotic milk-borne health risks, seasonal survey data and unpasteurized milk samples were collected between January 1999 and February 2000 from randomly selected informal milk market agents (220 and 236 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) and from households purchasing raw milk (213 and 219 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) in rural and urban locations in Central Kenya and screened for antibiotics, Brucella abortus (B. abortus) and presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli 0157:H7).The latter was assessed based on samples from consumer households only. Antibodies to B. abortus were screened using the indirect antibody Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the Milk Ring Test (MRT). The presence of E. coli 0157:H7 was assessed by culture, biochemical characterization, serological testing for production of verocytotoxin one (VTI) and two (VT2) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of genes encoding for the toxins. The prevalence of antibodies to B.abortus varied considerably ranging from none in milk sold in small units and originating from intensive production systems to over 10% in samples that were bulked or originating from extensive production systems. E. coli 0157:H7 was isolated from two samples (0.8%), one of which produced VTI. All urban consumers (100%) and nearly all rural consumers (96%) of marketed milk boiled the milk before consumption, mainly in tea, thus reducing chances of exposure to live pathogens and potential health risks. |
191 | 1998 | Ogara W O, 1998. Animals, Husbandry, Utilization And The Environment. Proceedings Of Environment Litigation Workshop, Mombasa 1998: 14 Click to View Abstract
As part of a study to assess zoonotic milk-borne health risks, seasonal survey data and unpasteurized milk samples were collected between January 1999 and February 2000 from randomly selected informal milk market agents (220 and 236 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) and from households purchasing raw milk (213 and 219 samples in the dry and wet seasons, respectively) in rural and urban locations in Central Kenya and screened for antibiotics, Brucella abortus (B. abortus) and presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli 0157:H7).The latter was assessed based on samples from consumer households only. Antibodies to B. abortus were screened using the indirect antibody Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the Milk Ring Test (MRT). The presence of E. coli 0157:H7 was assessed by culture, biochemical characterization, serological testing for production of verocytotoxin one (VTI) and two (VT2) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the presence of genes encoding for the toxins. The prevalence of antibodies to B.abortus varied considerably ranging from none in milk sold in small units and originating from intensive production systems to over 10% in samples that were bulked or originating from extensive production systems. E. coli 0157:H7 was isolated from two samples (0.8%), one of which produced VTI. All urban consumers (100%) and nearly all rural consumers (96%) of marketed milk boiled the milk before consumption, mainly in tea, thus reducing chances of exposure to live pathogens and potential health risks. |
192 | 1998 | Meme, M.M., Kogi-Makau, W. And Muroki, N.M. (1998). Energy And Protein Intake And Nutritional Status Of Primary Schoolchildren 5 To 10 Years Of Age In Schools With And Without Feeding Programmes In Nyambene District, Kenya. Food And Nutrition Bulletin, Vo Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
193 | 1998 | Tsegaye, D., Muroki, N.M. And Kogi-Makau, Wambui. Food Taboos Among Pregnant Women In Hadiya Zone, Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Health Dev.: 12(1):45-49. Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
194 | 1998 | Tsegaye, D., Muroki, N.M. & Kogi-Makau, W. Food Aversions And Cravings During Pregnancy: Prevalence And Significance For Maternal Nutrition In Ethiopia. Food And Nutrition Bulletin, Vol 19 No 1 1998: 20-26. Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
195 | 1998 | Luscher MA, Choy G, Njagi E, Bwayo JJ, Anzala AO, Ndinya-Achola JO, Ball TB, Wade JA, Plummer FA, Barber BH, MacDonald KS.Naturally Occurring IgG Anti-HLA Alloantibody Does Not Correlate With HIV Type 1 Resistance In Nairobi Prostitutes.AIDS Res Hum Retro Click to View Abstract
In an effort to identify an immunological basis for natural resistance to HIV-1 infection, we have examined serum antibody responses to HLA class I antigens in female prostitutes of the Nairobi Sex Workers Study. Anti-HLA antibodies are known to block HIV infectivity in vitro and can be protective against SIV challenge in macaques immunized with purified class I HLA. Thus, it was postulated that broadly cross-reactive alloantibodies recognizing common HLA alleles in the client population might contribute to the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV. In fact, 12% of the women were found to have serum IgG antibodies against class I alloantigens. However, this alloantibody did not correlate with the HIV status of the women and was found in a similar proportion of HIV-positive and HIV-resistant women. The observed levels of alloantibody did not increase with HIV infection in susceptible individuals, suggesting that potential antigenic mimicry between HIV and host HLA class I antigens does not significantly increase levels of anti-class I antibodies. The lack of correlation between serum anti-allo-class I HLA antibodies and the risk of sexual transmission indicates that this humoral immune response is unlikely to be the natural mechanism behind the HIV-resistance phenotype of persistently HIV-seronegative women. This result, however, does not preclude the further investigation of alloimmunization as an artificial HIV immunization strategy. |
196 | 1998 | ANZALA AO, Ball B, Rostron T, Smith M, O Click to View Abstract
In an effort to identify an immunological basis for natural resistance to HIV-1 infection, we have examined serum antibody responses to HLA class I antigens in female prostitutes of the Nairobi Sex Workers Study. Anti-HLA antibodies are known to block HIV infectivity in vitro and can be protective against SIV challenge in macaques immunized with purified class I HLA. Thus, it was postulated that broadly cross-reactive alloantibodies recognizing common HLA alleles in the client population might contribute to the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV. In fact, 12% of the women were found to have serum IgG antibodies against class I alloantigens. However, this alloantibody did not correlate with the HIV status of the women and was found in a similar proportion of HIV-positive and HIV-resistant women. The observed levels of alloantibody did not increase with HIV infection in susceptible individuals, suggesting that potential antigenic mimicry between HIV and host HLA class I antigens does not significantly increase levels of anti-class I antibodies. The lack of correlation between serum anti-allo-class I HLA antibodies and the risk of sexual transmission indicates that this humoral immune response is unlikely to be the natural mechanism behind the HIV-resistance phenotype of persistently HIV-seronegative women. This result, however, does not preclude the further investigation of alloimmunization as an artificial HIV immunization strategy. |
197 | 1998 | Mark A Luscher, Greory Choy, Ephanta Njagi, Bwayo JJ, ANZALA AO, Ndinya-Achola J, Kelly MacDonald Et Al. Naturally Occuring IgG Anti-HLA Alloantibody Does Not Correlate With HIV Type 1 Resistance In Nairobi Prostitutes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1998 Jan Click to View Abstract
In an effort to identify an immunological basis for natural resistance to HIV-1 infection, we have examined serum antibody responses to HLA class I antigens in female prostitutes of the Nairobi Sex Workers Study. Anti-HLA antibodies are known to block HIV infectivity in vitro and can be protective against SIV challenge in macaques immunized with purified class I HLA. Thus, it was postulated that broadly cross-reactive alloantibodies recognizing common HLA alleles in the client population might contribute to the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV. In fact, 12% of the women were found to have serum IgG antibodies against class I alloantigens. However, this alloantibody did not correlate with the HIV status of the women and was found in a similar proportion of HIV-positive and HIV-resistant women. The observed levels of alloantibody did not increase with HIV infection in susceptible individuals, suggesting that potential antigenic mimicry between HIV and host HLA class I antigens does not significantly increase levels of anti-class I antibodies. The lack of correlation between serum anti-allo-class I HLA antibodies and the risk of sexual transmission indicates that this humoral immune response is unlikely to be the natural mechanism behind the HIV-resistance phenotype of persistently HIV-seronegative women. This result, however, does not preclude the further investigation of alloimmunization as an artificial HIV immunization strategy. |
198 | 1998 | Wrestling With The Limits Of Law: Regulating New Reproductive Technologies. Health Law J . 1998; 6 Spec No : 239-77 . No Abstract Available. PMID: 14746068 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Young AH, Wasunna A. Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. |
199 | 1998 | Gichuhi, W. And E. K. Bauni. Click to View Abstract
Fresh blood lymphocytes from nine health donors have been compared with samples from the same donors, recovered after period of 2 to 21 months storage in liquid nitrogen, for the capacity to respond to a range of mitogens in vitro. A microculture assay was used, requireing aliquots of only 25,000 cells. The mean levels of 14C-thymidine uptake for fresh and frozen samples were closely comparable when the cells had been stimulated by PHA, Pokeweed or mitomycin-C-treated allogeneic lymphoblastoid cells. Lymphocytes from six East African donors, frozen by a very simple technique, were recovered after 3 or more years storage in liquid nitrogen. Five of the samples were in good condition as judged by cell viability and the capacity to form spontaneous 'E' rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. These five samples also responded extremely well to PHA, PWM and mitomycin-C-treated allogeneic lymphoblastoid cells using the microculture assay. This study extends the range of applications of cell banks in which small aliquots of blood lymphocytes are stored in liquid nitrogen for periods of several years.
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200 | 1998 | J.K. Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, J.M. Nduhiu, A.G. Thaiyah, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.J.M. Munyua. An Outbreak Of Urticarial Form Of Swine Erysipelas In A Medium -scale Piggery In Kiambu District, Kenya. Journal Of South African Veterinary Association 69(2): 61-63. Click to View Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine some blood and other physiological parameters with potential for use as prognostic indicators of viability of newborn goat kids. Of the 143 kids born during the on-farm study, 97 were crosses of Galla x Small East African (SEA) and 46 were pure SEA. The SEA x Galla kids were 46 single males, with a mean body weight at birth of 2.77 +/- 0.22 kg, 43 females with a mean body weight at birth of 2.36 +/- 0.76 kg and 5 and 3 sets of female and male twins (mean body weight at birth of 1.8 +/- 0.19 kg and 2.05 +/- 0.07 kg for the female and male kids, respectively). The SEA kids comprised 36 single male and female kids (mean body weight at birth of 2.48 +/- 0.04 kg and 10 sets of twins (both male and female) (mean body weight at birth of 1.50 +/- 0.04 kg ). Pre-suckling sera obtained on-station from kids born of does vaccinated against Escherichia coli (n = 8) and unvaccinated does (n = 7) had a total protein content of <40.0 g/l and no detectable levels of IgG and A or E. coli antibodies. Sera obtained 12 hours post partum) from kids that survived in both groups contained about 19-22 g of Ig g/l, 50-80 g total protein/l, blood glucose of >5 mmol/l and had an E. coli antibody titre of between 1/160 and 1/640. On the other hand, kids that died within 48 hours of birth (parturient deaths) and had been classified in categories 3 and 4 righting reaction had low (<40 g/l) total protein, low white blood cell count (4,000/ml) and low blood glucose concentration (<4.9 mmol/l). It is concluded that kids with delayed righting reaction (>45 minutes), low rectal temperature (<36 degrees C), low birth weights (<1.5 kg for singles and <1.0 kg for twins), low white blood cells (<4,000/ml), low (<2 mmol/l) blood glucose levels, low total protein (<40.0 g/l), low (<1:160) E. coli antibody titre and IgG (< or =3,350 mg/l) in sera obtained 12 hours after birth have a poor prognosis for survival |
201 | 1998 | J.K. Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, J.M. Nduhiu, A.G. Thaiyah, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.J.M. Munyua(1998). An Outbreak Of Urticarial Form Of Swine Erysipelas In A Medium -scale Piggery In Kiambu District, Kenya. Journal Of South African Veterinary Association 69(2): 61- Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
202 | 1998 | Integrated Management Information Systems, Project Planning, Management And Evaluation For Intergovernmental Informatics Program For Kenya Click to View Abstract
Computers were first developed to process business transactions; the trend has been to have computers also support management in decision making. This led to the evolution of Management Information Systems (MIS). The concept of MIS can be traced from four major areas, namely, managerial accounting, management science or operations research, management theory and computer science. MIS is supported by a comprehensive set of data for business operations referred to as a database. There are several databases in any given organization. Organizations have realized that valuable information is hidden in separate databases which might sometimes contain overlapping and contradictory information, and are coming up with data warehouses. A data warehouse provides a platform for advanced, complex and efficient data analysis using On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) for data mining or Knowledge Data Discovery (KDD) to extract previously unknown strategic business information or business intelligence (BI). There are a lot of similarities between data warehousing and operations research (OR), they both require analytical processing to support executive decision making, yet OR, MIS and IT exist as separate communities, right from the education level to the organizations. There are many challenges facing data warehousing, with organizations viewing it as a purely IT project. The objective of the paper was to establish how some of the challenges of data warehousing could be addressed so as to reduce the failure rate of BI projects. It was concluded that data warehousing would be more successful if its development was a joint effort of both the OR & MIS community and the IT community. It is recommended that OR and MIS be taught as one discipline whose graduates will work very closely with IT specialists.
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203 | 1998 | Mbai, K. (1998). Epididymitis Of Rams In Rams In Kenya: A Review. Click to View Abstract
Mwaura F, K M Mavuti and W N Wamicha. . : |
204 | 1998 | Abuga K.O., Kokwaro G.O., Bosire K.O. Concomitant Administration Of Theophylline And Oxamniquine In Rats: Effect On Theophylline Clearance Click to View Abstract
This report describes an investigation into the effect of oxamniquine on systemic clearance of theophylline in rat. Male Wister rats (N=12, 5 weeks old) were divide into 3 groups (N=4 per group) and administered buffer plus theophylline (10 mg/kg), controls, oxamniquine( 5 mg/kg), and theophylline (10 mg/kg) oxamniquine (20 mg/kg) intravenously. Theophylline clearance was estimated from a single plasma sample obtained 6 hours post drug administration. Oxamniquine had no effect on theophylline clearance compared to controls. It was concluded that clinically important interaction between oxamniquine and theophylline is unlikely to occur.
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205 | 1998 | The Voice Of East Africa: The East African Medical Journal At Its 75th Anniversary'. Click to View Abstract
Mwaura F, K M Mavuti and W N Wamicha. . : |
206 | 1998 | An Analysis Of 1997 Elections', A Paper Presented At A Seminar On 'the 1997 Elections And Democratisation Process In Kenya In The African Studies Centre. Click to View Abstract
Mwaura F, K M Mavuti and W N Wamicha. . : |
207 | 1998 | The East African Medical Journal: Its History And Contribution To Malaria Research During The Last ;75 Years. Click to View Abstract
Mwaura F, K M Mavuti and W N Wamicha. . : |
208 | 1998 | Kilungo, J.K., W. Oluoch-Kosura, J.J. McDermott And G.K. Gitau, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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209 | 1998 | Oluoch-Kosura, W. 1998 Click to View Abstract
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210 | 1998 | Oluoch-Kosura, W. And C. Ackello-Ogutu, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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211 | 1998 | Moses M. Nyangito, Kinuthia R. Ngugi And N.R.K. Musimba, 1998. Effects Of Poultry Waste And Grain Sorghum Supplements On Utilization Of Range Hay By Small East African Goats. East African Agricultural. & Forestry Research Journal 62:4 Click to View Abstract
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212 | 1998 | Kyambi JM.Intussusception.East Afr Med J. 1998 Jan;75(1):1. Click to View Abstract
n/a |
213 | 1998 | Diffusion And Adoption Of Farm Technologies Among Resource-limited Farmers: Experiences From The ICIPE/UNECA Integrated Pest Management Project In Western Kenya. In : International Journal Of Pest Management, 44(0) Click to View Abstract
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214 | 1998 | Spontaneous Evacuation Of An Oesophageal Foreign Body After Failed Thoracotomy - MEDICOM Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates in chronic maxillary sinusitis patients seen at the Kenyatta National Hospital. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital, ENT department. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seventy-three patients had bilateral sntral washout done and the lavage submitted for culture and anti-microbial sensitivity between January and June 1996. RESULTS: Antral lavage yielded secretions in 63% of patients but bacteria were cultured in only 28.8% of the specimens. The isolates included Streptococcus pneumonia (22.2%), Staphylocococus albus (18.5%), Staphylocococus aureus (11.1%) and Enterobactericiae (11.1%). Anaerobic bacteria were cultured in 22.2% of the specimens. Of the commonly used antibiotics, there was high sensitivity to erythromycin, cefadroxyl, chloramphenicol and amoxicillin and poor sensitivity to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and perfloxacin. CONCLUSION: The bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis at Kenyatta National Hospital is generally similar to that found elsewhere. The bacteria are susceptible to relatively affordable antibiotics like amoxicillin, erythromycin and cefadroxyl. |
215 | 1998 | Odhiambo PA.Patient Follow Up Care After Open Heart Surgery.East Afr Med J. 1998 Dec;75(12):673-4. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates in chronic maxillary sinusitis patients seen at the Kenyatta National Hospital. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital, ENT department. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seventy-three patients had bilateral sntral washout done and the lavage submitted for culture and anti-microbial sensitivity between January and June 1996. RESULTS: Antral lavage yielded secretions in 63% of patients but bacteria were cultured in only 28.8% of the specimens. The isolates included Streptococcus pneumonia (22.2%), Staphylocococus albus (18.5%), Staphylocococus aureus (11.1%) and Enterobactericiae (11.1%). Anaerobic bacteria were cultured in 22.2% of the specimens. Of the commonly used antibiotics, there was high sensitivity to erythromycin, cefadroxyl, chloramphenicol and amoxicillin and poor sensitivity to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and perfloxacin. CONCLUSION: The bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis at Kenyatta National Hospital is generally similar to that found elsewhere. The bacteria are susceptible to relatively affordable antibiotics like amoxicillin, erythromycin and cefadroxyl. |
216 | 1998 | Assessment Of The Rose-Bengal Plate Test For The Diagnosis Of Human Brucellosis In Health Facilities In Narok District, Kenya Click to View Abstract
The Rose-Bengal plate test (RBPT) was performed on 488 patients with flu-like symptoms from Narok district. There was poor agreement between RBPT results from four health facilities in Narok and from the central veterinary laboratory (CVL). Agreement was poorer for the three rural dispensaries than for the District Hospital. On the other hand, for tests conducted at the CVL, there was good agreement between RBPT, serum agglutination test (SAT) and complement fixation test (CFT) results, indicating that all these tests were probably performing well. Better training and quality control and the use of white rather than a clear background surface for judging agglutination results are recommended to improve the performance of test results in Narok District health facilities. |
217 | 1998 | Synthesis Of Vernolamides Containing Tertiary Amino Groups From Vernonia Galamensis Oil And Their Biological Activities, Bull, Chem, Soc. Click to View Abstract
1) , V. J. Hruby, F. A. Muscio, W. Brown, and P. M. Gitu, 1972, 331. |
218 | 1998 | Ngatia, T.A., P.G. Mbuthia, R. M. Waruiru, S. M. Njiro, P. W. N. Kanyari, W. K. Munyua, E. H. Weda, And J. W. Ngotho, 1998. Parasites And Microscopic Lesions In The Livers Of Slaughtered Wild Animals In Kenya. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production In A Click to View Abstract
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219 | 1998 | Ngatia, T.A., P.G. Mbuthia, R. M. Waruiru, S. M. Njiro, P. W. N. Kanyari, W. K. Munyua, E. H. Weda, And J. W. Ngotho, 1998. Sarcocystis In Slaughtered Wild 8 Animals In Kenya. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production In Africa, 46 (1): 1-4. Click to View Abstract
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220 | 1998 | Ngatia, T.A., P.G. Mbuthia, R. M. Waruiru, S. M. Njiro, P. W. N. Kanyari, W. K. Munyua, E. H. Weda, And J. W. Ngotho, 1998. Verminous Pneumonia In Five Species Of Wild Ruminants In Kenya. Bulletin Of Animal Health And Production In Africa, 46: 153 -155. Click to View Abstract
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221 | 1998 | Ogara, W. O., P.G. Mbuthia, H. F. A., H. S Click to View Abstract
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222 | 1998 | Ogara, W. O., P.G. Mbuthia, H. F. A., H. S Click to View Abstract
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223 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., J. W. Ngotho, E.H. Ngotho, R. O. Otieno, P.G. Mbuthia, And J. K. Kogi, 1998. Effect Of Development Of Resistance To Levamisole, Ivermectin, And Benzimidazoles On The Pathogenicity And Survival Of Haemonchus Contortus. Bulletin Of Animal Hea Click to View Abstract
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224 | 1998 | Kimuyu P.K. & Kayizzi-Mugerwa, 1998. Enterprise Response To Deficient Infrastructure Discussion Paper No. DP/011/98, Institute Of Policy Analysis And Research, Nairobi, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
research theories for high school students |
225 | 1998 | Kimuyu P.K., 1998. Water Sources And Use In Semi-Arid Africa: Insights From Machakos District, Kenya. Occasional Paper No. OP/01/98. Institute Of Policy Analysis And Research Nairobi, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
research theories for high school students |
226 | 1998 | Kimuyu P.K., 1998. Conditionalities And Market Reforms: What Kenya's Fertilizer Market Reveals. Occasional Paper Number OP/03/98. Institute Of Policy Analysis And Research, Nairobi, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
research theories for high school students |
227 | 1998 | Kimuyu P.K. 1998. Equipment Acquisitions By Kenyan Manufacturers. Discussion Paper No. DP010/98, Institute Of Policy Analysis And Reserch. Nairobi, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
research theories for high school students |
228 | 1998 | Joint Implementation And Forestry Projects - Conceptual And Operational Fallacies, 74 International Affairs P. 393 (with Philippe Cullet Click to View Abstract
Antibody responses to a conventional rabies preexposure regimen of a new purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) and a human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) were compared in 80 healthy Kenyan veterinary students. Forty-three of the students received the PVRV and 37 received the HDCV on days 0, 7, and 28. Antibody responses were monitored using the rapid fluorescent-focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and an inhibition enzyme immunoassay (INH EIA) on days 0, 7, 28, and 49. Both vaccines elicited a rapid antibody response. A good correlation between the RFFIT titers and the INH EIA titers was obtained (r = 0.90). Our results also showed that the INH EIA was more reproducible and might therefore be a suitable substitute for the more expensive and less reproducible RFFIT. The geometric mean titers determined by both tests in the two groups of students were statistically similar during the test period. The RFFIT and the INH EIA gave comparable geometric mean titers, which differed significantly only on day 28 in the PVRV group. The effect of the new PVRV is comparable to that of the more expensive HDCV, as determined by the present test systems. The PVRV could therefore be the vaccine of choice, especially in tropical rabies-endemic areas, where the high cost of the HDCV has confined its use to a privileged few. |
229 | 1998 | The Management Of Generic Resources: Developments In The 1997 Sessions Of The Commission On Genetic Resources For Food And Agricultre, Colorado Journal Of International Environmental Law & Policy 1997 Yearbook P. 78 (With Philippe Cullet). Click to View Abstract
Antibody responses to a conventional rabies preexposure regimen of a new purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) and a human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) were compared in 80 healthy Kenyan veterinary students. Forty-three of the students received the PVRV and 37 received the HDCV on days 0, 7, and 28. Antibody responses were monitored using the rapid fluorescent-focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and an inhibition enzyme immunoassay (INH EIA) on days 0, 7, 28, and 49. Both vaccines elicited a rapid antibody response. A good correlation between the RFFIT titers and the INH EIA titers was obtained (r = 0.90). Our results also showed that the INH EIA was more reproducible and might therefore be a suitable substitute for the more expensive and less reproducible RFFIT. The geometric mean titers determined by both tests in the two groups of students were statistically similar during the test period. The RFFIT and the INH EIA gave comparable geometric mean titers, which differed significantly only on day 28 in the PVRV group. The effect of the new PVRV is comparable to that of the more expensive HDCV, as determined by the present test systems. The PVRV could therefore be the vaccine of choice, especially in tropical rabies-endemic areas, where the high cost of the HDCV has confined its use to a privileged few. |
230 | 1998 | Curriculum For NDT Course At University Level: A Kenyan Perspective. Click to View Abstract
The principal objective of this study was to identify the factors that the management of verticaly integrated firms consider in making decisions to integrate either backword or forward. In order to meet this objective, the information sought for the study was collected through the use of a questionnaire. The sample consisted of 52 vertically integrated firms. 31 questionnaires were completed and provided the information used in this report. The study found out that he fator that influence a firm's decision to integrate vertically include certainity of demand for the firm's products, availability of adequate manufacturing facilities, investment costs, and the need for high market share. For textile and steel manufacturers, certain factor were important. The factors were: the need for improved co-ordination for a firm's activities, need for synergies, need for greater control over the firm's economic resources, level of competition in the industries and the mining firms, the need to control the firm's economic resources, the need to build new infrastructures, sze of buiness, and the level of competition in the industry are important
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231 | 1998 | Kimata. M.D.; Mwangi, R.W. And Mathiu P.M. (1998). The Breeding Performance Of The Helmeted Guinea Fowl(Numida Meleagris) In Semi Confined Outdoor System. Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
232 | 1998 | A Systems Approach In The Study Of Environmental Factors Click to View Abstract
Description:
This book describes four types of indigenous water retention structures used in East Africa. These structures are the Berkad tank, the Charco dam, sand wiers and hillside water retention ditches. |
233 | 1998 | Secondary Crop Choices Among Small-Scale Farmers Click to View Abstract
Description:
This book describes four types of indigenous water retention structures used in East Africa. These structures are the Berkad tank, the Charco dam, sand wiers and hillside water retention ditches. |
234 | 1998 | Secondary Crop Choices Among Small-scale Tea Growers In The Belgut Division Of Kericho District Of Western Kenya. Paper Submitted To University Of Nairobi For Publication In The Journal Hekima. Click to View Abstract
Description:
This book describes four types of indigenous water retention structures used in East Africa. These structures are the Berkad tank, the Charco dam, sand wiers and hillside water retention ditches. |
235 | 1998 | Influence Of Age Farming Sites And Boiling On Pro-Vitamin A Content In Sweet Potato (Ipomea Batata (L.) Lam). Storage Roots. J. Food Comps Click to View Abstract
n/a |
236 | 1998 | The Effect Of Nitrogen Source On Some Contant And Water Potential In Kalanchoe Speices I: Titratable Acidity, Malate Content, Nitrate Content And Water Potential. Click to View Abstract
n/a |
237 | 1998 | Effect Of Nitrogen Source On Some CAM Characteristics In Kalanchoe Species II: PEP Carboxylase Activities, Soluble Protein Content And CO2 Exchange. Click to View Abstract
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238 | 1998 | "The International Seabed Authority: A Regime Beyond The Reach Of Developing States" LLM Thesis (1998), University Of Nairobi, Kenya (unpublished). Click to View Abstract
Oyieke H.A. and Misra A.K: |
239 | 1998 | C.M. Mulei And Mbithi, P.M.F. (1998). A Comparison Of The Clinical Hematological Values Of Healthy Adult Beef And Dairy Cattle At Kabete. The Kenya Veterinarian, Vol. 13 Pp. 33-34. Click to View Abstract
Clinical hematological values have been established for healthy cattle of several breeds in various parts of the world. However, values of some blood components differ between laboratories (Schalm 1980) creating a problem when interpreting blood profiles for any particular area if the normal blood component values for the area are not known.
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240 | 1998 | J.K. Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, J.M. Nduhiu, A.G. Thaiyah, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.J.M. Munyua (1998). An Outbreak Of Urticarial Form Of Swine Erysipelas In A Medium-scale Piggery In Kiambu District, Kenya. J.S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass. 69 (2) 61-64. Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
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241 | 1998 | P.M.F. Mbithi, J.M. Nduhiu And J.K. Mahia (1998). Incidence Of Animal Skin Surface Infections And Its Correlation To Environmental Contamination: A Clinical And Experimental Study. Kenya Veterinary Journal 23 (4) Pp. 221-224. Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
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242 | 1998 | J.D. Mande, I.B.J. Buoro, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.W. Mbugua (1998). Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans In The Treatment Of Osteorthritis In Animals. Kenya Veterinary Journal 23 (4) Pp. 95-98. Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
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243 | 1998 | J.D. Mande, I.B.J. Buoro, S.W Mbugua And P.M.F. Mbithi, (1998). Experimental Models Of Osteoarthritis. Kenya Veterinary Journal, 23 (4) Pp. 91-94. Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
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244 | 1998 | P.M.F. Mbithi (1998). An Overview Of Postgraduate Training In Veterinary Clinics Worldwide. Kenya Veterinary Journal 23 (4) Pp. 217-221. Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
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245 | 1998 | J.K. Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, L.C. Bebora, C.O. Bwanga, Z.M. Wamuri And P.M.F. Mbithi (1998). Occurrence Of Dermatomycosis (Ringworm) Due To Trichophyton Verrucosum In Dairy Calves And Its Spread To Animal Attendants. Kenya Veterinary Journal 23 (4) Pp. 213-2 Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease
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246 | 1998 | Measurements Of Radionuclide Contents Of Some Natural Building Materials In Kenya And Radiological Impact Assessment Click to View Abstract
The microbiological quality of ground water (boreholes) and domestic tanks in five locations of Kikuyu Division, Kiambu District, was determined. Two boreholes and twelve domestic tanks were sampled from each location. Seven (70%) out of 10 boreholes were contaminated with faecal coliforms. Total bacterial counts ranged from 1 to 6280 per ml of water while the coliform counts ranged from 0 to 161. Out of 70 water samples screened for faecal coliforms, 63 (90%) were positive. Faecal Streptococci were isolated in 71% of the samples. |
247 | 1998 | Chromadoridae (Chromadorida: Nematoda) From The Indian Ocean: Click to View Abstract
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248 | 1998 | Kisumbi, B.K., Toworfe, J.K.,. And Watts, DC. Dimensional Changes Of Resin/Ionomer Restoratives In Aqueous And Neutral Media. J Dent. Res. 77: Abstract No. 426. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The aim was to study dimensional time-dependence of resin/ionomer formulations from 5 min age to one month and to separate out the intrinsic setting shrinkage and hygroscopic expansion effects, by using non-aqueous and aqueous storage media, respectively. METHODS: Materials studied included: A: resin-, B: metal- and C: polyphosphonate-modified glass-ionomer cements [GICs]; and controls of D: poly-acid modified composite [compomer]; and E: resin-composite. Separate specimen groups (n = 5) were stored in different storage-media: (i) silicone fluid; (ii) de-ionized water. Experiments were repeated at 23 and 37 degrees C. Volumetric changes of specimens (4 mm diameter x 6 mm height) were obtained via accurate mass measurements (to 10(-4) g), using Archimedes principle, with silicone or water also used as the Archimedean fluid. These measurements were made periodically over a 30 day period, post fabrication. RESULTS: In silicone at 23 degrees C, all materials underwent further gradual intrinsic shrinkage (after 5 min from mix). This was highly significant (p < 0.05) for the RM-GIC (A). At 37 degrees C, however the RM-GIC expanded, indicating that its cure is temperature-sensitive. In water, at 23 and 37 degrees C, the shrinkage was either partially offset (materials C, D, E), or replaced by appreciable expansions (materials A and B). Differences between RM-GIC (A) and MM-GIC (B) were significant (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: The deployment of dual storage media made an important contribution to the separate analysis of the volumetric changes due to the on-going setting chemistry in these systems and the time-dependent effects of an aqueous environment.
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249 | 1998 | Fuel Value Of Refined Vernonia Galamensis Seed Oil" Click to View Abstract
n/a |
250 | 1998 | Commercial Pectolytic Enzymes In Production Of Mango Juice Concentrate. J. Of Food Technology In Africa Vol.2(4), 82-86. Click to View Abstract
Objective: To determine the pattern of breast disease at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH)
Study design: Retrospective descriptive study
Study setting: Kenyatta National Hospital, a University teaching and National Referral Hospital
Patients: Records of 1172 patients were reviewed.
Results: An average 469 new patients per year or 11 new patients per clinic visit were seen at the clinic over a two and a half year period. Females predominated (98.9%) in this series. The mean age was 34.71 years (range 1 to 96 years). The average age at menarche was 14.49 years and the mean duration of symptoms was 6.86 months. Only 2.6% of 843 patients had a positive family history of breast disease. Fibroadenoma was the commonest diagnosis made (33.2%) followed by ductal carcinoma (19.7%). Gynaecomastia was the most common lesion seen in males. Two thirds of patients presenting with tumors had masses measuring more than 5cm. Overall five conditions (fibroadenoma, ductal carcinoma, breast abscesses, fibrocystic disease and mastalgia) accounted for over 85% of all breast ailments. Surgery formed the main stay of care in over 80% of patients.
Conclusions: The pattern of breast diseases at KNH closely mirrors those reported in other studies in the region and beyond. This study indicates that a large proportion of patients presenting with breast disease are treated initially by surgery. It may be wise to consider other alternative forms of therapy where appropriate.
The Annals of African Surgery: 2008 June; Vol 2, pg 97-101. |
251 | 1998 | Oil Content In Fried Processed Sweetpotato Products. J. Of Fd. Proc. And Preservation,22, 123-137. Click to View Abstract
Objective: To determine the pattern of breast disease at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH)
Study design: Retrospective descriptive study
Study setting: Kenyatta National Hospital, a University teaching and National Referral Hospital
Patients: Records of 1172 patients were reviewed.
Results: An average 469 new patients per year or 11 new patients per clinic visit were seen at the clinic over a two and a half year period. Females predominated (98.9%) in this series. The mean age was 34.71 years (range 1 to 96 years). The average age at menarche was 14.49 years and the mean duration of symptoms was 6.86 months. Only 2.6% of 843 patients had a positive family history of breast disease. Fibroadenoma was the commonest diagnosis made (33.2%) followed by ductal carcinoma (19.7%). Gynaecomastia was the most common lesion seen in males. Two thirds of patients presenting with tumors had masses measuring more than 5cm. Overall five conditions (fibroadenoma, ductal carcinoma, breast abscesses, fibrocystic disease and mastalgia) accounted for over 85% of all breast ailments. Surgery formed the main stay of care in over 80% of patients.
Conclusions: The pattern of breast diseases at KNH closely mirrors those reported in other studies in the region and beyond. This study indicates that a large proportion of patients presenting with breast disease are treated initially by surgery. It may be wise to consider other alternative forms of therapy where appropriate.
The Annals of African Surgery: 2008 June; Vol 2, pg 97-101. |
252 | 1998 | The Development Of The School Milk Programme In Kenya. A Country Paper Presented At The International Conference On School Milk In The 21st. Century. Kwa Maritane, Pilanesberg National Park, North West Province, South Africa, 27-29th Oct. Conference Proce Click to View Abstract
Objective: To determine the pattern of breast disease at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH)
Study design: Retrospective descriptive study
Study setting: Kenyatta National Hospital, a University teaching and National Referral Hospital
Patients: Records of 1172 patients were reviewed.
Results: An average 469 new patients per year or 11 new patients per clinic visit were seen at the clinic over a two and a half year period. Females predominated (98.9%) in this series. The mean age was 34.71 years (range 1 to 96 years). The average age at menarche was 14.49 years and the mean duration of symptoms was 6.86 months. Only 2.6% of 843 patients had a positive family history of breast disease. Fibroadenoma was the commonest diagnosis made (33.2%) followed by ductal carcinoma (19.7%). Gynaecomastia was the most common lesion seen in males. Two thirds of patients presenting with tumors had masses measuring more than 5cm. Overall five conditions (fibroadenoma, ductal carcinoma, breast abscesses, fibrocystic disease and mastalgia) accounted for over 85% of all breast ailments. Surgery formed the main stay of care in over 80% of patients.
Conclusions: The pattern of breast diseases at KNH closely mirrors those reported in other studies in the region and beyond. This study indicates that a large proportion of patients presenting with breast disease are treated initially by surgery. It may be wise to consider other alternative forms of therapy where appropriate.
The Annals of African Surgery: 2008 June; Vol 2, pg 97-101. |
253 | 1998 | Contesting Social Death, KOLA Publications Ed. Kabira, Masheti And Obote, KOLA Publications Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
254 | 1998 | Understanding Oral Literature, Ed. Kabira, Masheti And Obote; University Of Nairobi Press Click to View Abstract
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK. Previous attempts to determine the interactions between filariasis transmission intensity, infection and chronic disease have been limited by a lack of a theoretical framework that allows the explicit examination of mechanisms that may link these variables at the community level. Here, we show how deterministic mathematical models, in conjunction with analyses of standardized field data from communities with varying parasite transmission intensities, can provide a particularly powerful framework for investigating this topic. These models were based on adult worm population dynamics, worm initiated chronic disease and two major forms of acquired immunity (larval- versus adult-worm generated) explicitly linked to community transmission intensity as measured by the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP). They were then fitted to data from low, moderate and moderately high transmission communities from East Africa to determine the mechanistic relationships between transmission, infection and observed filarial morbidity. The results indicate a profound effect of transmission intensity on patent infection and chronic disease, and on the generation and impact of immunity on these variables. For infection, the analysis indicates that in areas of higher parasite transmission, community-specific microfilarial rates may increase proportionately with transmission intensity until moderated by the generation of herd immunity. This supports recent suggestions that acquired immunity in filariasis is transmission driven and may be significant only in areas of high transmission. In East Africa, this transmission threshold is likely to be higher than an ATP of at least 100. A new finding from the analysis of the disease data is that per capita worm pathogenicity could increase with transmission intensity such that the prevalences of both hydrocele and lymphoedema, even without immunopathological involvement, may increase disproportionately with transmission intensity. For lymphoedema, this rise may be further accelerated with the onset of immunopathology. An intriguing finding is that there may be at least two types of immunity operating in filariasis: one implicated in anti-infection immunity and generated by past experience of adult worms, the other involved in immune-mediated pathology and based on cumulative experience of infective larvae. If confirmed, these findings have important implications for the new global initiative to achieve control of this disease. |
255 | 1998 | MEDIAN LETHAL DOSES, CLINICAL SIGNS AND POST-MORTEM CHANGES IN ACUTE PYRETHRINS TOXICITY IN SHEEP AND RABBITS Click to View Abstract
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256 | 1998 | Levels Of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues In Milk Of Urban Mothers In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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257 | 1998 | Kinyamu, J.K., Skaare, J.U. Maitho, T., And Kanja L. 1998. Levels Of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues In Milk Of Urban Mothers In Kenya. Bull Environ. Contam Toxicol. 60 732-738 Click to View Abstract
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258 | 1998 | Gikunju, J.K., Maitho, T.E., Mitema, S.E., And Mugera, G.M., 1998. Fluoride Concentration In Black Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) From Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Int. J. Biochem. Physics 6, 90 Click to View Abstract
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259 | 1998 | Velle W., Kanui T.I., Aulie A. Sjaastad V. Ruminal Escape And Apparent Degradation Of Amino Acids Administered Intraruminally In Mixtures To Cows. J. Of Dairy Science 81 (1998) 3231 Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
260 | 1998 | Property Valuation Practice In Kenya: Trends & Challenges. Paper Presented To A Professional Group At The Construction Review Seminar At The Grand Regency Hotel, Nairobi On The 30th September 1998. Click to View Abstract
This article investigates the forces leading to migration of husbands from rural Kenya, the economic situation and activities of wives with migrant husbands, receipt of remittances by wives and the possible influences on capital formation in rural Kenya, using the Nyeri district as a case study. Although the residual sample of rural wives whose husbands have migrated to urban areas in Kenya is small, the analysis of this sample highlights several important points worthy of investigation. It seems that rural husbands who migrate from rural Kenya have limited education and skills and are mostly pushed out of rural areas rather than pulled. The wives seem not to be empowered in relation to economic and family decisions-making. The husband and his relatives retain control of important economic and household decisions and this has negative impacts on agricultural productivity. The wives are hampered by their relative lack of access to agricultural extension officers, finance for farm investment and capital resources for use on their farm. Probit analysis suggests that the probability of a wife obtaining remittances from a migrant husband declines with the number of years of his absence and the age of the wife but increases with the number of her dependent children and whether or not she employs hired labour. Duration of migration is important in explaning the amount of remittances but not in explaining the likelihood of wives receiving remittances. Overall indications are that remittances are mostly motivated by altruism or social obligation of the migrant to his family. This study was limited by lack of resources but nonetheless provides useful pointers to further research. |
261 | 1998 | 1Property Taxation In Western And South-Eastern African Countries: Principles And Applications In Zimbabwe, Tanzania And Ghana, Paper Presented For The Pilot Core Course In Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations And Municipal Financial Management In Harare Zi Click to View Abstract
This article investigates the forces leading to migration of husbands from rural Kenya, the economic situation and activities of wives with migrant husbands, receipt of remittances by wives and the possible influences on capital formation in rural Kenya, using the Nyeri district as a case study. Although the residual sample of rural wives whose husbands have migrated to urban areas in Kenya is small, the analysis of this sample highlights several important points worthy of investigation. It seems that rural husbands who migrate from rural Kenya have limited education and skills and are mostly pushed out of rural areas rather than pulled. The wives seem not to be empowered in relation to economic and family decisions-making. The husband and his relatives retain control of important economic and household decisions and this has negative impacts on agricultural productivity. The wives are hampered by their relative lack of access to agricultural extension officers, finance for farm investment and capital resources for use on their farm. Probit analysis suggests that the probability of a wife obtaining remittances from a migrant husband declines with the number of years of his absence and the age of the wife but increases with the number of her dependent children and whether or not she employs hired labour. Duration of migration is important in explaning the amount of remittances but not in explaining the likelihood of wives receiving remittances. Overall indications are that remittances are mostly motivated by altruism or social obligation of the migrant to his family. This study was limited by lack of resources but nonetheless provides useful pointers to further research. |
262 | 1998 | CASEOUS LYMPHADENITIS IN GOATS: THE DOSE OF INFECTION AND SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE Click to View Abstract
Goats were infected intradermally with caseous pus containing between 1x105 and 5x101 colony forming units (CFU) of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Animals infected with doses of equal and above 1x105 CFU of the organism developed caseous lesions in the regional draining lymph nodes. On serological examination, 3/6 animals infected with equal or less than 1x101 CFU and 2/4 infected with equal or less than 1x102 CFU had no positive bacterial agglutination and antitoxin antibody titres respectively. These results indicated that caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a highly contagious disease since relatively low doses (1x102 CFU) of C.pseudotuberculosis injected intradermally could induce CLA lesions in draining lymph nodes. The serological response in terms of rate and extent appeared to depend on the dose of infection. |
263 | 1998 | FASCIOLA WORMS, FECAL AND GALL BLADDER EGG COUNT RELATIONSHIPS IN SHEEP EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH FASCIOLA GIGANTICA Click to View Abstract
Goats were infected intradermally with caseous pus containing between 1x105 and 5x101 colony forming units (CFU) of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Animals infected with doses of equal and above 1x105 CFU of the organism developed caseous lesions in the regional draining lymph nodes. On serological examination, 3/6 animals infected with equal or less than 1x101 CFU and 2/4 infected with equal or less than 1x102 CFU had no positive bacterial agglutination and antitoxin antibody titres respectively. These results indicated that caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a highly contagious disease since relatively low doses (1x102 CFU) of C.pseudotuberculosis injected intradermally could induce CLA lesions in draining lymph nodes. The serological response in terms of rate and extent appeared to depend on the dose of infection. |
264 | 1998 | PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH: THE MISSING LINK TO SUSTAINABLE AND EFFECTIVE INTERVENTION IN AGRICULTURAL COMMITTEEE IN THE AESH FRAMEWORK Click to View Abstract
There is an increasing need to incorporate into agricultural research an element of community participation. Community involvement in the identification of problems and solutions is seen as the key to adoption ands adaptation of new technologies. These two processes have been identified as crucial for sustainable agriculture and hence sustainable rural communities.
A wide gap exists between researchers in the various institutions and the farmer. Yet the latter is the end user of the products thereof. This is an approach to the top-down approach to agricultural extension where extension agents tell farmer's what ought to be done with little regard to the farmers experience and circumstances. Participatory action research (PAR) techniques bridge the gap between the farmer's experiences and the research/extension services. It enables analysis of problem situations and opportunities by farmers and researchers in a participatory and inclusive process. Within the agro-ecosystem health framework PAR is the process that generates a farmer driven demand for research and technology development. This paper describes how PAR is being used in an integrated assessment of agricultural communities in Kiambu agro-ecosystem.
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265 | 1998 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN KIAMBU DISTRICT Click to View Abstract
Sustainability in agriculture requires a better understanding of interactions within the production syatem. Diverse factors such as social structure, knowledge and information flow all as well as other bio[hyscical afctors interact with each other to determine agricultural productivity and sustainability. Researchers and extension agents find that they need to deal with issues that may be outside their area of specialization. An interdisciplinary approach provides a framework through which such support can be provided. |
266 | 1998 | AN AGRO-ECOSYSTEM HEALTH APPROACH: AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMERS IN KIAMBU DISTRICT KANYA Click to View Abstract
This paper describes the methodology and some results obtained from an integrated assessment of smallholder dairy farms in Kiambu District Kenya, using the agro-ecosystem health approach. Participatory techniques, soft system methods, complex system theory and convectional research are used in combination. The approach is holistic, multidisciplinary and iterative. It involves designing, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the development processes. The aim is to make smallholder dairy farms sustainable. A sustainable agricultural system is one in which resource management is optimized to satisfy changing human needs while maintaining or enhancing the quality of the environment and its capacity. The approach applies the agro-ecosystems concepts of health developed both in veterinary and human health. Screening diagnosis and remediation of ecosystems pathologies are carried out in methods analogous to those in individuals and populations. |
267 | 1998 | Wafula, E.M., Ngamau, D.W., Onyango, F.E., Mirza, N.M. And Njeru, E.K. X-Ray Diagnosable Pneumonia In Children With Severe Malnutrition At Kenyatta National Hospital. East Afr Med J. 1998 Oct;75(10):567-71. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of radiologically evident pneumonia among children with severe malnutrition and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of commonly used clinical indicators of pneumonia among children with severe malnutrition. METHODS: All children with severe malnutrition and admitted at the then Paediatric Observation Ward without congestive cardiac failure, severe anaemia, or severe dehydration, were clinically evaluated and a posteroanterior chest X-ray taken for each child. Pneumonia was diagnosed on the basis of radiological changes consistent with pneumonia as reported by an experienced radiologist. The performance of the various clinical parameters as diagnostic tests for pneumonia were also evaluated. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital, a tertiary level teaching institution for the University of Nairobi. RESULTS: One hundred and seven children comprising 68 males and 39 females were recruited into the study. Of these children, 38 had kwashiorkor, 40 had marasmus, while 29 had marasmic kwashiorkor. Radiological evidence of pneumonia was found in 58% of children with kwashiorkor, 75% with marasmic kwashiorkor, and 82% with marasmus. All the commonly used clinical parameters performed poorly as diagnostic tests for pneumonia among children with severe malnutrition. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of pneumonia was very high among children with severe malnutrition. Available clinical parameters, singly or in combination, are poor diagnostic tools for pneumonia in children with severe malnutrition. It is advisable to treat children with severe malnutrition as if they had pneumonia, even in the absence of suggestive clinical signs. |
268 | 1998 | Munyi, S.T., Macharia, W.M., And Njeru, E.K. Screening For Urinary Tract Infections For Children With Cancers. East Afr. Med. J. 1998, 75:264-267. Click to View Abstract
Neutropaenia and immunosuppression place children on treatment for malignancies at a high risk for infections. We undertook to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children on treatment for cancer at the Kenyatta National Teaching and Referral hospital. With the understanding that many laboratories in the rural areas of the country lack appropriate facilities for confirmation of UTI, it was also important to evaluate simple and inexpensive screening methods against a "gold standard" in this cross sectional study. One hundred and eighty six children between the ages of five and 14 years admitted in Kenyatta hospital with leukaemia or lymphoma were enrolled. Besides clinical evaluation, urinalysis and culture and sensitivity were performed on all the subjects. Urine culture was considered the "gold standard" for diagnosis for UTI. The prevalence of UTI was 8.1% (CI = 6.1, 10.1). Only five out of 15 patients were symptomatic. E. coli and klebsiella spp. were responsible for 93.4% of the infections. Presence of pyuria, defined as five or more pus cells per high power field, had a sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 97.1% and a positive predictive value of 70.6% while comparative values associated with a positive nitrite test were 60%, 97.7% and 96%. Other clinical and laboratory tests had low sensitivity. UTI is a relatively frequent infection in children on cancer treatment. Screening for pyuria is simple, inexpensive and an accurate method of diagnosing UTI in children on treatment for lymphohaematopoietic malignancies in situations where facilities for urine culture are unavailable. |
269 | 1998 | Domestic Violence As An Obstacle To Develoment In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
ABSTRACT The literature and research on domestic violence against women have
received increased attention in the 1980's and 1990's, but research on wife beating/battering
is still sparse. This paper reports from a research project in Nairobi that focused on the legal
experiences of battered women and their perceptions of the violence. Findings reveal that the
problem of battering is rampant and most battered women do not seek legal intervention. It
was also found that a majority of the women remained in intimate relationships with their
batterers due to economic dependence on the batterers and lack of alternatives outside the
relationship.
Key Words: Domestic violence; Legal Experiences; Nairobi; Kenya.
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270 | 1998 | A Study Of Participatory Processes Used By Head Teachers To Enhance Student Discipline In Public Secondary Schools In Nairobi Province (M.Ed Thesis 1998) Click to View Abstract
n/a |
271 | 1998 | "Kenya: Reproductive Change Under Strain". In Understanding Reproductive Change, By Bertil Egero & Mikael Hammarskjold (eds.): Lund University Press, Sweden (1994) Pp.31-64) With Bertil Egero. Click to View Abstract
Families in Kenya. In Handbook of World Families, edited by B.N. Adams and J. Trest. Sage Publication, 2005. |
272 | 1998 | "Treds, Differentials And Correlation Of Contraceptives Use". In Fertility Decline In Kenya: Levels Trends And Differentials Africn Population Center (APPRC). The Population Policy Research Center (APPRC). The Population Council, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Families in Kenya. In Handbook of World Families, edited by B.N. Adams and J. Trest. Sage Publication, 2005. |
273 | 1998 | Trends And Correlates Of Contraceptive Use In Kenya". Working Papers No.4 9with Eliya Zulu). African Population Council (1998). Click to View Abstract
Families in Kenya. In Handbook of World Families, edited by B.N. Adams and J. Trest. Sage Publication, 2005. |
274 | 1998 | Geography Of Sub-Saharan Africa Review Of Aryeetey, S.(ed). Click to View Abstract
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275 | 1998 | "Promoting Sustainable Mobility In Kenya", Published As Part Of A Study Paper For The Member Churches (WCC), Geneva Switzerland. Click to View Abstract
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276 | 1998 | PARTICIPATORY DECISION MAKING IN NON-MOTORISED URBAN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN, World Bank Annual Transport Forum, Washington 7-9 April 1998. Click to View Abstract
n/a |
277 | 1998 | PLANNING OF PILOT PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE TRACK NETWORK IN EAST NAIROBI, CODATU VIII, Cape Town, South Africa, 21-25 September 1998 Click to View Abstract
n/a |
278 | 1998 | PLANNING OF PILOT PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE TRACK NETWORK IN EAST NAIROBI, CODATU VIII, Cape Town, South Africa, 21-25 September 1998 Click to View Abstract
n/a |
279 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Kogi, J.K., Weda, E.H. & Ngotho, J.W., 1998. Multiple Anthelmintic Resistance On A Goat Farm In Kenya. Vet. Parasitol., 75: 191-97. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
280 | 1998 | Tsuma, V.T., Einarsson, S., Madej, A., Forsberg, M. And Lundeheim, N. (1998). Plasma Levels Of Progesterone And Cortisol After ACTH Administration In Lactating Primiparous Sows. Acta Vet. Scand., 39: 71-76, Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
281 | 1998 | Madej, A., Einarsson, S., Mburu, J.N. And Tsuma, V.T. (1998). Involvement Of Thyroid Hormones And Cortisol In The Stress Response And Their Possible Effects On Fertility In The Pig. Reprod. Dom. Anim., 33: 317-320, Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
282 | 1998 | Magnusson, U., Wattrang, E., Tsuma, V.T. And Fossum, C. (1998). Effects Of Stress Resulting From Short-term Restraint On In Vitro Functional Capacity Of Leucocytes Obtained From Pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 59: 421-425, Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
283 | 1998 | Mutembei, H.M., Mutiga, E.R. And Tsuma, V.T. (1998). Reproductive Parameters In Kenyan GSD Bitches. Click to View Abstract
Data relating to reproductive parameters of German shepherd bitches were collected from registered German shepherd dog (GSD) breeders with information kept over a 15-year period (1982-1997). The information obtained was verified using the East African Kennel Club records. A total of 594 bitches from 280 breeders were recorded. From these, 798 heats were observed, 594 of which were used for breeding, resulting in 3592 puppies. The mean age at puberty was 519.0 +/- 41 days. Heats occurred throughout the year, although significantly (P < 0.05) higher and lower incidences were observed in October and April respectively Pregnancy significantly (P < 0.01) increased interoestrous interval, which was 247.8 +/- 99.6 and 183 +/- 52 days among bred/pregnant and non-bred bitches respectively. Most bitches in oestrus (73.7%) were bred, and breeding was carried out throughout the year, with a distribution closely related to that of heat incidence. Subsequently, whelping occurred throughout the year, and 95.5% of the bitches that were mated whelped. A mean gestation period of 60.6 +/- 5.1 days was observed. The mean litter size was 6.4 +/- 0.4 puppies, and did not differ significantly between months. The preweaning losses were low, with 2.3% stillbirths, 0.9% culls and 11.4% mortalities. |
284 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., 1998. An Outbreak Of Haemonchosis Associated With Anthelmintic Resistance On A Sheep Farm In Kenya. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 68: 209-11. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
285 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Ngotho, J.W. & Gichuho, J.M., 1998.Multiple And Multigeneric Anthelmintic Resistance On A Sheep Farm In Kenya. Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod., 30: 159-66. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
286 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Munyua, W.K., Thamsborg, S.M., Nansen, P., B Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
287 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Nansen, P., Kyvsgaard, N., Thamsborg, S.M., Munyua, W.K.Gathuma, 7 J.M. & B Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
288 | 1998 | Ngatia, T.A. Mbuthia, P.G., Waruiru, R.M., Njiro, S.M., Kanyari, P.W.N., Munyua, W.K. Weda, E.H. & Ngotho, J.W., 1998. Sarcocystisin Slaughtered Wild Animals In Kenya. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr., 46: 1-4. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
289 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Ngotho, J.W., Weda, E.H., Mbuthia, P.G. & Kogi, J.K., 1998. Effects Of Development Of Resistance To Levamisole And Benzimidazole Anthelmintics On The Pathogenicity And Survival Of H. Contortus. Bull. Anim. Prod. Afr., 46: 133-38. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
290 | 1998 | Ngatia, T.A. Mbuthia, P.G., Waruiru, R.M., Njiro, S.M., Kanyari, P.W.N., Munyua, W.K., Weda, E.H. & Ngotho, J.W., 1998. Verminous Pneumonia And Other Microscopic Lung Lessions In Wild Animals In Kenya. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr., 46: 153-55. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
291 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Munyua, W.K., Ngotho, J.W., Weda, E.H. & Otieno, R.O., 1998. Effect Of Anthelmintic Treatment On Liveweight Gains In Sheep In A Helminth Endemic Area Of Central Kenya. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr., 46: 201-04. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
292 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Munyua, W.K. And Kogi, J.K., 1998. Comparative Efficacies Of Levamisole, Ivermectin, Rafoxanide And Benzimidazoles Against Natural Nematode Infections Of Small Ruminants In Central Kenya. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr., 46: 265-70. Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
293 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Ayuya, J.M., Ngotho, J.W., Weda, E.H., Otieno, R.O. & Munyua, W.K. 1998. Effect Of Anthelmintic Treatment On Liveweight Gains In Sheep In A Helminth Endemic Area Of Central Kenya Click to View Abstract
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Integrated vector management (IVM) for malaria control requires ecological skills that are very scarce and rarely applied in Africa today. Partnerships between communities and academic ecologists can address this capacity deficit, modernize the evidence base for such approaches and enable future scale up. Community-based IVM programmes were initiated in two contrasting settings. On Rusinga Island, Western Kenya, community outreach to a marginalized rural community was achieved by University of Nairobi through a community-based organization. In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Ilala Municipality established an IVM programme at grassroots level, which was subsequently upgraded and expanded into a pilot scale Urban Malaria Control Programme with support from national academic institutes. Both programmes now access relevant expertise, funding and policy makers while the academic partners benefit from direct experience of community-based implementation and operational research opportunities. The communities now access up-to-date malaria-related knowledge and skills for translation into local action. Similarly, the academic partners have acquired better understanding of community needs and how to address them. Until sufficient evidence is provided, community-based IVM remains an operational research activity. Researchers can never directly support every community in Africa so community based IVM strategies and tactics will need to be incorporated into undergraduate teaching programmes to generate sufficient numbers of practitioners for national scale programmes. Academic ecologists at African institutions are uniquely positioned to enable the application of
practical environmental and entomological skills for malaria control by communities at grassroots
level and should be supported to fulfil this neglected role. |
294 | 1998 | Lown B, Bukachi F, Xavier R. Health Information In The Developing World. Lancet. 1998 Oct;352 Suppl 2:SII34-8. Click to View Abstract
{
OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical outcome of successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in patients with poor ventricular function. METHODS: Analysis of angiographic, echocardiographic and clinical records of patients with severe LV dysfunction who underwent PTCA from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 1997 was undertaken. Forty-one patients aged 63+/-10 years, 36 men, all with significant coronary artery disease and impaired LV function (fractional shortening, FS<or=20%) were identified. Patients' data before and after angioplasty were analyzed. RESULTS: Post PTCA: angiographic success was 95.2%. Major complications occurred in 19.5% and hospital mortality was 2.7%. At 6 months after PTCA:LV fractional shortening (FS) increased from 15.9+/-3.4% to 19.6+/-6.6%
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295 | 1998 | Moriyasu M, Ichimaru M, Nishiyama Y, Kato A, Mathenge SG, Juma FD, Nganga JN.Minor Flavanones From Erythrina AbyssinicaJ Nat Prod. 1998 Feb 27;61(2):185-8. Click to View Abstract
Four new prenylated flavanones, abyssinone-V 4'-methyl ether (1) and abyssinoflavanones IV (2), V (3), and VI (4), have been isolated as minor flavanones from the African medicinal plant, Erythrina abyssinica, together with a known flavanone, sigmoidin D. The structure elucidation of compounds 1-4 by spectroscopic studies is described.
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296 | 1998 | DWJ Foeken And AM Mwangi, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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297 | 1998 | A Survey On The Parasites Of The Swine And Their Prevalences Over A Ten Year Period. The Kenya Veterinarian: 23: 166 Click to View Abstract
The microbiological quality of ground water (boreholes) and domestic tanks in five locations of Kikuyu Division, Kiambu District, was determined. Two boreholes and twelve domestic tanks were sampled from each location. Seven (70%) out of 10 boreholes were contaminated with faecal coliforms. Total bacterial counts ranged from 1 to 6280 per ml of water while the coliform counts ranged from 0 to 161. Out of 70 water samples screened for faecal coliforms, 63 (90%) were positive. Faecal Streptococci were isolated in 71% of the samples. |
298 | 1998 | The Application Of Monoclonal Antibodies In Identification Of A Hydatid Cyst Antigen Found In Boiled Sera From Individuals With Hydatid Disease And Its Significance In Diagnosis Of Hydatid Disease Caused By E. Granulosus In Man. The Kenya Veterinarian: 23 Click to View Abstract
The microbiological quality of ground water (boreholes) and domestic tanks in five locations of Kikuyu Division, Kiambu District, was determined. Two boreholes and twelve domestic tanks were sampled from each location. Seven (70%) out of 10 boreholes were contaminated with faecal coliforms. Total bacterial counts ranged from 1 to 6280 per ml of water while the coliform counts ranged from 0 to 161. Out of 70 water samples screened for faecal coliforms, 63 (90%) were positive. Faecal Streptococci were isolated in 71% of the samples. |
299 | 1998 | Report On The Impacts Of Climate Change On Water Resources In The Upper Ewaso Ngiro Basin Click to View Abstract
A double antibody enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for identification of thermostable muscle antigens of autoclaved meat samples is described. The assay differentiates heterologous thermostable muscle antigens from homologous at P 0.001. In model meat mixtures, the assay detects adulterants at the level of 1% at p0.001 even in phylogenetically related species such as buffalo and cattle. |
300 | 1998 | The Prospects Of Heavy Metal Poisoning In The Wild Herbivores In Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya. A Case Study On The Waterbuck (Kobus Ellipsiprymnus Defassa), Click to View Abstract
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301 | 1998 | Blanton R.E., Wachira T.M., Zeyhle E.E., Njoroge E.M., Magambo J.K. And Schantz P.M. (1998) Oxfendazole Treatment For Cystic Hydatid Disease In Naturally Infected Animals. Click to View Abstract
Few chemotherapeutic agents are available for the medical management of hydatid disease caused by the parasite Echinococcusgranulosus. In order to test the potential of oxfendazole forthe treatment of infection with this parasite, nine infected goatsand four sheep were given oxfendazole twice weekly at a dose of30 mg/kg of body weight for 4 weeks and monitored by ultrasoundfor an additional 4 weeks. Efficacy was finally evaluated by postmortemexamination, including determination of protoscolex viabilityand cyst wall histology. In treated animals, protoscolices weredead or absent in 97% of cysts from oxfendazole-treated animalscompared to 28% of cysts from untreated control animals. On postmortemexamination, 53% of cysts from treated animals were found to begrossly degenerate. A sample of those cysts that appeared potentiallyviable all demonstrated evidence of severe damage to the cystwall. By light microscopy, cysts showed severe disorganizationof the adventitial layer with invasion of inflammatory cells andin some cases frank necrosis with no apparent adventitial layer.The follow-up period for assessment of the drug's ability to causecomplete degeneration and resorption of cysts was relatively short.This study, however, indicates that oxfendazole is at least aseffective as and is easier to administer than albendazole forthe treatment of hydatid disease.
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302 | 1998 | Maxson Sage A., Wachira T.M., Zeyhle E.E., Weber E., Njoroge E.M. And Smith G. (1998) Evaluation Of Diagnostic Ultrasound As A Mass Screening Technique For Detection Of Hydatid Cysts In The Liver And Right Lung Of Sheep And Goats. Click to View Abstract
Few chemotherapeutic agents are available for the medical management of hydatid disease caused by the parasite Echinococcusgranulosus. In order to test the potential of oxfendazole forthe treatment of infection with this parasite, nine infected goatsand four sheep were given oxfendazole twice weekly at a dose of30 mg/kg of body weight for 4 weeks and monitored by ultrasoundfor an additional 4 weeks. Efficacy was finally evaluated by postmortemexamination, including determination of protoscolex viabilityand cyst wall histology. In treated animals, protoscolices weredead or absent in 97% of cysts from oxfendazole-treated animalscompared to 28% of cysts from untreated control animals. On postmortemexamination, 53% of cysts from treated animals were found to begrossly degenerate. A sample of those cysts that appeared potentiallyviable all demonstrated evidence of severe damage to the cystwall. By light microscopy, cysts showed severe disorganizationof the adventitial layer with invasion of inflammatory cells andin some cases frank necrosis with no apparent adventitial layer.The follow-up period for assessment of the drug's ability to causecomplete degeneration and resorption of cysts was relatively short.This study, however, indicates that oxfendazole is at least aseffective as and is easier to administer than albendazole forthe treatment of hydatid disease.
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303 | 1998 | Maribei J.M., Njoroge E.M., And Njiro S. (1998) A Case Of Ovine Lymphosarcoma In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Few chemotherapeutic agents are available for the medical management of hydatid disease caused by the parasite Echinococcusgranulosus. In order to test the potential of oxfendazole forthe treatment of infection with this parasite, nine infected goatsand four sheep were given oxfendazole twice weekly at a dose of30 mg/kg of body weight for 4 weeks and monitored by ultrasoundfor an additional 4 weeks. Efficacy was finally evaluated by postmortemexamination, including determination of protoscolex viabilityand cyst wall histology. In treated animals, protoscolices weredead or absent in 97% of cysts from oxfendazole-treated animalscompared to 28% of cysts from untreated control animals. On postmortemexamination, 53% of cysts from treated animals were found to begrossly degenerate. A sample of those cysts that appeared potentiallyviable all demonstrated evidence of severe damage to the cystwall. By light microscopy, cysts showed severe disorganizationof the adventitial layer with invasion of inflammatory cells andin some cases frank necrosis with no apparent adventitial layer.The follow-up period for assessment of the drug's ability to causecomplete degeneration and resorption of cysts was relatively short.This study, however, indicates that oxfendazole is at least aseffective as and is easier to administer than albendazole forthe treatment of hydatid disease.
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304 | 1998 | Maribei J.M., Njoroge E.M., And Mbugua P.N. (1998) Clinical Manifestation Of Experimental Water Intoxication In Calves. Click to View Abstract
Few chemotherapeutic agents are available for the medical management of hydatid disease caused by the parasite Echinococcusgranulosus. In order to test the potential of oxfendazole forthe treatment of infection with this parasite, nine infected goatsand four sheep were given oxfendazole twice weekly at a dose of30 mg/kg of body weight for 4 weeks and monitored by ultrasoundfor an additional 4 weeks. Efficacy was finally evaluated by postmortemexamination, including determination of protoscolex viabilityand cyst wall histology. In treated animals, protoscolices weredead or absent in 97% of cysts from oxfendazole-treated animalscompared to 28% of cysts from untreated control animals. On postmortemexamination, 53% of cysts from treated animals were found to begrossly degenerate. A sample of those cysts that appeared potentiallyviable all demonstrated evidence of severe damage to the cystwall. By light microscopy, cysts showed severe disorganizationof the adventitial layer with invasion of inflammatory cells andin some cases frank necrosis with no apparent adventitial layer.The follow-up period for assessment of the drug's ability to causecomplete degeneration and resorption of cysts was relatively short.This study, however, indicates that oxfendazole is at least aseffective as and is easier to administer than albendazole forthe treatment of hydatid disease.
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305 | 1998 | Further Mortality Declines In Kenya. Critical Issues For 1990 Click to View Abstract
{ OBJECTIVES To compare sociodemographic profiles, child care, child feeding practices and growth indices of children born to HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative mothers. METHODS: A cohort study of 234 children (seropositive and seronegative) born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers and 139 children born to seronegative mothers in Pumwani Maternity Hospital which serves a low-income population in Nairobi, Kenya from December 1991 and January 1994. RESULTS: With few exceptions, at the time of their birth children in all three cohorts had parents with similar characteristics, lived in similar housing in similar geographical areas, had their mothers as their primary care givers, had similar feeding practices and similar growth status and patterns. However, the HIV-1 seropositive mothers were slightly younger (23.8 years vs. 25.0 years, P < 0.01), if married they were less likely to be their husband's first wife (79% vs. 91%
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306 | 1998 | Ndegwa A,id Others: (1998) Dilemmas Of Deciding Stakeholders: Governance And Open Access To Common Property. Eastern And Southern Africa Geographical Journal. Vol.8, Special Number. Click to View Abstract
{ OBJECTIVES To compare sociodemographic profiles, child care, child feeding practices and growth indices of children born to HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative mothers. METHODS: A cohort study of 234 children (seropositive and seronegative) born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers and 139 children born to seronegative mothers in Pumwani Maternity Hospital which serves a low-income population in Nairobi, Kenya from December 1991 and January 1994. RESULTS: With few exceptions, at the time of their birth children in all three cohorts had parents with similar characteristics, lived in similar housing in similar geographical areas, had their mothers as their primary care givers, had similar feeding practices and similar growth status and patterns. However, the HIV-1 seropositive mothers were slightly younger (23.8 years vs. 25.0 years, P < 0.01), if married they were less likely to be their husband's first wife (79% vs. 91%
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307 | 1998 | Ndegwa And Others (1998) Stakeholders In The Limelight: Principles Of Actor-Centred Resource Management. Eastern And Southern Africa Geographical Journal. Vol.8. Special Number Click to View Abstract
{ OBJECTIVES To compare sociodemographic profiles, child care, child feeding practices and growth indices of children born to HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative mothers. METHODS: A cohort study of 234 children (seropositive and seronegative) born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers and 139 children born to seronegative mothers in Pumwani Maternity Hospital which serves a low-income population in Nairobi, Kenya from December 1991 and January 1994. RESULTS: With few exceptions, at the time of their birth children in all three cohorts had parents with similar characteristics, lived in similar housing in similar geographical areas, had their mothers as their primary care givers, had similar feeding practices and similar growth status and patterns. However, the HIV-1 seropositive mothers were slightly younger (23.8 years vs. 25.0 years, P < 0.01), if married they were less likely to be their husband's first wife (79% vs. 91%
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308 | 1998 | "Analysis And Evaluation Of Poverty In Kenya." CH. 1 Pp. 1-36. Co-authored With Bahemuka Et Al. In Bahemuka J. Et Al. Poverty Revisited: Analysis And Strategies Towards Poverty Eradication In Kenya. Nairobi: Click to View Abstract
This study set out to examine the policy position in Kenyan health care financing, with regard to implementation of the proposed social health scheme (NSHIF) and its performance potential. The specific objectives were to: examine the existing social scheme (NHIF), its role and challenges in health care financing; establish whether or not Kenya has the key pre-requisites for introduction and sustainability of a social health scheme and to provide recommendations on the way forward. This was largely a desk study, supplemented with limited primary data from key informants. The analysis indicates that: i) For a universal social health plan to be sustainable, favorable economic indicators and availability of essential infrastructures are critical prerequisites. Resources must be available, government must be in a position to afford high subsidies, the population must be ready to pay high premiums and the supply of health services must be adequate to cater for the expected increase in demand; ii) Countries that have successfully embraced social health plans introduced their schemes carefully and gradually (overtime) in terms of coverage; iii) Kenya compares unfavorably with these countries in terms of prerequisites for sustainability of a social health scheme, due largely to a poor economy, high poverty levels and shortfalls in facilities and services. The study concludes that Kenya lacks the key prerequisites for introducing and sustaining a universal social health scheme. The scheme can hardly be supported by the current status of the economy and healthcare infrastructures. The study recommends: i) Expansion and development of health care infrastructural capacities through subsidies and tax concessions for those investing in health care and providing subsidized services, particularly to the poor and rehabilitation of the GoK facilities; ii) Increasing the health budget from 7 per cent of government expenditure to above 10 per cent and directing more resources and efforts towards preventive/promotive and primary health care (P&PH); and iii) Other recommendations include subjecting the proposed scheme to an actuarial evaluation and comprehensive policy plan in order to determine the attendant and corresponding premium and benefit levels and pursuing a phased approach in the implementation of the scheme. |
309 | 1998 | "Urbanization, Urban Violence And Its Implications For Urban Planning". Click to View Abstract
This study set out to examine the policy position in Kenyan health care financing, with regard to implementation of the proposed social health scheme (NSHIF) and its performance potential. The specific objectives were to: examine the existing social scheme (NHIF), its role and challenges in health care financing; establish whether or not Kenya has the key pre-requisites for introduction and sustainability of a social health scheme and to provide recommendations on the way forward. This was largely a desk study, supplemented with limited primary data from key informants. The analysis indicates that: i) For a universal social health plan to be sustainable, favorable economic indicators and availability of essential infrastructures are critical prerequisites. Resources must be available, government must be in a position to afford high subsidies, the population must be ready to pay high premiums and the supply of health services must be adequate to cater for the expected increase in demand; ii) Countries that have successfully embraced social health plans introduced their schemes carefully and gradually (overtime) in terms of coverage; iii) Kenya compares unfavorably with these countries in terms of prerequisites for sustainability of a social health scheme, due largely to a poor economy, high poverty levels and shortfalls in facilities and services. The study concludes that Kenya lacks the key prerequisites for introducing and sustaining a universal social health scheme. The scheme can hardly be supported by the current status of the economy and healthcare infrastructures. The study recommends: i) Expansion and development of health care infrastructural capacities through subsidies and tax concessions for those investing in health care and providing subsidized services, particularly to the poor and rehabilitation of the GoK facilities; ii) Increasing the health budget from 7 per cent of government expenditure to above 10 per cent and directing more resources and efforts towards preventive/promotive and primary health care (P&PH); and iii) Other recommendations include subjecting the proposed scheme to an actuarial evaluation and comprehensive policy plan in order to determine the attendant and corresponding premium and benefit levels and pursuing a phased approach in the implementation of the scheme. |
310 | 1998 | "City Slum Single Motherhood And Its Socio-economic Implications For Child Welfare". Click to View Abstract
This study set out to examine the policy position in Kenyan health care financing, with regard to implementation of the proposed social health scheme (NSHIF) and its performance potential. The specific objectives were to: examine the existing social scheme (NHIF), its role and challenges in health care financing; establish whether or not Kenya has the key pre-requisites for introduction and sustainability of a social health scheme and to provide recommendations on the way forward. This was largely a desk study, supplemented with limited primary data from key informants. The analysis indicates that: i) For a universal social health plan to be sustainable, favorable economic indicators and availability of essential infrastructures are critical prerequisites. Resources must be available, government must be in a position to afford high subsidies, the population must be ready to pay high premiums and the supply of health services must be adequate to cater for the expected increase in demand; ii) Countries that have successfully embraced social health plans introduced their schemes carefully and gradually (overtime) in terms of coverage; iii) Kenya compares unfavorably with these countries in terms of prerequisites for sustainability of a social health scheme, due largely to a poor economy, high poverty levels and shortfalls in facilities and services. The study concludes that Kenya lacks the key prerequisites for introducing and sustaining a universal social health scheme. The scheme can hardly be supported by the current status of the economy and healthcare infrastructures. The study recommends: i) Expansion and development of health care infrastructural capacities through subsidies and tax concessions for those investing in health care and providing subsidized services, particularly to the poor and rehabilitation of the GoK facilities; ii) Increasing the health budget from 7 per cent of government expenditure to above 10 per cent and directing more resources and efforts towards preventive/promotive and primary health care (P&PH); and iii) Other recommendations include subjecting the proposed scheme to an actuarial evaluation and comprehensive policy plan in order to determine the attendant and corresponding premium and benefit levels and pursuing a phased approach in the implementation of the scheme. |
311 | 1998 | Nyangeri, E.N. October 7, 1998.Performance Of Floc Blanket Clarifiers. Doctoral Dissertation, Tampere University Of Technology, Publications 237. 190p. Finland. Click to View Abstract
This study set out to examine the policy position in Kenyan health care financing, with regard to implementation of the proposed social health scheme (NSHIF) and its performance potential. The specific objectives were to: examine the existing social scheme (NHIF), its role and challenges in health care financing; establish whether or not Kenya has the key pre-requisites for introduction and sustainability of a social health scheme and to provide recommendations on the way forward. This was largely a desk study, supplemented with limited primary data from key informants. The analysis indicates that: i) For a universal social health plan to be sustainable, favorable economic indicators and availability of essential infrastructures are critical prerequisites. Resources must be available, government must be in a position to afford high subsidies, the population must be ready to pay high premiums and the supply of health services must be adequate to cater for the expected increase in demand; ii) Countries that have successfully embraced social health plans introduced their schemes carefully and gradually (overtime) in terms of coverage; iii) Kenya compares unfavorably with these countries in terms of prerequisites for sustainability of a social health scheme, due largely to a poor economy, high poverty levels and shortfalls in facilities and services. The study concludes that Kenya lacks the key prerequisites for introducing and sustaining a universal social health scheme. The scheme can hardly be supported by the current status of the economy and healthcare infrastructures. The study recommends: i) Expansion and development of health care infrastructural capacities through subsidies and tax concessions for those investing in health care and providing subsidized services, particularly to the poor and rehabilitation of the GoK facilities; ii) Increasing the health budget from 7 per cent of government expenditure to above 10 per cent and directing more resources and efforts towards preventive/promotive and primary health care (P&PH); and iii) Other recommendations include subjecting the proposed scheme to an actuarial evaluation and comprehensive policy plan in order to determine the attendant and corresponding premium and benefit levels and pursuing a phased approach in the implementation of the scheme. |
312 | 1998 | Hukka, J J, Katko, T.S. And Nyangeri, E. N (1998) Privatization Or Public Utilities Reforms? Water Africa Click to View Abstract
This study set out to examine the policy position in Kenyan health care financing, with regard to implementation of the proposed social health scheme (NSHIF) and its performance potential. The specific objectives were to: examine the existing social scheme (NHIF), its role and challenges in health care financing; establish whether or not Kenya has the key pre-requisites for introduction and sustainability of a social health scheme and to provide recommendations on the way forward. This was largely a desk study, supplemented with limited primary data from key informants. The analysis indicates that: i) For a universal social health plan to be sustainable, favorable economic indicators and availability of essential infrastructures are critical prerequisites. Resources must be available, government must be in a position to afford high subsidies, the population must be ready to pay high premiums and the supply of health services must be adequate to cater for the expected increase in demand; ii) Countries that have successfully embraced social health plans introduced their schemes carefully and gradually (overtime) in terms of coverage; iii) Kenya compares unfavorably with these countries in terms of prerequisites for sustainability of a social health scheme, due largely to a poor economy, high poverty levels and shortfalls in facilities and services. The study concludes that Kenya lacks the key prerequisites for introducing and sustaining a universal social health scheme. The scheme can hardly be supported by the current status of the economy and healthcare infrastructures. The study recommends: i) Expansion and development of health care infrastructural capacities through subsidies and tax concessions for those investing in health care and providing subsidized services, particularly to the poor and rehabilitation of the GoK facilities; ii) Increasing the health budget from 7 per cent of government expenditure to above 10 per cent and directing more resources and efforts towards preventive/promotive and primary health care (P&PH); and iii) Other recommendations include subjecting the proposed scheme to an actuarial evaluation and comprehensive policy plan in order to determine the attendant and corresponding premium and benefit levels and pursuing a phased approach in the implementation of the scheme. |
313 | 1998 | Clinical And Laboratory Predictors Of Cholelithiasis In Patients With Sickle Cell Anaemia .East Afr Med J. 1998 Jun;75(6):347-50 Click to View Abstract
Cholelithiasis is a common clinical condition in patients with sickle cell disease and there are conflicting reports on laboratory indices useful in predicting those patients who are likely to have gallstones. There is however lack of similar studies from Kenya. We therefore studied the role of clinical (Body Mass Index), haematological (reticulocyte count, haemoglobin level), and biochemical (serum bilirubin: direct and indirect, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum transaminase) indices in predicting sickle cell anaemia patients likely to develop gallstones. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted from October 1993 to December 1994 on consecutive male and female patients of all ages with homozygous sickle cell disease (HbSS) confirmed by cellulose acetate paper electrophoresis. A total of 64 patients aged between three and 37 years were recruited into the study. They were classified into two groups: stone formers and non-formers. The difference in the two groups with respect to clinical, haematological and biochemical indices were determined by Chi-square contingency test. Body mass index (BMI), reticulocyte count and alkaline phosphatase were found to have a significant positive association with increased likelihood of gallstone formation at p values of 0.004, 0.007 and 0.007, respectively. The rest of the study indices had no association. The cut-off points were reticulocyte counts above ten per cent and alkaline phosphatase levels above 13 K.A. units. Though sickle cell anaemia patients with BMI > 20 had significant increased likelihood of cholelithiasis, we could not determine its cut-off value. |
314 | 1998 | An Infrastructure For A Web-based Courseware Development System Click to View Abstract
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315 | 1998 | Mbaria, J..M.; Maitho; Mitema, E.S. And Muchiri, D.J. (1998) Comparative Efficacy Of Pyrethrum Marc With Albendazole Against Sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Top. Anim. Hlth-Prod. 30: 17-22. Click to View Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep were infected orally with 10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05). The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed. |
316 | 1998 | The First General Synthesis Of 1,5-Dioxaspiro[3.2]hexanes," Click to View Abstract
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317 | 1998 | Ashley F.P., Usiskin L.A., Wilson R.F And Wagaiyu E.G. The Relationship Between Irregularity Of The Incisor Teeth, Plaque And Gingivitis: A Study In A Group Of School Children Aged 11-14 Years. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS 20: Pg. 65-72, 1998 Click to View Abstract
Department of Periodontology/ Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676 - 00202, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of oral hygiene habits and practices on the risk of developing oral leukoplakia. DESIGN: Case control study. SETTING: Githongo sublocation in Meru District. SUBJECTS: Eighty five cases and 141 controls identified in a house-to-house screening. RESULTS: The relative risk (RR) of oral leukoplakia increased gradually across the various brushing frequencies from the reference RR of 1.0 in those who brushed three times a day, to 7.6 in the "don't brush" group. The trend of increase was statistically significant (X2 for Trend : p = 0.001). The use of chewing stick as compared to conventional tooth brush had no significant influence on RR of oral leukoplakia. Non-users of toothpastes had a significantly higher risk of oral leukoplakia than users (RR = 1.8; 95% confidence levels (CI) = 1.4-2.5). Among tobacco smokers, the RR increased from 4.6 in those who brushed to 7.3 in those who did not brush. Among non-smokers, the RR of oral leukoplakia in those who did not brush (1.8) compared to those who brushed was also statistically significant (95% CL = 1.6-3.8). CONCLUSION: Failure to brush teeth and none use of toothpastes are significantly associated with the development of oral leukoplakia, while the choice of brushing tools between conventional toothbrush and chewing stick is not. In addition, failure to brush teeth appeared to potentiate the effect of smoking tobacco in the development of oral leukoplakia. Recommendations: Oral health education, instruction and motivation for the improvement of oral hygiene habits and practices; and therefore oral hygiene status, should be among the strategies used in oral leukoplakia preventive and control programmes.
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318 | 1998 | Onyango D.W., Wango E.O., Odongo H., Mugweru J. And Okindo E.(1998). Effects Of Heptachlor On Rat Plasma LH, Testosterone And Cortisol Levels, And Testicular Structure. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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319 | 1998 | Oduma J.A., Makawiti D.W., Wango E.O., Oduor-Okelo D., Schuler G.and Hoffman B. (1998). In Vitro And In Vivo Effects Of The Pesticide Heptachlor On The Synthesis Of Progesterone And Oestradiol. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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320 | 1998 | Chibunda R.T., Wango E.O., Miaron O.J., Oduor-Okelo D., Pereka A.E.and Winga J. (1998). Effects Of Dieldrin On Plasma Testosterone And Plasma Luteinising Hormone In Male Rats. Tanz. Vet. J. 18 (2), 127-135. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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321 | 1998 | Wango E.O. (1998). Development Of Animal Models For Research In Human Reproduction. Kenya Vet J. 23, 3. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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322 | 1998 | Langat D.K., Johnson P.M., Rote N.S., Owiti G.O., Wango E.O. And Mwenda J.S. (1998). Characterisation Of Retroviral-related Antigens Expressed In Normal Baboon Placental And Other Tissues. African J. Health Sci. 5,139-146. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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323 | 1998 | Mutungi A.K., Kimani V.N., Rogo K., Wango E.O. And Karanja J.G(1998). What School Adolescents Say About Induced Abortion.Congress Of Obstetrics And Gynaecology, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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324 | 1998 | Mutungi A., Wango E.O., Rogo K., Karanja J.K. And Kimani V.N.(1998). Behaviour Of Adolescents In Two Districts In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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325 | 1998 | Wango E.O. (1998). Development Of Animal Models For Research In Human Reproduction. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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326 | 1998 | Kyaligonza J.K., Adoyo P.A. Wango E.O., And Kigondu C.S. (1998).The Acrosome Reaction In Gray Mangabeys (Cercocerbus Galeritus) Sperm After Induction With DbcAMP And Calcium Ionophore A23187. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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327 | 1998 | Wango E.O. (1998). Development Of Animal Models For Research In Human Reproduction. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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328 | 1998 | Chibunda R.T., Wango E.O., Miaron O.J., Oduor-Okelo D. And Winga J. (1998). In Vitro Production Of Testosterone And Plasma Levels Of Luteinising Hormone And Testosterone In Male Rats Treated With Dieldrin. Click to View Abstract
SUMMARY LIII)' lIIorpllOlogiClI changcs ill the goat ,csris after:. sillgle illlraperilOlieal injec,ioll of ethalle ,lillie' I.:lIIeslll"llOnarc (EI )S) werc investigatcd mint; (1Orh liglH alld deCll'On microscopy. The (olllpolind was ;almillistered at two dose Icvels: 75 mgll
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329 | 1998 | Spatial Evolutions Of The Active Convective Patterns Across The Equatorial Eastern Africa Region During Northern Hemisphere Spring Season Using Outgoing Longwave Radiation Records Click to View Abstract
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330 | 1998 | Characteristics Of The ITCZ Over Equatorial Eastern Africa Based On Station Rainfall Records Click to View Abstract
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331 | 1998 | Camberlin, P., Pohl, B. And Okoola, R.E., 2005: Intraseasonal Oscillations Of The East African Long Rains And Their Connection With MJO Activity Over The Indian Ocean. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 7, 04334. Click to View Abstract
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332 | 1998 | Controlling The Water Hyacinth In Lake Victoria. Proceedings Of The Annual International Conference Of The Kenya Society Of Agricultural Engineers. 7-9 October, Nairobi Safari Club, Nairobi Click to View Abstract
Differentiation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic (midgut) forms is an important first step in the establishment of an infection within the tsetse fly. This complex process is mediated by a wide variety of factors, including those associated with the vector itself, the trypanosomes and the bloodmeal. As part of an on-going project in our laboratory, we recently isolated and characterized a bloodmeal-induced molecule with both lectin and trypsin activities from midguts of the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis [Osir, E.O., Abubakar, L., Imbuga, M.O., 1995. Purification and characterization of a midgut lectin-trypsin complex from the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis. Parasitol. Res. 81, 276-281]. The protein (lectin-trypsin complex) was found to be capable of stimulating differentiation of bloodstream trypanosomes in vitro. Using polyclonal antibodies to the complex, we screened a G. fuscipes fuscipes cDNA midgut expression library and identified a putative proteolytic lectin gene. The cDNA encodes a putative mature polypeptide with 274 amino acids (designated Glossina proteolytic lectin, Gpl). The deduced amino acid sequence includes a hydrophobic signal peptide and a highly conserved N-terminal sequence motif. The typical features of serine protease trypsin family of proteins found in the sequence include the His/Asp/Ser active site triad with the conserved residues surrounding it, three pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide bridges and an aspartate residue at the specificity pocket. Expression of the gene in a bacterial expression system yielded a protein (M(r) approximately 32,500). The recombinant protein (Gpl) bound d(+) glucosamine and agglutinated bloodstream-form trypanosomes and rabbit red blood cells. In addition, the protein was found to be capable of inducing transformation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic forms in vitro. Antibodies raised against the recombinant protein showed cross-reactivity with the alpha subunit of the lectin-trypsin complex. These results support our earlier hypothesis that this molecule is involved in the establishment of trypanosome infections in tsetse flies. |
333 | 1998 | Prediction Of Temperatures In Naturally Ventilated Potato Storage. Proceedings Of The Annual International Conference Of The Kenya Society Of Agricultural Engineers. 7-9 October, Nairobi Safari Club, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Differentiation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic (midgut) forms is an important first step in the establishment of an infection within the tsetse fly. This complex process is mediated by a wide variety of factors, including those associated with the vector itself, the trypanosomes and the bloodmeal. As part of an on-going project in our laboratory, we recently isolated and characterized a bloodmeal-induced molecule with both lectin and trypsin activities from midguts of the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis [Osir, E.O., Abubakar, L., Imbuga, M.O., 1995. Purification and characterization of a midgut lectin-trypsin complex from the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis. Parasitol. Res. 81, 276-281]. The protein (lectin-trypsin complex) was found to be capable of stimulating differentiation of bloodstream trypanosomes in vitro. Using polyclonal antibodies to the complex, we screened a G. fuscipes fuscipes cDNA midgut expression library and identified a putative proteolytic lectin gene. The cDNA encodes a putative mature polypeptide with 274 amino acids (designated Glossina proteolytic lectin, Gpl). The deduced amino acid sequence includes a hydrophobic signal peptide and a highly conserved N-terminal sequence motif. The typical features of serine protease trypsin family of proteins found in the sequence include the His/Asp/Ser active site triad with the conserved residues surrounding it, three pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide bridges and an aspartate residue at the specificity pocket. Expression of the gene in a bacterial expression system yielded a protein (M(r) approximately 32,500). The recombinant protein (Gpl) bound d(+) glucosamine and agglutinated bloodstream-form trypanosomes and rabbit red blood cells. In addition, the protein was found to be capable of inducing transformation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes into procyclic forms in vitro. Antibodies raised against the recombinant protein showed cross-reactivity with the alpha subunit of the lectin-trypsin complex. These results support our earlier hypothesis that this molecule is involved in the establishment of trypanosome infections in tsetse flies. |
334 | 1998 | Birth Intervals And Child Survival In Kenya Click to View Abstract
This paper seeks to identify some the factors that underlie regional variation in infant mortality in Kenya. The data drawn from the 1988/89 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey were used for this purpose. Logistic regression is used to analyse the data. On the basis of infant mortality estimates obtained, provinces were grouped into two groups: High (HMP) and low (LMP). The results obtained show that the values of explanatory variables in LMP region than in the high mortality region. However, their differences did not explain much of the variation in infant mortality between the two mortality regions. Decomposing the results revealed that the differences were largely due to the differences in the nature or structure of relationships, as represented by logit coefficients, between mortality and explanatory variables. The results indicate that the lower average level of maternal education, higher proportion of preceding child loss, higher proportion mothers belonging to low economic status households and a lower proportion of mothers belonging to households possessing livestock and lower use of modern contraception modestly contributed to high infant mortality in the high mortality region
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335 | 1998 | Regional Variation In Infant And Child Mortality In Kenya Click to View Abstract
This paper seeks to identify some the factors that underlie regional variation in infant mortality in Kenya. The data drawn from the 1988/89 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey were used for this purpose. Logistic regression is used to analyse the data. On the basis of infant mortality estimates obtained, provinces were grouped into two groups: High (HMP) and low (LMP). The results obtained show that the values of explanatory variables in LMP region than in the high mortality region. However, their differences did not explain much of the variation in infant mortality between the two mortality regions. Decomposing the results revealed that the differences were largely due to the differences in the nature or structure of relationships, as represented by logit coefficients, between mortality and explanatory variables. The results indicate that the lower average level of maternal education, higher proportion of preceding child loss, higher proportion mothers belonging to low economic status households and a lower proportion of mothers belonging to households possessing livestock and lower use of modern contraception modestly contributed to high infant mortality in the high mortality region |
336 | 1998 | ’Regional Variation In Infant And Child Mortality In Kenya’ Click to View Abstract
This article seeks to identify some of the factors underlying regional variation in child mortality in Kenya. The data drawn from the 1988/89 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey are used for the purpose. Logistic regression is used to analyse the data. On the basis of child mortality estimates obtained, provinces were grouped into two mortality groups: High (HLM) and Low (LMP). The results show that the values of explanatory variables in LMP were significantly high than in the high mortality region. However, their differences did not explain much of the differences in the variation in child mortality between the two regions. Decomposing the results revealed that the differences were largely due to nature or structure of relations between mortality and explanatory variables.
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337 | 1998 | Eintracht, J., Maathai, R., Mellors, A. And Ruben, L (1998). Calcium Entry In Trypanosoma Brucei Is Regulated By Phospholipase A2 And Arachidonic Acid. Biochem. J. 336: 659-666. Click to View Abstract
In contrast with mammalian cells, little is known about the control of Ca2+ entry into primitive protozoans. Here we report that Ca2+ influx in pathogenic Trypanosoma brucei can be regulated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid (AA). Several PLA2 inhibitors blocked Ca2+ entry; 3-(4-octadecyl)-benzoylacrylic acid (OBAA; IC50 0.4+/-0.1 microM) was the most potent. We identified in live trypanosomes PLA2 activity that was sensitive to OBAA and could be stimulated by Ca2+, suggesting the presence of positive feedback control. The cell-associated PLA2 activity was able to release [14C]AA from labelled phospholipid substrates. Exogenous AA (5-50 microM) also initiated Ca2+ entry in a manner that was inhibited by the Ca2+ antagonist La3+ (100 microM). Ca2+ entry did not depend on AA metabolism or protein kinase activation. The cell response was specific for AA, and fatty acids with greater saturation than tetraeicosanoic acid (AA) or with chain lengths less than C20 exhibited greatly diminished ability to initiate Ca2+ influx. Myristate and palmitate inhibited PLA2 activity and also inhibited Ca2+ influx. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ca2+ entry into T. brucei can result from phospholipid hydrolysis and the release of eicosanoic acids. |
338 | 1998 | Onyancha C.; Are Foreign Exchange And Stock Markets Related? An Empirical Analysis Of The Kenyan Case, 1998, University Of Nairobi Click to View Abstract
In contrast with mammalian cells, little is known about the control of Ca2+ entry into primitive protozoans. Here we report that Ca2+ influx in pathogenic Trypanosoma brucei can be regulated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid (AA). Several PLA2 inhibitors blocked Ca2+ entry; 3-(4-octadecyl)-benzoylacrylic acid (OBAA; IC50 0.4+/-0.1 microM) was the most potent. We identified in live trypanosomes PLA2 activity that was sensitive to OBAA and could be stimulated by Ca2+, suggesting the presence of positive feedback control. The cell-associated PLA2 activity was able to release [14C]AA from labelled phospholipid substrates. Exogenous AA (5-50 microM) also initiated Ca2+ entry in a manner that was inhibited by the Ca2+ antagonist La3+ (100 microM). Ca2+ entry did not depend on AA metabolism or protein kinase activation. The cell response was specific for AA, and fatty acids with greater saturation than tetraeicosanoic acid (AA) or with chain lengths less than C20 exhibited greatly diminished ability to initiate Ca2+ influx. Myristate and palmitate inhibited PLA2 activity and also inhibited Ca2+ influx. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ca2+ entry into T. brucei can result from phospholipid hydrolysis and the release of eicosanoic acids. |
339 | 1998 | Njuguna Isaac Kiambo; An Empirical Study Of The Efficient Market Hypothesis On The NSE, 1998, University Of Nairobi Click to View Abstract
In contrast with mammalian cells, little is known about the control of Ca2+ entry into primitive protozoans. Here we report that Ca2+ influx in pathogenic Trypanosoma brucei can be regulated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid (AA). Several PLA2 inhibitors blocked Ca2+ entry; 3-(4-octadecyl)-benzoylacrylic acid (OBAA; IC50 0.4+/-0.1 microM) was the most potent. We identified in live trypanosomes PLA2 activity that was sensitive to OBAA and could be stimulated by Ca2+, suggesting the presence of positive feedback control. The cell-associated PLA2 activity was able to release [14C]AA from labelled phospholipid substrates. Exogenous AA (5-50 microM) also initiated Ca2+ entry in a manner that was inhibited by the Ca2+ antagonist La3+ (100 microM). Ca2+ entry did not depend on AA metabolism or protein kinase activation. The cell response was specific for AA, and fatty acids with greater saturation than tetraeicosanoic acid (AA) or with chain lengths less than C20 exhibited greatly diminished ability to initiate Ca2+ influx. Myristate and palmitate inhibited PLA2 activity and also inhibited Ca2+ influx. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ca2+ entry into T. brucei can result from phospholipid hydrolysis and the release of eicosanoic acids. |
340 | 1998 | Makoma, L. Wanza; The Demand For Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Services; An Econometric Analysis Of Willingness To Pay; 1998, University Of Nairobi Click to View Abstract
In contrast with mammalian cells, little is known about the control of Ca2+ entry into primitive protozoans. Here we report that Ca2+ influx in pathogenic Trypanosoma brucei can be regulated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid (AA). Several PLA2 inhibitors blocked Ca2+ entry; 3-(4-octadecyl)-benzoylacrylic acid (OBAA; IC50 0.4+/-0.1 microM) was the most potent. We identified in live trypanosomes PLA2 activity that was sensitive to OBAA and could be stimulated by Ca2+, suggesting the presence of positive feedback control. The cell-associated PLA2 activity was able to release [14C]AA from labelled phospholipid substrates. Exogenous AA (5-50 microM) also initiated Ca2+ entry in a manner that was inhibited by the Ca2+ antagonist La3+ (100 microM). Ca2+ entry did not depend on AA metabolism or protein kinase activation. The cell response was specific for AA, and fatty acids with greater saturation than tetraeicosanoic acid (AA) or with chain lengths less than C20 exhibited greatly diminished ability to initiate Ca2+ influx. Myristate and palmitate inhibited PLA2 activity and also inhibited Ca2+ influx. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ca2+ entry into T. brucei can result from phospholipid hydrolysis and the release of eicosanoic acids. |
341 | 1998 | Chacha, R. Njeri; Factors Determining The Development Of NSE, 1998, University Of Nairobi Click to View Abstract
In contrast with mammalian cells, little is known about the control of Ca2+ entry into primitive protozoans. Here we report that Ca2+ influx in pathogenic Trypanosoma brucei can be regulated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid (AA). Several PLA2 inhibitors blocked Ca2+ entry; 3-(4-octadecyl)-benzoylacrylic acid (OBAA; IC50 0.4+/-0.1 microM) was the most potent. We identified in live trypanosomes PLA2 activity that was sensitive to OBAA and could be stimulated by Ca2+, suggesting the presence of positive feedback control. The cell-associated PLA2 activity was able to release [14C]AA from labelled phospholipid substrates. Exogenous AA (5-50 microM) also initiated Ca2+ entry in a manner that was inhibited by the Ca2+ antagonist La3+ (100 microM). Ca2+ entry did not depend on AA metabolism or protein kinase activation. The cell response was specific for AA, and fatty acids with greater saturation than tetraeicosanoic acid (AA) or with chain lengths less than C20 exhibited greatly diminished ability to initiate Ca2+ influx. Myristate and palmitate inhibited PLA2 activity and also inhibited Ca2+ influx. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ca2+ entry into T. brucei can result from phospholipid hydrolysis and the release of eicosanoic acids. |
342 | 1998 | Financial Sector Reforms And Interest Rate Determination: The Kenya Case. AERC Research Paper # 72. Click to View Abstract
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343 | 1998 | Law Reform Initiatives In Kenya: The Environmental Management And Coordination Bill 1995/1998. South African Journal Of Environmental Law And Policy Click to View Abstract
In contrast with mammalian cells, little is known about the control of Ca2+ entry into primitive protozoans. Here we report that Ca2+ influx in pathogenic Trypanosoma brucei can be regulated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and the subsequent release of arachidonic acid (AA). Several PLA2 inhibitors blocked Ca2+ entry; 3-(4-octadecyl)-benzoylacrylic acid (OBAA; IC50 0.4+/-0.1 microM) was the most potent. We identified in live trypanosomes PLA2 activity that was sensitive to OBAA and could be stimulated by Ca2+, suggesting the presence of positive feedback control. The cell-associated PLA2 activity was able to release [14C]AA from labelled phospholipid substrates. Exogenous AA (5-50 microM) also initiated Ca2+ entry in a manner that was inhibited by the Ca2+ antagonist La3+ (100 microM). Ca2+ entry did not depend on AA metabolism or protein kinase activation. The cell response was specific for AA, and fatty acids with greater saturation than tetraeicosanoic acid (AA) or with chain lengths less than C20 exhibited greatly diminished ability to initiate Ca2+ influx. Myristate and palmitate inhibited PLA2 activity and also inhibited Ca2+ influx. Overall, these results demonstrate that Ca2+ entry into T. brucei can result from phospholipid hydrolysis and the release of eicosanoic acids. |
344 | 1998 | A HAND BOOK ON CRIMINAL PROCEDURE IN KENYA Click to View Abstract
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345 | 1998 | INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS LAW Click to View Abstract
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346 | 1998 | TERRITORY, CITIZENRY AND NATIONAL PHILOSOPHY IN A CONSTITUTION Click to View Abstract
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347 | 1998 | CONSTITUTION THE STATE, TERRITORY, CITIZENRY AND NATIONAL PHILOSOPHY IN A CONSTITUTION. Click to View Abstract
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348 | 1998 | THE POTENTIAL AND PITFALLS OF CONSTITUTION MAKING IN A CULTURALLY DIVERSE AND DYNAMIC SOCIETY Click to View Abstract
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349 | 1998 | THE KENYAN CONSTITUTION AND ITS CHEQUERED HISTORY Click to View Abstract
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350 | 1998 | THE ROLE OF LAW IN SOCIETY Click to View Abstract
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351 | 1998 | NATIONAL CULTURE AND CONSTITUTION REVIEW PROCESS: BRIDGING THE GAP Click to View Abstract
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352 | 1998 | THE INTERPRETATION OF THE 1929 EGYPT-BRITISH NILE WATERS TREATY AND ITS LEGAL RELEVANCE AND IMPLICATIONS ON THE STABILITY OF THE REGION Click to View Abstract
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353 | 1998 | Wasunna AE, Wyper DY. Technology For Health In The Future. World Health Stat Q. 1998;51(1):33-43. Click to View Abstract
Developments in biogenetics, medical devices, information and communication technologies, and in environmental technologies will have a profound impact on health in the coming decades. However, there are major barriers to the appropriate and effective utilization of current and future technologies, particularly for developing countries. This paper intends to strike a balance between the exciting potential of technologies and the conditions that need to be fulfilled to ensure that technologies are utilized appropriately and effectively. It will emphasize the significance of knowledge associated with technologies, the importance of technology assessment and the need for a broad and comprehensive technology management policy. |
354 | 1998 | "Rural Planning In Regional Development", Paper Prepared For The Fourth Africa Training On Local And Regional Development And Planning, (7th - 19th Nov.1998) Sponsored By UNC'RD, UNDP And The Government Of Japan. Click to View Abstract
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355 | 1998 | Training On Local And Regional Development And Planning, (7th - 9th Nov. 1998) Sponsored By UNCRD, UNDP And The Government Of Japan. Click to View Abstract
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356 | 1998 | ""Analysis Of Inter Regional Development Context"" Paper Prepared For The Fourth African Training On Local And Regional Development (7th - 19th Nov. 1998), Sponsored By UNCRD/UNDP And The Government Of Japan. Click to View Abstract
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357 | 1998 | ""Community Participation And The Conceptual Ideals Of Decentralization"", In Sub National Planning In Kenya, S.O.Akatch. Eds.. Centre For Urban Research, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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358 | 1998 | ""The State Of The Art Of Participatory Local Development"", In Sub National Planing In Kenya, S.O.Akatch, Eds., 1998. Click to View Abstract
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359 | 1998 | Sub-National Planning In Kenya, Centre For Urban Research, (1998). ISBN NO. 9966 - 9885 - 5 - 6 Click to View Abstract
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360 | 1998 | Community Participation And The Conceptual Ideals Of Decentralization In S.O. Akatch Sub-National Planning In Kenya, Centre For Urban Research, 1998 Click to View Abstract
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361 | 1998 | "The State Of The Art Of Participatory Local Development" S.O. Akatch Sub-National Planning In Kenya, Centre For Urban Research. 1998. Click to View Abstract
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362 | 1998 | Teachers Manual For "MSINGI BORA" Careers Guidance And Counseling A Gender Component. A Project Of Plan International Click to View Abstract
This paper argues that problems in education are caused by non-professional teachers who are employed when trained teachers move in search of promotion friendly activities or financially rewarding duties. This shift of focus means that policy makers in education act without adequate professional guidance. The problems in education, therefore, result from demands made on mainstream education based on misconceptions about what education can offer. It is argued that the implementation of e-learning in education faces the risk of developing on the basis of unproven theories. This scenario increasingly sees the replacement of formal education activities in institutions of learning with non-formal and informal education practices. Given that the contents and influences of non-formal and informal education are not under the control of the teacher, the experiences that learners bring to education settings are increasingly difficult to manage. The paper proposes that by integrating e-learning in teacher education and rewarding 'good teaching', there is a potential for a successful e-learning revolution in education.
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363 | 1998 | Wang'ombe, J.K Et Al (1998) Capacity Of Non Click to View Abstract
This paper argues that problems in education are caused by non-professional teachers who are employed when trained teachers move in search of promotion friendly activities or financially rewarding duties. This shift of focus means that policy makers in education act without adequate professional guidance. The problems in education, therefore, result from demands made on mainstream education based on misconceptions about what education can offer. It is argued that the implementation of e-learning in education faces the risk of developing on the basis of unproven theories. This scenario increasingly sees the replacement of formal education activities in institutions of learning with non-formal and informal education practices. Given that the contents and influences of non-formal and informal education are not under the control of the teacher, the experiences that learners bring to education settings are increasingly difficult to manage. The paper proposes that by integrating e-learning in teacher education and rewarding 'good teaching', there is a potential for a successful e-learning revolution in education.
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364 | 1998 | Thesis LLM (1998) University Of Nairobi: The International Seabedd Authority. A Regine Beyond The Reach Of Developing States. Click to View Abstract
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Hepatocellular carcinoma results when cancerous cells are localized in the liver. It is distributed globally with high prevalence in sub-Saharan African, southern Asia, China and Japan. Diagnosis is experimental and in many cases inaccurate due to unreliability of markers. Prognosis is poor and the cost of treatment prohibitive. Conventional radiation and chemotherapy lead to loss of hair, fertility and general weakening of the body`s immune system increasing a patient`s risk to infection. These observations underscore the need for improved, or additional methods of cancer diagnosis and management. We investigated the effect of polysaccharide rich Pleurotus pulmonarius fruit body extracts on progression of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in CBA mice. Addition of Pleurotus pulmonarius extracts in diet delayed progression of carcinogenesis suggesting that these extracts may be useful as adjuvants to conventional cancer therapies.
Key words: carcinogenesis; mice; mushroom extracts; pleurotus pulmunarius
Corresponding author: Ms Carolyne Wasonga, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: carox27@yahoo.ca
Charles O.A. Omwandho, Susanne E. Gruessner, John Falconer, Hans-R Tinneberg, Timothy K. Roberts. IS OVINE PLACENTAL IGG TOXIC TO HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD NATURAL KILLER CELLS? |
365 | 1998 | Replacement Of Postharvest Moisture Loss By Recharging And Its Effect On Subsequent Moisture Loss During Short Term Storage Of Carrot (Daucus Carota L.). Journal Of American Society For Horticultural. Science, 123 (1): 141-145. Click to View Abstract
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Hepatocellular carcinoma results when cancerous cells are localized in the liver. It is distributed globally with high prevalence in sub-Saharan African, southern Asia, China and Japan. Diagnosis is experimental and in many cases inaccurate due to unreliability of markers. Prognosis is poor and the cost of treatment prohibitive. Conventional radiation and chemotherapy lead to loss of hair, fertility and general weakening of the body`s immune system increasing a patient`s risk to infection. These observations underscore the need for improved, or additional methods of cancer diagnosis and management. We investigated the effect of polysaccharide rich Pleurotus pulmonarius fruit body extracts on progression of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in CBA mice. Addition of Pleurotus pulmonarius extracts in diet delayed progression of carcinogenesis suggesting that these extracts may be useful as adjuvants to conventional cancer therapies.
Key words: carcinogenesis; mice; mushroom extracts; pleurotus pulmunarius
Corresponding author: Ms Carolyne Wasonga, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: carox27@yahoo.ca
Charles O.A. Omwandho, Susanne E. Gruessner, John Falconer, Hans-R Tinneberg, Timothy K. Roberts. IS OVINE PLACENTAL IGG TOXIC TO HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD NATURAL KILLER CELLS? |
366 | 1998 | The Distribution Of Mucorales In Some Parts Of Kenya. Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
367 | 1998 | Protection Refugee Right In Kenya International Conmmission Of Jurists (Kenya_section((1989):Peer Reviewed Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients.
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368 | 1998 | Proterction Refegee Right In Kenya International Conmmission Of Jurists (Kenya_section((1989):Peer Reviewed Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. |
369 | 1998 | How Can We Constitutionalize Innovation Technology And Intellection Property In Kenya Africa Techonology And Policy Studies (ATPS Technology. Brief No. 2. (Nairobi) (february 2002, Peer Received By ATPS) (Dr Osiri Ogbu E.t.c) Being Used To Teach MSc And B Click to View Abstract
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity was amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxyclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %), minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %), and clidamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients.
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370 | 1998 | Mbai, K. And Munyua, S.J.M. (1998). Infectious Ram Infertility With Special Reference To Kenya. Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference Held At Kabete In August 1998. Click to View Abstract
Forty-two pigs in a herd of 117 displayed various clinical signs of progressive atrophic rhinitis. The main signs included sneezing, coughing, lachrymation, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, and nasal bleeding in 1 pig. Three pigs had lateral deviation of the snout, while 4 had brachygnathia superior with obvious deformation of the face. Four acutely affected weaner pigs appeared weak, while the 7 chronically-affected pigs appeared smaller than their apparently unaffected penmates of the same age. Treatment of the acutely affected pigs with long-acting oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly, repeated once after 7 days, reduced the severity but did not clear the sneezing from all the pigs. Fifteen pigs were slaughtered 2 months after the clinical diagnosis was made. The carcasses of the chronically affected pigs were about 15% lighter than those of the apparently normal pigs of the same age and from the same pen, which translated to a loss of 921.00 Kenya shillings per pig (US$13.7). Diagnosis of progressive atrophic rhinitis was confirmed by sectioning the snouts of randomly selected slaughtered pigs with obvious deformation of the snout. Sections were made at the level of the 1st/2nd upper premolar tooth. Varying degrees of turbinate atrophy, from mild to complete, were noted. Histopathology of the turbinates revealed metaplasia of nasal epithelium and fibrosis in the lamina propria |
371 | 1998 | Gachuiri, C.K., Wahome, R.G., Mbugua, P.N., Wanyoike, M.M., Kamau J.M.Z. And Munyua, S.J.M. (1998). Performance Of Dairy Animals In Two Zero-grazing Sytems In Kiambu And Nyandarua Districts. Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine Biennial Scientific Conference He Click to View Abstract
Forty-two pigs in a herd of 117 displayed various clinical signs of progressive atrophic rhinitis. The main signs included sneezing, coughing, lachrymation, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, and nasal bleeding in 1 pig. Three pigs had lateral deviation of the snout, while 4 had brachygnathia superior with obvious deformation of the face. Four acutely affected weaner pigs appeared weak, while the 7 chronically-affected pigs appeared smaller than their apparently unaffected penmates of the same age. Treatment of the acutely affected pigs with long-acting oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly, repeated once after 7 days, reduced the severity but did not clear the sneezing from all the pigs. Fifteen pigs were slaughtered 2 months after the clinical diagnosis was made. The carcasses of the chronically affected pigs were about 15% lighter than those of the apparently normal pigs of the same age and from the same pen, which translated to a loss of 921.00 Kenya shillings per pig (US$13.7). Diagnosis of progressive atrophic rhinitis was confirmed by sectioning the snouts of randomly selected slaughtered pigs with obvious deformation of the snout. Sections were made at the level of the 1st/2nd upper premolar tooth. Varying degrees of turbinate atrophy, from mild to complete, were noted. Histopathology of the turbinates revealed metaplasia of nasal epithelium and fibrosis in the lamina propria |
372 | 1998 | J.K. Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, J.M. Nduhiu, A.G. Thaiyah, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.J.M. Munyua (1998). An Outbreak Of Urticarial Form Of Swine Erysipelas In A Medium-scale Piggery In Kiambu District, Kenya. J.S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass. 69 (2) 61-64. Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
373 | 1998 | J.K. Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, J.M. Nduhiu, A.G. Thaiyah, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.J.M. Munyua (1998). An Outbreak Of Urticarial Form Of Swine Erysipelas In A Medium -scale Piggery In Kiambu District, Kenya. Journal Of South African Veterinary Association 69(2): 61 Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
374 | 1998 | Munyua S.J.M (1998) Role Of Breed Societies And Associations In Dairy Goat Development And Improvement: A Case Study Of The Diary Goat Association Of Kenya (DGAK)In Gat Development In East Africa: Practical Experiences And Way Ahead Edt C.O. Ahuya And H, Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
375 | 1998 | Who Is Jesus In Africa? Priest, Prophet And King In J.N.K. Click to View Abstract
Cohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. crcohen@u.washington.edu OBJECTIVE: To understand immunogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal scarring. METHODS: We measured and compared previously significant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQ alleles, their linked DRB genes, and polymorphisms in selected cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor alpha-308 promoter; transforming growth factor beta1-10 and -25 codons; interleukin 10-1082, -819, and -592 promoters; interleukin 6-174 promoter; and interferon gamma+874 codon 1) among Kenyan women with confirmed tubal infertility with and without C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence antibody. RESULTS: Two class II alleles, HLA-DR1*1503 and DRB5*0101, were detected less commonly in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seropositive women than in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seronegative women with infertility (0% versus 20%; odds ratio [OR] 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0, 0.7, and 6% versus 26%; OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.02, 1.0, respectively). These alleles are commonly linked as a haplotype at the DRB locus. This finding could not be explained through linkage disequilibrium with the other studied HLA or cytokine genes. CONCLUSION: These alleles may lead to an immunologically mediated mechanism of protection against C trachomatis infection and associated tubal damage, or alternatively increase risk for tubal scarring due to another cause. PMID: 12636945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
376 | 1998 | Bible And Prayer In Africa In The International Bible Commentary: A Catholic And Ecumenical Commentary For The 21st Century, William R. Farmer, General Editor, Collegeville, Minnesota, USA: Liturgical Press. Click to View Abstract
Cohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. crcohen@u.washington.edu OBJECTIVE: To understand immunogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal scarring. METHODS: We measured and compared previously significant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQ alleles, their linked DRB genes, and polymorphisms in selected cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor alpha-308 promoter; transforming growth factor beta1-10 and -25 codons; interleukin 10-1082, -819, and -592 promoters; interleukin 6-174 promoter; and interferon gamma+874 codon 1) among Kenyan women with confirmed tubal infertility with and without C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence antibody. RESULTS: Two class II alleles, HLA-DR1*1503 and DRB5*0101, were detected less commonly in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seropositive women than in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seronegative women with infertility (0% versus 20%; odds ratio [OR] 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0, 0.7, and 6% versus 26%; OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.02, 1.0, respectively). These alleles are commonly linked as a haplotype at the DRB locus. This finding could not be explained through linkage disequilibrium with the other studied HLA or cytokine genes. CONCLUSION: These alleles may lead to an immunologically mediated mechanism of protection against C trachomatis infection and associated tubal damage, or alternatively increase risk for tubal scarring due to another cause. PMID: 12636945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
377 | 1998 | Who Is Jesus In Africa: Priest, Prophet And King In J.N.K. Mugambi And L. Magesa, Eds., Jesus In African Christianity: Experimentation And Diversity In African Christology, Nairobi Initiatives. Click to View Abstract
Cohen CR, Gichui J, Rukaria R, Sinei SS, Gaur LK, Brunham RC. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Box 356460, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. crcohen@u.washington.edu OBJECTIVE: To understand immunogenetic mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection and tubal scarring. METHODS: We measured and compared previously significant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II DQ alleles, their linked DRB genes, and polymorphisms in selected cytokine genes (tumor necrosis factor alpha-308 promoter; transforming growth factor beta1-10 and -25 codons; interleukin 10-1082, -819, and -592 promoters; interleukin 6-174 promoter; and interferon gamma+874 codon 1) among Kenyan women with confirmed tubal infertility with and without C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence antibody. RESULTS: Two class II alleles, HLA-DR1*1503 and DRB5*0101, were detected less commonly in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seropositive women than in C trachomatis microimmunofluorescence seronegative women with infertility (0% versus 20%; odds ratio [OR] 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0, 0.7, and 6% versus 26%; OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.02, 1.0, respectively). These alleles are commonly linked as a haplotype at the DRB locus. This finding could not be explained through linkage disequilibrium with the other studied HLA or cytokine genes. CONCLUSION: These alleles may lead to an immunologically mediated mechanism of protection against C trachomatis infection and associated tubal damage, or alternatively increase risk for tubal scarring due to another cause. PMID: 12636945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
378 | 1998 | Kisia, S. M. (1998). Oxygen Diffusion In Gills And Muscle Of Fish In Relation To Changes In Some Environmental And Physiological Conditions. Water/Air Transitions In Biology (eds. A. K. Mittal, F. B. Eddy And J. S. Datta Munshi). Oxford And IBH Publishing Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
379 | 1998 | Sinei SK, Morrison CS, Sekadde-Kigondu C, Allen M, Kokonya D. Complications Of Use Of Intrauterine Devices Among HIV-1-infected Women.Lancet. 1998 Apr 25;351(9111):1238-41. Click to View Abstract
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: A WHO expert group and the International Planned Parenthood Federation recommend against use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) in HIV-1-infected women based on theoretical concerns about pelvic infection and increased blood loss. We investigated whether the risk of complications after IUD insertion is higher in HIV-1-infected women than in non-infected women. METHODS: 649 (156 HIV-1 infected 493 non-infected) women in Nairobi, Kenya, who requested and met local eligibility criteria for insertion of an IUD were enrolled. We gathered information on IUD-related complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease, removals due to infection, pain, or bleeding, expulsions, and pregnancies at 1 and 4 months after insertion. Patients' HIV-1 status was masked from physicians. FINDINGS: Complications were identified in 48 of 615 women (11 [7.6%] HIV-1-infected women, 37 [7.9%] non-infected). Incident pelvic inflammatory disease (two [1.4%] HIV-1 infected, one [0.2%] non-infected) and infection-related complications (any tenderness, removal of IUD for infection or pain; ten [6.9%] HIV-1 infected, 27 [5.7%] non-infected) were also rare and similar in the two groups. Complication rates were similar by CD4 (immune) status. Multivariate analyses suggested no association between HIV-1 infection and increased risks for overall complications (odds ratio 0.8 [95% CI 0.4-1.7]) or infection-related complications (1.0 [0.5-2.3]), adjusted for marital status, study site, previous IUD use, ethnic origin, and frequency of sexual intercourse, but a slight increase cannot be ruled out. INTERPRETATION: Our data suggest that IUDs may be a safe contraceptive method for appropriately selected HIV-1-infected women with continuing access to medical services. PIP: Both the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the World Health Organization have warned against use of IUDs in HIV-infected women due to theoretical concerns about pelvic infection and increased blood loss. No published studies have investigated this concern, however. The validity of this recommendation was investigated in a comparative study of 156 HIV-1-infected and 493 non-infected women from two public family planning clinics (Kenyatta National Hospital and Riruta City Clinic) in Nairobi, Kenya, who requested and met local eligibility criteria for IUD insertion. At 1 and 4 months after insertion, information was collected from physicians–blinded as to the patient's HIV status–on IUD-related complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), removals, expulsions, and pregnancies. Complications were identified in 11 (7.6%) HIV-positive and 37 (7.9%) HIV-negative women. There were only 3 incident cases of PID, 2 of which occurred in HIV-infected women. IUD removal due to pain or infection occurred in 10 (6.9%) HIV-infected and 27 (5.7%) noninfected women. There were no differences in overall IUD complications in HIV-1-infected women by CD4 status (severely, moderately, or mildly immunocompromised). After adjustment for marital status, study site, previous IUD use, ethnic origin, and frequency of sexual intercourse, multivariate analysis suggested no association between HIV-1 infection and increased risks for overall IUD-related complications (odds ratio (OR), 0.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.4-1.7) or infection-related complications (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.5-2.3). These findings suggest that the IUD may be a safe contraceptive method for appropriately selected HIV-infected women with continuing access to medical services.
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380 | 1998 | Complications Of Use Of Intrauterine Devices Among HIV-1-infected Women.Sinei SK, Morrison CS, Sekadde-Kigondu C, Allen M, Kokonya D. Lancet. 1998 Apr 25;351(9111):1238-41. Click to View Abstract
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Kenya. BACKGROUND: A WHO expert group and the International Planned Parenthood Federation recommend against use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) in HIV-1-infected women based on theoretical concerns about pelvic infection and increased blood loss. We investigated whether the risk of complications after IUD insertion is higher in HIV-1-infected women than in non-infected women. METHODS: 649 (156 HIV-1 infected 493 non-infected) women in Nairobi, Kenya, who requested and met local eligibility criteria for insertion of an IUD were enrolled. We gathered information on IUD-related complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease, removals due to infection, pain, or bleeding, expulsions, and pregnancies at 1 and 4 months after insertion. Patients' HIV-1 status was masked from physicians. FINDINGS: Complications were identified in 48 of 615 women (11 [7.6%] HIV-1-infected women, 37 [7.9%] non-infected). Incident pelvic inflammatory disease (two [1.4%] HIV-1 infected, one [0.2%] non-infected) and infection-related complications (any tenderness, removal of IUD for infection or pain; ten [6.9%] HIV-1 infected, 27 [5.7%] non-infected) were also rare and similar in the two groups. Complication rates were similar by CD4 (immune) status. Multivariate analyses suggested no association between HIV-1 infection and increased risks for overall complications (odds ratio 0.8 [95% CI 0.4-1.7]) or infection-related complications (1.0 [0.5-2.3]), adjusted for marital status, study site, previous IUD use, ethnic origin, and frequency of sexual intercourse, but a slight increase cannot be ruled out. INTERPRETATION: Our data suggest that IUDs may be a safe contraceptive method for appropriately selected HIV-1-infected women with continuing access to medical services. PIP: Both the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the World Health Organization have warned against use of IUDs in HIV-infected women due to theoretical concerns about pelvic infection and increased blood loss. No published studies have investigated this concern, however. The validity of this recommendation was investigated in a comparative study of 156 HIV-1-infected and 493 non-infected women from two public family planning clinics (Kenyatta National Hospital and Riruta City Clinic) in Nairobi, Kenya, who requested and met local eligibility criteria for IUD insertion. At 1 and 4 months after insertion, information was collected from physicians–blinded as to the patient's HIV status–on IUD-related complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), removals, expulsions, and pregnancies. Complications were identified in 11 (7.6%) HIV-positive and 37 (7.9%) HIV-negative women. There were only 3 incident cases of PID, 2 of which occurred in HIV-infected women. IUD removal due to pain or infection occurred in 10 (6.9%) HIV-infected and 27 (5.7%) noninfected women. There were no differences in overall IUD complications in HIV-1-infected women by CD4 status (severely, moderately, or mildly immunocompromised). After adjustment for marital status, study site, previous IUD use, ethnic origin, and frequency of sexual intercourse, multivariate analysis suggested no association between HIV-1 infection and increased risks for overall IUD-related complications (odds ratio (OR), 0.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.4-1.7) or infection-related complications (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.5-2.3). These findings suggest that the IUD may be a safe contraceptive method for appropriately selected HIV-infected women with continuing access to medical
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381 | 1998 | Effect Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Upon Acute Salpingitis: A Laparoscopic Study.J Infect Dis. 1998 Nov;178(5):1352-8.PMID: 9780255 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Click to View Abstract
Cohen CR, Sinei S, Reilly M, Bukusi E, Eschenbach D, Holmes KK, Ndinya-Achola JO, Bwayo J, Grieco V, Stamm W, Karanja J, Kreiss J. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. crohen@u.washington.edu To determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection upon pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a laparoscopic study of acute PID was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya. Subjects underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, HIV-1 serology, and testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Of the 133 women with laparoscopically verified salpingitis, 52 (39%) were HIV-1-seropositive. Tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) were found in 33% of HIV-1-infected and 15% of HIV-1-uninfected women (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.5). Among seropositive women, TOA was found in 55% of those with CD4 cell percent <14% vs. 28% with CD4 cell percent>14% (OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.6-15.3). Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 37 women (28%) and Chlamydia trachomatis in 12 (9%); neither was significantly related to HIV-1 seropositivity. Length of hospitalization was not affected by HIV-1 serostatus overall but was prolonged among HIV-1-infected women with CD4 cell percent <14%. Among patients with acute salpingitis, likelihood of TOA was related to HIV-1 infection and advanced immunosuppression. In general, HIV-1-seropositive women with acute salpingitis responded well to treatment. PMID: 9780255 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
382 | 1998 | Wanyande Peter. 1998. The Significance Of Voter Education In The Democratization Process. In The Road To Democracy. Click to View Abstract
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383 | 1998 | Stakeholders In The Limelight: Principles Of Actor-Centred Resources Management. Eastern And Southern Africa. Geographical Journal Vol. 8. Sept. 1998. Click to View Abstract
The safety and immunogenicity of plasmid pTHr DNA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine candidates were evaluated in four Phase I clinical trials in Kenya and Uganda. Both vaccines, expressing HIV-1 subtype A gag p24/p17 and a string of CD8 T-cell epitopes (HIVA), were generally safe and well-tolerated. At the dosage levels and intervals tested, the percentage of vaccine recipients with HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses, assessed by a validated ex vivo interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISPOT assay and Cytokine Flow Cytometry (CFC), did not significantly differ from placebo recipients. These trials demonstrated the feasibility of conducting high-quality Phase 1 trials in Africa. |
384 | 1998 | Rural Planning In Regional Development. A Paper Presented At The Fourth Africa Training Course On Local And Regional Development Planning And Management, Nairobi, Kenya (1998), United Nations Centre For Regional Development (UNCRD). Click to View Abstract
The safety and immunogenicity of plasmid pTHr DNA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine candidates were evaluated in four Phase I clinical trials in Kenya and Uganda. Both vaccines, expressing HIV-1 subtype A gag p24/p17 and a string of CD8 T-cell epitopes (HIVA), were generally safe and well-tolerated. At the dosage levels and intervals tested, the percentage of vaccine recipients with HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses, assessed by a validated ex vivo interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISPOT assay and Cytokine Flow Cytometry (CFC), did not significantly differ from placebo recipients. These trials demonstrated the feasibility of conducting high-quality Phase 1 trials in Africa. |
385 | 1998 | Urbanization As A Component Of Regional Development. A Paper Presented AtFourth Africa Training Course On Local And Regional Development And Management, Nairobi, Kenya (1998), UNCRD. Click to View Abstract
The safety and immunogenicity of plasmid pTHr DNA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine candidates were evaluated in four Phase I clinical trials in Kenya and Uganda. Both vaccines, expressing HIV-1 subtype A gag p24/p17 and a string of CD8 T-cell epitopes (HIVA), were generally safe and well-tolerated. At the dosage levels and intervals tested, the percentage of vaccine recipients with HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses, assessed by a validated ex vivo interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISPOT assay and Cytokine Flow Cytometry (CFC), did not significantly differ from placebo recipients. These trials demonstrated the feasibility of conducting high-quality Phase 1 trials in Africa. |
386 | 1998 | Physical Properties Of Some Curvature Tensors Click to View Abstract
This paper investigates the possibilities of applying emerging management theories and techniques to constitutionally created offices in Kenya and East African region. The benefits from application of these theories, particularly in the judicial services are highlighted. |
387 | 1998 | Syagga, P.M. And Olima W.H.A. (1998); Urban Shelter Problems In R.A. Obudho. Environment And Development In Kenya. Centre Of Urban Research. Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
388 | 1998 | Syagga, P.M. (1998), Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
389 | 1998 | Syagga, P.M. And W.O. Omoto (1998), Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
390 | 1998 | Syagga, P.M. (1998), Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
391 | 1998 | Syagga, P.M. (1998),"Property Investment In Kenya". Proceedings Of AFRES/SAPIX Conference 16-17 September, Johannesburg, South Africa. Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
392 | 1998 | Syagga, P.M. (1989), Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
393 | 1998 | Ondiege P.O. And P.M. Syagga (1989), Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
394 | 1998 | Syagga, P.M. (1989), Click to View Abstract
Samples of burnt clay from kilns in various parts of the country were tested for their cementatious qualities and found to have high silica contents.Results showed that additing upto 40% of the cly to portland cement produced good binders for mass concre and plaster work,particularly for low cost housing. |
395 | 1998 | Biamah, E.K; L. Stroosnijder; T.C. Sharma; And R.K. Cherogony. Temporal And Spatial Features Of Agricultural Drought In Semi Arid Kenya: An Analysis Of Seasonal Dry And Wet Spells As Requirements For Conservation Tillage. Proceedings Of The 13th Internati Click to View Abstract
In semi arid Kenya, the occurrence of flush floods and soil erosion on agricultural watersheds is attributed to intense rainstorm events of short duration. Thus when agricultural watersheds have no erosion control structures in place, the generation of direct runoff would increase with cultivation. Of the two components of runoff namely, runoff volume and peak runoff discharge, the consideration of peak runoff discharge rate is critical to the design of effective hydraulic structures for controlling floods and soil erosion. In order to accurately predict a watershed's peak runoff discharge, it is important to select a model that is deterministic and yet simple to use. The model should be able to consider the time distribution of runoff response as influenced by Watershed characteristics. The time to peak runoff discharge is largely influenced by the time of concentration. The time of concentration depends on the shape, size and relief of the watershed. In Iiuni Watershed, the Nash model, a parsimonious deterministic model, was selected to predict peak runoff discharges. This model uses the instantaneous unit hydrograph principle to simulate the direct runoff hydrographs and estimate peak runoff discharge. The Nash model was applied using input parameters derived from the watershed's rainfall-runoff characteristics. The results obtained showed that the Nash model was good in predicting peak runoff discharges. This statistic of comparison, R2 (coefficient of efficiency) for the model was above 70% for the model which is indicative of good model prediction of peak runoff discharge (Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970). From this analysis, the Nash model is recommended for the estimation of peak runoff discharge from un-gauged agricultural watersheds in Kenya.
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396 | 1998 | Biamah. E.K; L. Stroosnijder; T.C. Sharma; And R.K. Cherogony, Effect Of Conservation Tillage On Watershed Hydrology In Semi Arid Kenya: An Application Of AGNPS, SCS-CN And Rational Formula Runoff Models. Proceedings Of The 13th International Congress Of Click to View Abstract
In semi arid Kenya, the occurrence of flush floods and soil erosion on agricultural watersheds is attributed to intense rainstorm events of short duration. Thus when agricultural watersheds have no erosion control structures in place, the generation of direct runoff would increase with cultivation. Of the two components of runoff namely, runoff volume and peak runoff discharge, the consideration of peak runoff discharge rate is critical to the design of effective hydraulic structures for controlling floods and soil erosion. In order to accurately predict a watershed's peak runoff discharge, it is important to select a model that is deterministic and yet simple to use. The model should be able to consider the time distribution of runoff response as influenced by Watershed characteristics. The time to peak runoff discharge is largely influenced by the time of concentration. The time of concentration depends on the shape, size and relief of the watershed. In Iiuni Watershed, the Nash model, a parsimonious deterministic model, was selected to predict peak runoff discharges. This model uses the instantaneous unit hydrograph principle to simulate the direct runoff hydrographs and estimate peak runoff discharge. The Nash model was applied using input parameters derived from the watershed's rainfall-runoff characteristics. The results obtained showed that the Nash model was good in predicting peak runoff discharges. This statistic of comparison, R2 (coefficient of efficiency) for the model was above 70% for the model which is indicative of good model prediction of peak runoff discharge (Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970). From this analysis, the Nash model is recommended for the estimation of peak runoff discharge from un-gauged agricultural watersheds in Kenya.
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397 | 1998 | Biamah, E.K; R.K. Cherogony And G.A. Mukolwe. Runoff Water Harvesting And Conservation Technologies For Dryland Crop Production And Rural Water Supply In Arid And Semi Arid Lands. Proceedings Of The 13th International Congress Of Agricultural Engineering Click to View Abstract
In semi arid Kenya, the occurrence of flush floods and soil erosion on agricultural watersheds is attributed to intense rainstorm events of short duration. Thus when agricultural watersheds have no erosion control structures in place, the generation of direct runoff would increase with cultivation. Of the two components of runoff namely, runoff volume and peak runoff discharge, the consideration of peak runoff discharge rate is critical to the design of effective hydraulic structures for controlling floods and soil erosion. In order to accurately predict a watershed's peak runoff discharge, it is important to select a model that is deterministic and yet simple to use. The model should be able to consider the time distribution of runoff response as influenced by Watershed characteristics. The time to peak runoff discharge is largely influenced by the time of concentration. The time of concentration depends on the shape, size and relief of the watershed. In Iiuni Watershed, the Nash model, a parsimonious deterministic model, was selected to predict peak runoff discharges. This model uses the instantaneous unit hydrograph principle to simulate the direct runoff hydrographs and estimate peak runoff discharge. The Nash model was applied using input parameters derived from the watershed's rainfall-runoff characteristics. The results obtained showed that the Nash model was good in predicting peak runoff discharges. This statistic of comparison, R2 (coefficient of efficiency) for the model was above 70% for the model which is indicative of good model prediction of peak runoff discharge (Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970). From this analysis, the Nash model is recommended for the estimation of peak runoff discharge from un-gauged agricultural watersheds in Kenya.
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398 | 1998 | Biamah, E.K; L. Stroosnijder And R.K. Cherogony. Effect Of Tillage On Infiltration, Runoff And Erosion Of Crusting Soils In Semi Arid Kenya. Proceedings Of The 13th International Congress Of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR). Rabat. Morocco. Click to View Abstract
In semi arid Kenya, the occurrence of flush floods and soil erosion on agricultural watersheds is attributed to intense rainstorm events of short duration. Thus when agricultural watersheds have no erosion control structures in place, the generation of direct runoff would increase with cultivation. Of the two components of runoff namely, runoff volume and peak runoff discharge, the consideration of peak runoff discharge rate is critical to the design of effective hydraulic structures for controlling floods and soil erosion. In order to accurately predict a watershed's peak runoff discharge, it is important to select a model that is deterministic and yet simple to use. The model should be able to consider the time distribution of runoff response as influenced by Watershed characteristics. The time to peak runoff discharge is largely influenced by the time of concentration. The time of concentration depends on the shape, size and relief of the watershed. In Iiuni Watershed, the Nash model, a parsimonious deterministic model, was selected to predict peak runoff discharges. This model uses the instantaneous unit hydrograph principle to simulate the direct runoff hydrographs and estimate peak runoff discharge. The Nash model was applied using input parameters derived from the watershed's rainfall-runoff characteristics. The results obtained showed that the Nash model was good in predicting peak runoff discharges. This statistic of comparison, R2 (coefficient of efficiency) for the model was above 70% for the model which is indicative of good model prediction of peak runoff discharge (Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970). From this analysis, the Nash model is recommended for the estimation of peak runoff discharge from un-gauged agricultural watersheds in Kenya.
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399 | 1998 | Biamah, E.K And A.R. Oduor. Soil, Water And Nutrient Management In China: An Assessment Of Environmental Degradation, Conservation Farming Strategies And Management Options For Dryland Agriculture. Unpublished Manuscript. Click to View Abstract
In semi arid Kenya, the occurrence of flush floods and soil erosion on agricultural watersheds is attributed to intense rainstorm events of short duration. Thus when agricultural watersheds have no erosion control structures in place, the generation of direct runoff would increase with cultivation. Of the two components of runoff namely, runoff volume and peak runoff discharge, the consideration of peak runoff discharge rate is critical to the design of effective hydraulic structures for controlling floods and soil erosion. In order to accurately predict a watershed's peak runoff discharge, it is important to select a model that is deterministic and yet simple to use. The model should be able to consider the time distribution of runoff response as influenced by Watershed characteristics. The time to peak runoff discharge is largely influenced by the time of concentration. The time of concentration depends on the shape, size and relief of the watershed. In Iiuni Watershed, the Nash model, a parsimonious deterministic model, was selected to predict peak runoff discharges. This model uses the instantaneous unit hydrograph principle to simulate the direct runoff hydrographs and estimate peak runoff discharge. The Nash model was applied using input parameters derived from the watershed's rainfall-runoff characteristics. The results obtained showed that the Nash model was good in predicting peak runoff discharges. This statistic of comparison, R2 (coefficient of efficiency) for the model was above 70% for the model which is indicative of good model prediction of peak runoff discharge (Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970). From this analysis, the Nash model is recommended for the estimation of peak runoff discharge from un-gauged agricultural watersheds in Kenya.
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400 | 1998 | Biamah, E.K; A.N. Gitau; And R.K. Cherogony(1998a). Temporal Hydrologic Response Of Unstable Crusting Soils In Semi Arid Kenya, Proceedings Of The Kenya Society Of Agricultural Engineering(KSAE). Nairobi, Kenya. Gicheru, P.T.; C.K.K. Gachene And E.K.Biama Click to View Abstract
In semi arid Kenya, the occurrence of flush floods and soil erosion on agricultural watersheds is attributed to intense rainstorm events of short duration. Thus when agricultural watersheds have no erosion control structures in place, the generation of direct runoff would increase with cultivation. Of the two components of runoff namely, runoff volume and peak runoff discharge, the consideration of peak runoff discharge rate is critical to the design of effective hydraulic structures for controlling floods and soil erosion. In order to accurately predict a watershed's peak runoff discharge, it is important to select a model that is deterministic and yet simple to use. The model should be able to consider the time distribution of runoff response as influenced by Watershed characteristics. The time to peak runoff discharge is largely influenced by the time of concentration. The time of concentration depends on the shape, size and relief of the watershed. In Iiuni Watershed, the Nash model, a parsimonious deterministic model, was selected to predict peak runoff discharges. This model uses the instantaneous unit hydrograph principle to simulate the direct runoff hydrographs and estimate peak runoff discharge. The Nash model was applied using input parameters derived from the watershed's rainfall-runoff characteristics. The results obtained showed that the Nash model was good in predicting peak runoff discharges. This statistic of comparison, R2 (coefficient of efficiency) for the model was above 70% for the model which is indicative of good model prediction of peak runoff discharge (Nash and Sutcliffe, 1970). From this analysis, the Nash model is recommended for the estimation of peak runoff discharge from un-gauged agricultural watersheds in Kenya.
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401 | 1998 | Maitai C.K., Kibwage I.O., Guantai A.N., Ombega J.O And Ndemo F.A. A Retrospective Study Of Childhood Poisoning In Kenya 1991-93 E.C.A.J. PSc. 1.7-10. 1998 Click to View Abstract
The in vitro antimalarial activity of the root extract in partly supports the ethnobotanical use of the plant to manage malaria. Clematis brachiata Thunberg (Ranunculaceae) is used in Kenya for the management of headaches, malaria and other febrile illnesses, abdominal disorders, yaws and for skin disorders. Old stems and leaves are chewed for the management of toothaches and sore throats. Extracts of the plant were subjected to tests for antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The root extract gave the highest in vitro antimalarial activity against the inulitidrug resistant strain, Plasmodium falciparum VI/S (IC50=39.24 jig/nil). The stem and leaf extracts had insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The leaf, stein and root extracts had no bacterial or fungal inhibitory effects even at very high concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The Lll50 values of the stem and leaf methanol extracts against the brine shrimp larvae was 365.60 and 66.5 jig/ml, respectively. Key Words: Clematis brachiata, Ranuneulaceae, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, brine shrimp.
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402 | 1998 | Guantai A.N., Addae-Mensah I.,. Njoroge D.K.. Chloroquine Drug Interactions. Part I Interaction With Drugs On The Neuromuscular Junction. The East And /central African Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 1 (3)-50-53 Dec. 1998 Click to View Abstract
The in vitro antimalarial activity of the root extract in partly supports the ethnobotanical use of the plant to manage malaria. Clematis brachiata Thunberg (Ranunculaceae) is used in Kenya for the management of headaches, malaria and other febrile illnesses, abdominal disorders, yaws and for skin disorders. Old stems and leaves are chewed for the management of toothaches and sore throats. Extracts of the plant were subjected to tests for antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The toxicity of the extracts was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The root extract gave the highest in vitro antimalarial activity against the inulitidrug resistant strain, Plasmodium falciparum VI/S (IC50=39.24 jig/nil). The stem and leaf extracts had insignificant antiplasmodial activity. The leaf, stein and root extracts had no bacterial or fungal inhibitory effects even at very high concentrations of 10 mg/ml. The Lll50 values of the stem and leaf methanol extracts against the brine shrimp larvae was 365.60 and 66.5 jig/ml, respectively. Key Words: Clematis brachiata, Ranuneulaceae, antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, brine shrimp.
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403 | 1998 | Chloroquine Drug Interactions Part I: Interaction With Drugs Acting At The Neuromuscular Junction Click to View Abstract
Chloroquine is extensively used in the management of malaria in Kenya. It is widely available for self medication. Often it is used concurrently with other drugs. In the present paper, possible drug interactions with Chloroquine have been investigated. Isolated rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation was used to study the effect of Chloroquine alone and in combination with several drugs on neuromuscular impulse transmission. Chloroquine in the dose range 0.025 - 0.3 vg/m1 organ bath concentration induced a dose-dependent neuromuscular junction (NMJ) transmission blockade. The drug significantly potentiated the NMJ transmissionblockade induced by commonly used agents gallamine, succinylcholine and lignocaine. It antagonised the NMJ facilitatory action of physostigmine, calcium chloride and barium chloride. Chloraquine could. be interfering with ion conductance processes. It is suggested that Chloroquine should be used with caution in conditions characterised by muscle contractile disorders or during treatment with drugs that cause decreased skeletal muscle activity. Key Words: Chloroquine, interactions, neuromuscular junction.
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404 | 1998 | Opere, A.O., Mutua, F.M. And L.A. Ogallo (1998): Regional Flood Frequency Analysis. Proceedings Of The Fourth Workshop Of The Kenya Meteorological Society Workshop On Meteorological Research, Applications And Services, 7-11 September 1998, Mombasa, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Oral infection with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a frequent and well documented complication in immunosuppressed individuals including patients on immunosuppressive medication. We report the development of severe oral infection with HSV type 1 in a 34 year old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus and end stage renal disease (ESRD) following cadaveric renal transplantation at the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh. The role of acyclovir in therapy and chemoprophylaxis is discussed. |
405 | 1998 | Amayo EO, Kayima JK, Amayo AA. Transient Focal Neurological Deficits In Patients With Hypoglycemia And Hyperglycemia; Report Of 4 Cases East African Medical Journal 1998:Vol.75;53-54 Click to View Abstract
A case of hypoglycaemia and three cases of hyperglycaemia presenting with focal neurological deficits are presented. The focal presentations were hemiparesis and focal convulsion that returned to normal upon correction of the blood sugar. Elderly patients not uncommonly present with transient focal neurologic deficits related to abnormalities in blood sugar levels. In these patients correction of blood sugar levels per se may ameliorate symptoms and signs making it unnecessary to investigate for cerebrovascular disease. In diabetic patients on insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents focal neurologic deficit should alert the clinician on the possibility of hypoglycaemia. |
406 | 1998 | Editor Of An Overview Paper On Household Food Security In Eastern And Southern Africa: Click to View Abstract
Understanding how individuals with a high degree of HIV exposure avoid persistent infection is paramount to HIV vaccine design. Evidence suggests that mucosal immunity, particularly virus-specific CTL, could be critically important in protection against sexually acquired HIV infection. Therefore, we have looked for the presence of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in cervical mononuclear cells from a subgroup of highly HIV-exposed but persistently seronegative female sex workers in Nairobi. An enzyme-linked immunospot assay was used to measure IFN-gamma release in response to known class I HLA-restricted CTL epitope peptides using effector cells from the blood and cervix of HIV-1-resistant and -infected sex workers and from lower-risk uninfected controls. Eleven of 16 resistant sex workers had HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in the cervix, and a similar number had detectable responses in blood. Where both blood and cervical responses were detected in the same individual, the specificity of the responses was similar. Neither cervical nor blood responses were detected in lower-risk control donors. HIV-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies in the cervix of HIV-resistant sex workers were slightly higher than in blood, while in HIV-infected donor cervical response frequencies were markedly lower than blood, so that there was relative enrichment of cervical responses in HIV-resistant compared with HIV-infected donors. HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in the absence of detectable HIV infection in the genital mucosa of HIV-1-resistant sex workers may be playing an important part in protective immunity against heterosexual HIV-1 transmission. |
407 | 1998 | The Fate And Dissipation Of Surface Applied 14 "C-DDE In A Tropical Soil Click to View Abstract
The world is today faced with the global pandemic of HIV/AIDS that has evolved rapidly since it was first described. The pandemic has been termed the greatest development challenge for sub Saharan Africa and is rapidly evolving in the Asian continent. The pandemic ha had a significantly negative impact on individual families through loss of loved ones, communities by increasing the burden of caring for the ill, and countries through reduced productivity.
As we look forward to the 21st century, the human population is reminded that even in an age where drugs to treat most ailments are available, human behaviour and individual aspirations are critical in the control of disease. Factors that affect human and social behaviour, such as poverty, discrimination and disenfranchisement have to be addressed on a global basis if the HIV/AIDS epidemic is to be controlled. The HIV/AIDS epidemic presents special challenges and new frontiers for public health interventions and research. HIV/AIDS has revealed the gaps in the understanding of how human behaviour is motivated and how it can be changed.
In this publication we present a review of some of the programs that are specifically targeting the youth with HIV/AIDS prevention activities in the countries of
This publication records the stories of men and women in Eastern Africa, who have tremendous commitment to the work they do even with minimal resources, because they have a vision for the youth of the African continent. It is a story of innovation, creativity, determination and partnership between adults and youth, communities and governments, countries, aid agencies and NGOSs. |
408 | 1998 | Impact Of Industries On The Environments. In Industries And Enforcement Of Environmental Law In Africa Click to View Abstract
The world is today faced with the global pandemic of HIV/AIDS that has evolved rapidly since it was first described. The pandemic has been termed the greatest development challenge for sub Saharan Africa and is rapidly evolving in the Asian continent. The pandemic ha had a significantly negative impact on individual families through loss of loved ones, communities by increasing the burden of caring for the ill, and countries through reduced productivity.
As we look forward to the 21st century, the human population is reminded that even in an age where drugs to treat most ailments are available, human behaviour and individual aspirations are critical in the control of disease. Factors that affect human and social behaviour, such as poverty, discrimination and disenfranchisement have to be addressed on a global basis if the HIV/AIDS epidemic is to be controlled. The HIV/AIDS epidemic presents special challenges and new frontiers for public health interventions and research. HIV/AIDS has revealed the gaps in the understanding of how human behaviour is motivated and how it can be changed.
In this publication we present a review of some of the programs that are specifically targeting the youth with HIV/AIDS prevention activities in the countries of
This publication records the stories of men and women in Eastern Africa, who have tremendous commitment to the work they do even with minimal resources, because they have a vision for the youth of the African continent. It is a story of innovation, creativity, determination and partnership between adults and youth, communities and governments, countries, aid agencies and NGOSs. |
409 | 1998 | X-ray Diagnosable Pneumonia In Children With Severe Malnutrition At Kenyatta National Hospital. East Afr Med J . 1998 Oct; 75 ( 10 ): 567-71 . PMID: 10065188 [PubMed - Indexed For MEDLINE] Wafula EM, Ngamau DW, Onyango FE, Mirza NM, Njeru EK. Click to View Abstract
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi.
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of radiologically evident pneumonia among children with severe malnutrition and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of commonly used clinical indicators of pneumonia among children with severe malnutrition. METHODS: All children with severe malnutrition and admitted at the then Paediatric Observation Ward without congestive cardiac failure, severe anaemia, or severe dehydration, were clinically evaluated and a posteroanterior chest X-ray taken for each child. Pneumonia was diagnosed on the basis of radiological changes consistent with pneumonia as reported by an experienced radiologist. The performance of the various clinical parameters as diagnostic tests for pneumonia were also evaluated. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital, a tertiary level teaching institution for the University of Nairobi. RESULTS: One hundred and seven children comprising 68 males and 39 females were recruited into the study. Of these children, 38 had kwashiorkor, 40 had marasmus, while 29 had marasmic kwashiorkor. Radiological evidence of pneumonia was found in 58% of children with kwashiorkor, 75% with marasmic kwashiorkor, and 82% with marasmus. All the commonly used clinical parameters performed poorly as diagnostic tests for pneumonia among children with severe malnutrition. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of pneumonia was very high among children with severe malnutrition. Available clinical parameters, singly or in combination, are poor diagnostic tools for pneumonia in children with severe malnutrition. It is advisable to treat children with severe malnutrition as if they had pneumonia, even in the absence of suggestive clinical signs.
PMID: 10065188 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
410 | 1998 | Fetal Exposure To Maternal Cortisol.Gitau R, Cameron A, Fisk NM, Glover V. Lancet. 1998 Aug 29;352(9129):707-8. Click to View Abstract
Invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques are increasingly applied to the fetus. It is not known if the fetus feels pain during such procedures, but the fetus does mount significant stress hormonal and circulatory changes in response to these from 18-20 weeks. Perinatal stress may have long-term neurodevelopmental implications. During open fetal surgery, maternal general anaesthesia provides fetal anaesthesia. However, in closed procedures, fetal analgesia presents difficulties. The optimal drug, dose, and route of administration remain to be determined. |
411 | 1998 | Food Products Prepare In Africa From ICTISAT Mandate Crops And Scope For Improved Utilization. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute For Semi-Arid Tropics). 1998. Biotechnology In Tropical Crop Improvement: In The Proceedings Of The Click to View Abstract
Nine patients with acute liver failure due to Plasmodium falciparum liver injury admitted to the Rajgarhia Liver Unit of the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences during 1982-84 are presented. The liver was palpable in all the patients, and eight had splenomegaly. Investigations revealed mild to moderate abnormality in liver function tests. All were negative for the markers of acute infection due to hepatitis A and B viruses. Blood film examination showed P. falciparum alone in seven and along with P. vivax in the remaining two patients. Liver histology, which was identical in all eight patients where liver biopsy was done, showed centrizonal necrosis and hyperplastic Kupffer cells loaded with malarial pigment. All the patients recovered with specific anti-malarial and supportive treatment. Our observations suggest that malaria due to P. falciparum may present as jaundice and encephalopathy which stimulates acute hepatic failure due to fulminant hepatitis. |
412 | 1998 | Mbugua, S.W., A. Bencivenga,S. Varma, J. Wambua, E. Wambua, T. Manyibe And G. Muchemi (1998) Repair Of Posterior Cruciate And Collateral Ligaments Rupture In A Male Cheetah. Click to View Abstract
Measurement of tooth lengths was carried out on 537 extracted human teeth. The teeth were collected from adults aged 17 years and above and preserved in formalin. The tooth lengths were obtained by taking measurements off calibrated graph paper. The lengths obtained in this study were comparable to previous data reported in the literature. However, this new data will provide useful guidelines in Kenya for the management of endodontic patients especially in the purchase and stocking of the most appropriate endodontic instruments. |
413 | 1998 | MacDonald KS, Embree J, Njenga S, Nagelkerke NJD, Ngatia I, Mohammed Z, Barber BH, Ndinya-Achola JO, Bwayo J, Plummer FA Mother-Child Class I HLA Concordance Increased Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission Journ. Infe. Dis 177:551-6, Click to View Abstract
To determine the effect of circumcision status on acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and other sexually transmitted diseases, a prospective cohort study of 746 HIV-1-seronegative trucking company employees was conducted in Mombasa, Kenya. During the course of follow-up, 43 men acquired HIV-1 antibodies, yielding an annual incidence of 3.0%. The annual incidences of genital ulcers and urethritis were 4.2% and 15.5%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, after controlling for demographic and behavioral variables, uncircumcised status was an independent risk factor for HIV-1 infection (hazard rate ratio [HRR=4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-8.3) and genital ulcer disease (HRR=2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.3). Circumcision status had no effect on the acquisition of urethral infections and genital warts. In this prospective cohort of trucking company employees, uncircumcised status was associated with increased risk of HIV-1 infection and genital ulcer disease, and these effects remained after controlling for potential confounders. |
414 | 1998 | The Supermarket For Women's Reproductive Health: The Burden Of Genital Infections In A Family Planning Clinic In Nairobi, Kenya Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To study the burden of disease of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and cervical dysplasia in women attending a family planning clinic in Nairobi, Kenya, and to assess the acceptability of integrating reproductive healthcare services into existing family planning facilities. METHODS: In a family planning clinic in Nairobi, Kenya, 520 women were enrolled in a study on RTI and cervical dysplasia. RESULTS: RTI pathogens were detected in over 20% of women, the majority being asymptomatic. HIV-1 testing was positive in 10.2%. The diagnosis of cervical dysplasia was made on 12% of the cytology smears (mild in 5.8%, moderate in 3.5%, severe in 1.2%), and 1.5% had invasive cervical cancer. The intervention of case detection of RTI and Papanicolaou smear taking was well received by clients and considered feasible by the staff. CONCLUSIONS: Early detection and treatment of potentially curable cervical lesions and RTI provide a unique opportunity to improve women's health. In Kenya, where the current contraceptive prevalence rate is 33%, family planning clinics are excellent sites to introduce health interventions.
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415 | 1998 | Richardson BA, Martin Jr. HL, Stevens CE, Mwatha AK, Chohan BH, Nyange PM, Mandalya K, Ndinya-Achola JO, Kreiss JKUse Of Nonoxynol-9 And Changes In Vaginal LactobacilliJ. Inf. Dis 178: 441-5, 1998 Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To study the burden of disease of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and cervical dysplasia in women attending a family planning clinic in Nairobi, Kenya, and to assess the acceptability of integrating reproductive healthcare services into existing family planning facilities. METHODS: In a family planning clinic in Nairobi, Kenya, 520 women were enrolled in a study on RTI and cervical dysplasia. RESULTS: RTI pathogens were detected in over 20% of women, the majority being asymptomatic. HIV-1 testing was positive in 10.2%. The diagnosis of cervical dysplasia was made on 12% of the cytology smears (mild in 5.8%, moderate in 3.5%, severe in 1.2%), and 1.5% had invasive cervical cancer. The intervention of case detection of RTI and Papanicolaou smear taking was well received by clients and considered feasible by the staff. CONCLUSIONS: Early detection and treatment of potentially curable cervical lesions and RTI provide a unique opportunity to improve women's health. In Kenya, where the current contraceptive prevalence rate is 33%, family planning clinics are excellent sites to introduce health interventions.
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416 | 1998 | Martin Jr. HL, Nyange PM, Richardson BA, Lavreys L, Mandalya K, Kackson DJ, Ndinya-Achola JO, Kreiss JK Hormonal Contraception, Sexually Transmitted Diseases And Risk Of Heterosexual Transmission Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 J. Inf. Dis. 178: 10 Click to View Abstract
To examine associations between method of contraception, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and incident human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, a prospective observational cohort study was done among female sex workers attending a municipal STD clinic in Mombasa, Kenya. Demographic and behavioral factors significantly associated with HIV-1 infection included type of workplace, condom use, and parity. In multivariate models, vulvitis, genital ulcer disease, vaginal discharge, and Candida vaginitis were significantly associated with HIV-1 seroconversion. Women who used depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) had an increased incidence of HIV-1 infection (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.4). In a multivariate model controlling for demographic and exposure variables and biologic covariates, the adjusted HR for HIV-1 infection among DMPA users was 2.0 (CI, 1.3-3.1). There was a trend for an association between use of high-dose oral contraceptive pills and HIV-1 acquisition (HR, 2.6; CI, 0.8-8.5). |
417 | 1998 | Cohen CR, Sine S, Reilly R, Bukusi E, Esenbach D, Holmes KK, Ndinya-Achola JO, Bwayo J, Grieco V, Stamm W, Karanja J, Kreiss JK. Effect Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Upon Acute Salpingitis: A Laparoscopic StudyJ. Inf. Dis 178: 1352-8, 1 Click to View Abstract
To determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection upon pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a laparoscopic study of acute PID was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya. Subjects underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, HIV-1 serology, and testing for sexually transmitted diseases. Of the 133 women with laparoscopically verified salpingitis, 52 (39%) were HIV-1-seropositive. Tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOA) were found in 33% of HIV-1-infected and 15% of HIV-1-uninfected women (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.5). Among seropositive women, TOA was found in 55% of those with CD4 cell percent <14% vs. 28% with CD4 cell percent>14% (OR 3.1, 95% CI 0.6-15.3). Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 37 women (28%) and Chlamydia trachomatis in 12 (9%); neither was significantly related to HIV-1 seropositivity. Length of hospitalization was not affected by HIV-1 serostatus overall but was prolonged among HIV-1-infected women with CD4 cell percent <14%. Among patients with acute salpingitis, likelihood of TOA was related to HIV-1 infection and advanced immunosuppression. In general, HIV-1-seropositive women with acute salpingitis responded well to treatment. |
418 | 1998 | Mostad SB, Jackson S, Overbaugh J, Reilly M, Chohan B, Mandaliya K, Nyange P, Ndinya-Achola J, Bwayo JJ, Kreiss JK.Cervical And Vaginal Shedding Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-infected Cells Throughout The Menstrual Cycle.J Infect Dis. 1998 Oct;17 Click to View Abstract
Cervical and vaginal secretions from 17 women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were evaluated daily through the course of one menstrual cycle for HIV-1 DNA (21-31 visits per woman). HIV-1-infected cells were detected in 207 (46%) of 450 endocervical swabs and 74 (16%) of 449 vaginal swabs. There was considerable variability in the percentage of positive swabs from each woman, ranging from 4% to 100% of endocervical swabs and from 0 to 71% of vaginal swabs. In multivariate analyses, plasma HIV-1 RNA was significantly associated with shedding of HIV-1-infected cells; each 1-unit increase in the log of plasma virus load was associated with a 5.6-fold increase in the odds of cervical shedding (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-14.8) and a 3.9-fold increase in the odds of vaginal shedding (95% CI, 2.1-7.2). There was no discernible pattern of genital tract shedding with phase of the menstrual cycle and no significant association with serum estradiol or progesterone levels. |
419 | 1998 | Richardson BA, Martin HL Jr, Stevens CE, Hillier SL, Mwatha AK, Chohan BH, Nyange PM, Mandaliya K, Ndinya-Achola J, Kreiss JK.Use Of Nonoxynol-9 And Changes In Vaginal Lactobacilli.J Infect Dis. 1998 Aug;178(2):441-5. Click to View Abstract
Several in vitro studies have shown nonoxynol-9 (N-9) to be toxic to lactobacilli, especially to strains that produce H2O2. Data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial that investigated the safety and toxicity of 2 weeks of daily vaginal application of an N-9 gel were analyzed, to examine the effect of N-9 use on vaginal lactobacilli and bacterial vaginosis. In vivo, N-9 promoted sustained colonization by H2O2-producing lactobacilli among women already colonized (relative risk [RR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.7). In addition, use of N-9 for 2 weeks reduced the likelihood of bacterial vaginosis (RR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-1.0). In contrast, N-9 use by women initially colonized only by non-H2O2-producing lactobacilli resulted in loss of vaginal lactobacilli (RR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.3). These data suggest that daily use of N-9 does not adversely affect vaginal colonization by H2O2-producing lactobacilli but that such use may promote loss of non-H2O2-producing strains. |
420 | 1998 | Hajjar AM, Lewis PF, Endeshaw Y, Ndinya-Achola J, Kreiss JK, Overbaugh J.Efficient Isolation Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA From Cervical Swabs.J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Aug;36(8):2349-52. Click to View Abstract
An efficient method for the isolation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleic acids from dry cervical swabs was developed. HIV-1 gag and env were detected in 96% (25 of 26) and 81% (21 of 26), respectively, of the samples tested by PCR from HIV-1-seropositive women in a Kenyan cohort study. Eighty-eight percent of the swabs (22 of 25) were positive for gag RNA, and 85% (17 of 20) were positive for env RNA. Fewer than 1,000 copies of HIV-1 gag RNA were detected in four swabs in which a competitive quantitative PCR assay was used. The method described here may be useful for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of HIV RNA in mucosal secretions as well as amplification and cloning of full-length viral genes for functional studies. |
421 | 1998 | Rowland-Jones S, Dong T, Krausa P, Sutton J, Newell H, Ariyoshi K, Gotch F, Sabally S, Corrah T, Kimani J, MacDonald K, Plummer F, Ndinya-Achola J, Whittle H, McMichael A.The Role Of Cytotoxic T-cells In HIV Infection.Dev Biol Stand. 1998;92:209-14. Click to View Abstract
HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are believed to play a major role in controlling virus levels through the asymptomatic period of HIV infection. For the rational design of an HIV vaccine, we need to know whether protective immunity can ever develop following HIV exposure in people who remain uninfected. We have detected HIV-specific CTL in 5/6 repeatedly exposed, persistently seronegative female sex-workers in The Gambia. Their CTL, repeatedly detected over two years, recognise epitopes presented by HLA-B35 which are cross-reactive between HIV-1 & HIV-2, suggesting they could have been primed first by HIV-2 exposure and subsequently boosted by exposure to HIV-1. Using previously identified clade B HIV-1 epitope peptides, we have now detected HIV-specific CTL in 6/15 highly exposed and apparently HIV-resistant Kenyan prostitutes, predominantly towards epitopes highly conserved between B and the Kenyan A & D clades of HIV-1. This CTL activity towards conserved virus epitopes may represent protective immunity to HIV generated in response to repeated exposure, and prophylactic HIV vaccines should aim to generate similar CTL responses.
PIP: During the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection, HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are believed to play a major role in controlling virus levels. The design of an HIV vaccine requires knowledge about whether protective immunity can ever develop after exposure to the virus and the mechanisms underlying such natural immunity. The authors' research has focused on HIV-specific CTL responses in highly HIV-exposed commercial sex workers in The Gambia, West Africa, and in Nairobi, Kenya. HIV CTL was detected in 5 of 6 repeatedly exposed, persistently seronegative female sex workers in The Gambia. Their CTL recognized epitopes presented by HLA-835 that are cross-reactive between HIV-1 and HIV-2, suggesting they could have been primed first by HIV-2 exposure and subsequently boosted by exposure to HIV-1. Through use of previously identified clade B HIV-1 epitope peptides, the authors also detected HIV-specific CTL in 6 of 15 highly exposed and apparently resistant Kenyan prostitutes, predominantly toward epitopes highly conserved between B and Kenyan A and D clades of HIV-1. This CTL activity toward conserved virus epitopes may represent protective immunity to HIV in response to HIV generated by repeated exposure. HIV vaccines should aim to generate similar CTL responses. There is currently no evidence that genetic factors, other than weak HLA associations, influence susceptibility or resistance to HIV infection.
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422 | 1998 | MacDonald KS, Embree J, Njenga S, Nagelkerke NJ, Ngatia I, Mohammed Z, Barber BH, Ndinya-Achola J, Bwayo J, Plummer FA.Mother-child Class I HLA Concordance Increases Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission.J Infect Dis. 1998 Mar;177(3): Click to View Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products are expressed on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cells and incorporated into the lipid envelope of HIV virions. Macaques immunized with human MHC gene products are protected from simian immunodeficiency virus challenge when the virus is grown in cells expressing the same MHC alleles. To relate these findings to mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, investigations of whether sharing HLA between mother and infant influenced the risk of transmission of HIV-1 to the child were carried out. Class I HLA concordance was independently associated with a stepwise increase in the risk of perinatal HIV-1 transmission for each additional concordant allele (odds ratio, 2.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-5.07; P = .003). Thus, discordant HLA may provide infants with a means of protection against HIV-1 as a result of allogeneic infant anti-maternal MHC immune responses. |
423 | 1998 | Lewis P, Nduati R, Kreiss JK, John GC, Richardson BA, Mbori-Ngacha D, Ndinya-Achola J, Overbaugh J.Cell-free Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Breast Milk. J Infect Dis. 1998 Jan;177(1):34-9. Click to View Abstract
{ Breast-feeding may be an important route of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vertical transmission in settings where it is routinely practiced. To define the prevalence and quantity of HIV-1 in cell-free breast milk, samples from HIV-1-seropositive women were analyzed by quantitative competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (QC-RT-PCR). HIV-1 RNA was detected in 29 (39%) of 75 specimens tested. Of these 29 specimens, 16 (55%) had levels that were near the detection limit of the assay (240 copies/mL), while 6 (21%) had >900 copies/mL. The maximum concentration of HIV-1 RNA detected was 8100 copies/mL. The prevalence of cell-free HIV-1 was higher in mature milk (47%) than in colostrum (27% |
424 | 1998 | King R, Choudhri SH, Nasio J, Gough J, Nagelkerke NJ, Plummer FA, Ndinya-Achola JO, Ronald AR.Clinical And In Situ Cellular Responses To Haemophilus Ducreyi In The Presence Or Absence Of HIV Infection.Int J STD AIDS. 1998 Sep;9(9):531-6. Click to View Abstract
{ We aimed to determine if the clinical and histological features of chancroid are altered by HIV infection. Male patients presenting to the Nairobi special treatment clinic with a clinical diagnosis of chancroid were eligible for the study. A detailed history, physical examination, swabs for Haemophilus ducreyi culture and blood for HIV serology, syphilis serology and CD4 counts were obtained from all patients. Punch biopsies from an ulcer were obtained from 10 patients and either fixed in 10% formalin or snap frozen in Optimum Cutting Temperature (OCT) medium compound at -70 degrees C. Patients were treated with erythromycin and followed for 3 weeks. Chi-square and Student's t-test were used to determine if the clinical and laboratory features of chancroid differed between HIV-seropositive and seronegative individuals. Cox regression survival analysis was used to determine if HIV infection altered cure rates of chancroid at 21 days. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using lymphocytic and macrophage markers and tissue sections were analysed by 2 pathologists in a blinded manner. Between February and November 1994, 109 HIV-seropositive and 211 HIV-seronegative individuals were enrolled in the study. HIV patients had ulcers of longer duration than HIV-seronegative patients (P=0.03). Although cure rates were similar at 3 weeks, HIV patients had lower cure rates at 1 week (23% v 54%
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425 | 1998 | Diploma In Building Construction Kenya Institute Of Education (K.I.E.) Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
426 | 1998 | Diploma In Sculpture Click to View Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicines play an important role in the management of chronically painful and debilitating joint conditions, particularly in the rural Africa. However, their potential use as sources of medicines has not been fully exploited. The present study was carried to find the medicinal plants traditionally used to manage chronic joint pains in Machakos and Makueni counties in Kenya. Materials and methods: To obtain this ethnobotanical information, 30 consenting traditional herbal med-ical practitioners were interviewed exclusively on medicinal plant use in the management of chronic joint pains, in a pre-planned workshop. Results and discussion: In this survey, a total of 37 plants belonging to 32 genera and 23 families were cited as being important for treatment of chronic joint pains. The most commonly cited plant species were Pavetta crassipes K. Schum, Strychnos henningsii Gilg., Carissa spinarum L., Fagaropsis hildebrandtii (Engl.) Milve-Redh. and Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Amaranthus albus L., Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr., Grewia fallax K. Schum., Lactuca capensis, Launaea cornuta (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Jeffrey, Lippia kituiensis Vatke, Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. and Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. are documented for the first time as being important in the management of chronic joint pains. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that a variety of medicinal plants are used in the management of chronic joint pains and the main mode of administration is oral. Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey; Medicinal plants; Chronic joint pains; Rheumatoid arthritis; Akamba; Machakos-Kenya |
427 | 1998 | From Nyayoism To Majiboism: A Rebellion Or Leadership Fatigue". A Seminar Paper, 1998. Click to View Abstract
Introduction
The Centre for Open and Distance Learning has been established to facilitate the Internal Faculties in launching and managing their programmes using distance mode with a view to increasing access to university education and provide equity in higher education to the learners all over the country.
Operational Strategies
The operational strategies that have been set up involve collaborative arrangements between the CODL and the Internal Faculties in the development of Study Materials and Learner support Services for off-campus students. The professional in open and distance learning are availed by the Centre to serve the Faculties as trainers while the Faculties provide academic expertise who are facilitated through participatory methods involving application of knowledge, skills and strategies to develop study materials in their respective subjects.
Focus
The Centre is currently working with Faculties of Science, Commerce and Arts. The Material development process involves training, writing, reviewing and editing followed by conversion to e-content and audio modes.
Conclusion
These collaborative arrangements will increase access to higher education make significant contribution in the realization of educational Millennium Goals in Kenya where only 20% of all those who qualify obtain admission in the public universities. |
428 | 1998 | Completed A Manuscript On Introduction To Ethics, For Undergraduate Students. Click to View Abstract
Introduction
The Centre for Open and Distance Learning has been established to facilitate the Internal Faculties in launching and managing their programmes using distance mode with a view to increasing access to university education and provide equity in higher education to the learners all over the country.
Operational Strategies
The operational strategies that have been set up involve collaborative arrangements between the CODL and the Internal Faculties in the development of Study Materials and Learner support Services for off-campus students. The professional in open and distance learning are availed by the Centre to serve the Faculties as trainers while the Faculties provide academic expertise who are facilitated through participatory methods involving application of knowledge, skills and strategies to develop study materials in their respective subjects.
Focus
The Centre is currently working with Faculties of Science, Commerce and Arts. The Material development process involves training, writing, reviewing and editing followed by conversion to e-content and audio modes.
Conclusion
These collaborative arrangements will increase access to higher education make significant contribution in the realization of educational Millennium Goals in Kenya where only 20% of all those who qualify obtain admission in the public universities. |
429 | 1998 | Chindia M.L., Guthua S.W., Awange D.O., Wakoli K.A.: Osteosarcoma Of The Maxillofacial Bones In Kenyans. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1998 Apr;26(2):98-101. Click to View Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly malignant tumour and is the most common primary neoplasm of bone; although rare, especially in the maxillofacial skeleton. This article presents 14 Kenyan cases of OS of the maxillofacial bones seen between January 1991 and July 1997: 11 in the mandible, two in the maxilla and one in the right zygomatic arch. Patients ranged in age from one week to 50 years (Mean = 29.7), with an equal gender distribution. While pain and rapid swelling were the commonest clinical features, the radiographic and histopathological characteristics were as varied as has been described elsewhere. Generally, effective management of most of the cases was poor due to late presentation for treatment. |
430 | 1998 | Solid-phase Peptide Syntheses Of Oxytocin, Oxytocin Analogs And Interferon Short Chain With The Amide Side-chain Functionality Of Asparagine Protected With 1-tetralinyl Group Click to View Abstract
1-Tetralone was converted to 1-aminotetralin. This amine was then used to protect the carboxamide side-chain of asparagine. Syntheses of oxytocin and its derivatives were then done via Boc-solid-phase peptide synthesis using this protected asparagine. After syntheses of the nonapeptide resins, cleavage and eventual cyclization of the hormones was done using trifluoromethane sulphonic acid at 40 degrees Celcius for two hours. |
431 | 1998 | Motile Aeromonads Associated With Rainbow Trout (Onchoryncus Mykiss) Mortality In Kenya. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol.: 18(1). 7. Click to View Abstract
This integrative review on the teaching of reading in Kenyan primary schools provides a foundation for the growing movement there to improve reading education. In gathering sources for this review, we took an inclusive historical stance. Thus, we did not dismiss research reports that lacked traditional indicators of quality such as being published in peer-reviewed journals. We used multiple methods to find relevant research and associated documents, including two trips to Kenya. The review is organized by six topics: (a) language of instruction, (b) reading instruction, (c) reading materials, (d) reading culture, (e) assessment, and (f) teacher development. The review concludes with six proposals for policymakers, educational researchers, and teacher educators for the development of reading instruction based on what we learned in reviewing the literature. The first proposals are intended specifically to address the teaching of reading in Kenya, but they may be relevant to other sub-Saharan nations. The final proposal encourages others to conduct similar reviews to make possible a handbook of reading in Africa. |
432 | 1998 | Optimization Of X-ray Fluorescence Elemented Analysis. Click to View Abstract
A preliminary study of microbiological quality of honey was carried out using 26 samples obtained from the National Bee Keeping Research Station. Total viable counts (TVC) of aerobic bacteria, yeasts and moulds, and Clostridium species were done. Of the 26 samples, 24 (92.3%) had a TVC ranging from 3 x10 -87 x 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram of honey. Two samples did not yield any microorganisms. Of the 24 positive samples, 9 (37.5%) were found to contain Clostridium species per gram while eight (33.3%) were positive for moulds with counts ranging from 10-100 c.f.u / g. No yeasts were detected. In addition, three samples yielded the three types of microorganisms. |
433 | 1998 | Measurements Of Trace Elements Levels In Kenyan Cigarettes With Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluroscence Spectroscopy Technique Click to View Abstract
A preliminary study of microbiological quality of honey was carried out using 26 samples obtained from the National Bee Keeping Research Station. Total viable counts (TVC) of aerobic bacteria, yeasts and moulds, and Clostridium species were done. Of the 26 samples, 24 (92.3%) had a TVC ranging from 3 x10 -87 x 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram of honey. Two samples did not yield any microorganisms. Of the 24 positive samples, 9 (37.5%) were found to contain Clostridium species per gram while eight (33.3%) were positive for moulds with counts ranging from 10-100 c.f.u / g. No yeasts were detected. In addition, three samples yielded the three types of microorganisms. |
434 | 1998 | Radio Isotope Photon Excited Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Technique For The Analysis Of Organic Matrices Click to View Abstract
A preliminary study of microbiological quality of honey was carried out using 26 samples obtained from the National Bee Keeping Research Station. Total viable counts (TVC) of aerobic bacteria, yeasts and moulds, and Clostridium species were done. Of the 26 samples, 24 (92.3%) had a TVC ranging from 3 x10 -87 x 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram of honey. Two samples did not yield any microorganisms. Of the 24 positive samples, 9 (37.5%) were found to contain Clostridium species per gram while eight (33.3%) were positive for moulds with counts ranging from 10-100 c.f.u / g. No yeasts were detected. In addition, three samples yielded the three types of microorganisms. |
435 | 1998 | MEDIAN LETHAL DOSES, CLINICAL SIGNS AND POST-MORTEM CHANGES IN ACUTE PYRETHRINS TOXICITY IN SHEEP AND RABBITS Click to View Abstract
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436 | 1998 | Comparative Efficacy Of Pyrethrum Marc With Albendazole Against Sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes Click to View Abstract
The efficacies of pyrethrum marc and of albendazole against experimental sheep gastrointestinal nematode infection were compared. Sheep were infected orally with 10 000 larvae (Haemonchus spp. (60.1%), Oesophagostomum spp. (13.9%), Trichostrongylus spp. (13.2%), Cooperia spp. (8.3%), Nematodirus spp. (3.5%), Strongyloides spp. (0.8%) and Ostertagia spp. (0.2%). Faecal egg count reduction in albendazole-treated sheep was 100% by day 4 following treatment, compared to 37.03%, 31.3%, 38.9% and 51.8% on days 4,6,8 and 10 in pyrethrum marc-treated sheep. These reductions were statistically significant on days 8 and 10 post-treatment (p<0.05). The potential for using pyrethrins for helminth treatment is discussed. |
437 | 1998 | Musingi,J.K. And S.M. Kithiia (1998) Effective Rainfall And Bean Yield In South-eastern Machakos District, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Faecal samples from 372 pigs were examined using the modified McMaster technique and post-mortem examination of 30 pigs carried out.
Out of the 372 pigs examined, 308 (83%) were excreting nematode eggs. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Strongyles (75%), Strongyloides spp (26.6%), Trichuris spp (7.8%), Ascaris spp (5.4%) and Metastrongylus spp (0.3%). Coproculture of Strongyle-type nematode egg positive faecal samples revealed the presence of Oesophagostomum spp (74%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (22%) and Trichostrongylus spp (4%). The post-mortem examination revealed presence of Hyostrongylus rubidus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomun dentatum, Trichuris suis and Metastrongylus pudendodectus. The highest prevalence of helminth infections was recorded in finishers (88%) and the lowest in adults (79%). The highest mean helminth egg per gram of faeces (epg) was recorded in adults (1,175) and the lowest was in piglets (526). Pigs from Riana division had the highest prevalence (91%) of infection and mean epg (1,109), while those from Asego Division had the lowest prevalence (50%) and mean epg (100). Female pigs recorded a higher mean epg (567) compared to males (416). Age had significant influence on infection with Strongyles (p = 0.04) with growers and finishers recording higher levels of infection than adults. Sex had significant effect on the prevalence of infections with Strongyles (p = 0.028) and Ascaris suum (p = 0.012) with females recording higher levels of infection than males. Division of origin of pigs had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Ascaris suum (p = 0.000) and Strongyles (p = 0.000) with the mean epgs for Riana and Ndhiwa divisions being significantly higher than those of Pala Division. This study indicates that helminths are highly prevalent in the study area with low to moderate levels of infections and may be one of the contributing factors to low productivity. Therefore, there is need to formulate appropriate control measures for the parasites in order to increase livestock productivity. |
438 | 1998 | Privatization In Kenya, Published By Basic Books(K)Ltd. (Nairobi 1998). Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
439 | 1998 | Privatization In Kenya, Published By Basic Books(K)Ltd. (Nairobi 1998). Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
440 | 1998 | Okumbe J.A., Educational Management: Theory And Practice. Nairobi: Nairobi University Press Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
441 | 1998 | Optimization Of X-ray Fluorescence Elemented Analysis. Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
442 | 1998 | Measurements Of Radionuclide Contents Of Some Natural Building Materials In Kenya And Radiological Impact Assessment Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
443 | 1998 | Measurements Of Trace Elements Levels In Kenyan Cigarettes With Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluroscence Spectroscopy Technique Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
444 | 1998 | Radio Isotope Photon Excited Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Technique For The Analysis Of Organic Matrices Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
445 | 1998 | Henry W. Mutoro. "Settlement Origins And Development On The Kenya Coastal Hinterland." Urban Origins In East Africa 1988; Pp. 73-75. Click to View Abstract
There is a causal relationship between political leadership and economic development. There is evidence that the deterioration of economic conditions in African since independence is owed to poor management of public economic affairs by the incumbent state leadership. This argument implies that whereas the continent may not be very well endowed with natural resources, this may not be held solely responsible for the existing economic woes. Whatever resources exist are capable of generating economic development, indeed economic breakthrough, if they are harnessed and utilized effectively. Conversely, a country may be endowed with enormous natural and human resources, but may remain characterized by poverty and economic backwardness if it is not endowed with visionary, dedicated and rational political leadership capable of appropriating such resources for the purpose of national development and for the prosperity of the citizens. |
446 | 1998 | Henry W. Mutoro. "Precolonial Trading Systems Of The East African Interior In Conah, G. (ed.). Transformations In Africa", Essays On Africa's Later Past. Leicester University Press, 1988 Pp. 186 Click to View Abstract
The precolonial trading systems of the East African interior have a great antiquity ml can best be understood by employing a multidisciplinary approach including archaeology, oral traditions, linguistic evidence and documentary sources. Two types oj trade, namely subsistence-oriented and nonsubsistence-oriented or long-distance frai, can be identified. In general, the nonsubsistence-oriented trade was a response demands for unevenly distributed resources at both local and international levels, This is demonstrated by some of the coastal and hinterland settlements for which there is evidence for periods of prosperity. Archaeological evidence from the pre-tenth-century AD settlements on the coast, and documentary evidence of the same period, show how this prosperity emanated from trade transactions between the coast and the interior in response to industrial and labor-force demands in the lands beyond the Indian Ocean, particularly the Orient and Mediterranean Europe.
The steadily expanding market for commodities from the interior, particularly ivory and slaves, provided by the international maritime trade especially after the fifteenth century, brought new opportunities for the expansion of long-distance trade. These created and strengthened contacts between the East African interior and the coast, in order to satisfy the needs of the expanding markets in Europe and the Orient, for instance, the Akamba, the Nyamwezi, and the Yao caravans, to name just a few, collaborated with the Mijikenda, the Swahili, and Arab caravan traders to deplete tht interior of its resources for the markets overseas. Trade with the interior not only increased in volume but also witnessed the supplementing of traditional commodities with new ones. From the coast, for example, interior communities got luxury items such as cloth, beads, porcelain, glass, and later guns, which had not been seen in the interior before. In addition to these were cowrie shells, now as a form of currency, certain foodstuffs, and salt. These were exchanged for interior products of the hunt and jar slaves. It seems that interior communities never took the first initiative in tk international trade that characterized this region in the period under review. Ik initiative was always taken by coastal communities in response to industrial growth and labor-force demands overseas. Analyzing the balance sheet of this trade, it my k concluded that precolonial African societies in the interior were not what we would now call astute business people with long-term investment programs. There is little evidence to show that they benefited very much from these transactions, in spite of the active role that they played. |
447 | 1998 | Hagenimana, V., Carey, E. Gichuki, S.T., Oyunga, M.A. And Imungi, J.K. 1998. Carotenoid Contents In Fresh, Dried And Processed Sweet Potato Products. Ecol. Food Nutr. 37: 443. Click to View Abstract
Twenty variceal banding sessions were performed in eight patients between February 1995 and September 1996. A total of 69 rings were used to band the varices and at each session between two to six rings were used. Two of the eight had active bleeding and both underwent variceal banding to successfully arrest their bleeding as inpatients. Sixteen other variceal banding sessions were performed on an outpatient basis to obliterate their varices. Four of the eight patients had had sclerotherapy before and varices were still present. No acute or long term complications were noted. In one patient, variceal banding could not be performed as he developed stridor upon placement of the overtube. All the patients had advanced varices (Grade III or IV) and extended for more than 15 cms in the oesophagus. Endoscopic variceal obliteration remains the treatment of choice for patients with portal hypertension with variceal bleeding. Variceal banding is associated with a superior outcome when compared with sclerotherapy; the variceal kill time is shorter, infective complications less, rebleeding occurs less commonly and transfusion requirements are lower. |
448 | 1998 | Efficacy Of Ivermectin Delivered From A Sustained-release Bolus Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Field Grazing Calves In Nyandarua District Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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449 | 1998 | Oduma, J.A. (1998). The Effect Of Graded Doses Of Heptachlor - A Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide - On The Reproductive Performance Of Adult Female (sprague Dawley) Rats. Ph.D Thesis.University Of Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
This publication bring together upto 15 papers presented at the inagural conference of the world Association of Sign Language Interpreters by experts form around the globe. the pares highlight the importance of of worjing together and sharing a global responsibility for the development of interpreting services worldwide. This is a valuable resource for all sign language interpreters, students and interpreter trainers, and contains much to interest those who wish to know more about the situation of Sign Language interpratation form an internation perspective. |
450 | 1998 | OLENJA JM& KIMANI VN 1998: The Role Of Men In Birthing And Postpartum Care. Cambridge Anthropology: 20; (1-2) Pp. 136-145, 1998. Click to View Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pregnancy among adolescents is unplanned in many instances. Although some pregnant adolescents carry the pregnancy to term, abortion, in many instances unsafely induced, is a commonly sought solution in Kenya. OBJECTIVE: To determine adolescents' perceptions of induced abortion. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study carried out between July 1995 and June 1996. SETTING: An urban and a rural district in Kenya. PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents aged 10-19 years in schools in Nairobi and Kiambu districts, and a group of immediate post-abortion adolescent girls in some health facilities in Nairobi. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of health programmes formulated and put into use, which are adolescent-friendly and providing information, education and communication on abortion issues. DATA COLLECTION: One thousand eight hundred and twenty adolescents were subjected to a self-administered questionnaire that collected demographic and health data as well as perceptions of induced abortion. Focus group discussions on perceptions of abortion were held with 12 groups of adolescents in schools and the information obtained recorded on paper and in a tape-recorder. RESULTS: One thousand nine hundred and fifty two adolescents, comprising of 1048 school girls (SG), 580 boys (SB), 192 post-abortion girls (PA) and 132 adolescents in the focus group discussions, formed the study sample. More than 90% were aware of induced abortion (IA). Knowledge of IA correlated positively with level of education (P < 0.01). Seventy one per cent of SG, 84% of PA and 40% of SB were aware of abortion-related complications, the most common being infections, death and infertility. Eighty three per cent of PA felt that complications were preventable by seeking care from a qualified doctor compared to one quarter each for the SB and SG. 56% PA, 69% SB and 72% SG felt that abortions were preventable. However, less than 40% proposed abstinence as a primary strategy. The most important source of information on abortion was the media followed by friends and teachers. CONCLUSION: Adolescents are aware of abortion and the related complications, but there is more variability in their knowledge and preventive measures.
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451 | 1998 | Mbaya, V.B., Hypertension In East Africans And Others Of African Descent: A Review, E. Afr. Med. J. 75(5): 300 1998 Click to View Abstract
As the number of fatalities from cardiovascular diseases declines in western industrial nations, an opposite trend is observed in the East African region. Inter-regional variations in the prevalence of vascular disorders have been attributed to socioeconomic, psychosocial and heritable physiological parameters. Although faulty mineralocorticoid metabolism and the dysfunctional kidney are prominent features of circulatory problems, many current studies are focused on membrane receptors, transmembrane ion transport mechanisms, ion channels and the possible genetic polymorphisms that determine the characteristics of those molecular structures in the vascular system of normal or hypertensive persons. In this review, a composite of the data available on each of the above parameters and its significance in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the industrial West and transforming economies of East Africa is presented. |
452 | 1998 | August 1998: Click to View Abstract
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453 | 1998 | Githang'a, J. N. (1998). Diagnosis Of Disseminated Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Using Cytogenetics: Case Report. Click to View Abstract
Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The clinical, histologic and cytogenetic features of a patient with the alveolar subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) were investigated. The patient presented with a widely disseminated tumour including bone marrow involvement, and was a diagnostic dilemma. The presence of translocation (2;13)(q37;q14), which is strongly associated with alveolar RMS helped make the diagnosis. A review of other published cases confirms the strong association of (2;13) with alveolar RMS. The importance of considering RMS as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with disseminated tumour as the only finding is stressed. This case also shows how cytogenetic investigation of similar patients may provide a diagnosis. |
454 | 1998 | McLeod HL, Syv Click to View Abstract
Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inactivates neurotransmitters, hormones and drugs such as levodopa. COMT activity is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and individuals with low activity have thermolabile COMT protein. A low activity allele has been demonstrated at codon 108/158 of the soluble and membrane bound COMT protein, respectively, whereby a G to A transition results in a valine to methionine substitution, rendering the protein more thermolabile. As ethnic differences in erythrocyte COMT activity have been previously demonstrated, the frequency of low activity alleles were investigated in 265 British Caucasian, 99 British South-west Asian and 102 Kenyan individuals. Genotyping of COMT codon 108/158 was performed using a minisequencing method. Erythrocyte COMT activity was measured in 60 British Caucasian individuals by radiochemical assay. The frequency of low activity alleles was 0.54 in Caucasians, 0.49 in South-west Asians, and 0.32 in Kenyans. There was a much lower frequency of individuals with homozygous low activity allele in the Kenyan population (9%) than in Caucasians (31%) or South-west Asians (27%). Erythrocyte COMT activity was lower and less thermostable in individuals with homozygous low activity alleles. The data provide molecular evidence that low COMT is less common in African individuals than the Caucasian population. PMID: 9682265 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
455 | 1998 | Gatumu J,C(1998)'Development Of An Attitude Scale For Kenya Secondary Christian Religious Education Teachers And Students' In Ife PsychologIA Vol. 6 No 2. P. 94-115 Click to View Abstract
Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inactivates neurotransmitters, hormones and drugs such as levodopa. COMT activity is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and individuals with low activity have thermolabile COMT protein. A low activity allele has been demonstrated at codon 108/158 of the soluble and membrane bound COMT protein, respectively, whereby a G to A transition results in a valine to methionine substitution, rendering the protein more thermolabile. As ethnic differences in erythrocyte COMT activity have been previously demonstrated, the frequency of low activity alleles were investigated in 265 British Caucasian, 99 British South-west Asian and 102 Kenyan individuals. Genotyping of COMT codon 108/158 was performed using a minisequencing method. Erythrocyte COMT activity was measured in 60 British Caucasian individuals by radiochemical assay. The frequency of low activity alleles was 0.54 in Caucasians, 0.49 in South-west Asians, and 0.32 in Kenyans. There was a much lower frequency of individuals with homozygous low activity allele in the Kenyan population (9%) than in Caucasians (31%) or South-west Asians (27%). Erythrocyte COMT activity was lower and less thermostable in individuals with homozygous low activity alleles. The data provide molecular evidence that low COMT is less common in African individuals than the Caucasian population. PMID: 9682265 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
456 | 1998 | Gikunju J.K., Maitho T.E., Mitema S.E. And Mugera G.M. 1998, Fluoride Concentration In Black Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) From Lake Naivasha, Kenya. International Journal Of BioChemiPhysics, Vol. 6 And 7, Nos. 1 And 2, Pp 90 -92 Click to View Abstract
Fluoride determinations were made with a fluoride ion selective electrode on 60 river water samples collected at readily accessible sites in Central and Nairobi provinces of Kenya. The highest fluoride concentration was 0.85 ppm in Laikipia District and the lowest was 0.08 ppm in Murang'a District. By region and district, the mean fluoride concentration ranged from 0.12 ppm for rivers in Laikipia to 0.24 ppm for rivers in Nairobi, with 0.32 ppm in the Upper Basin of the Athi River. The results indicate that the rivers are relatively low in fluoride and are therefore safe in this respect for domestic and industrial use.
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457 | 1998 | Cell-free Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Breast Milk. J Infect Dis. 1998 Jan;177(1):34-9. Lewis P, Nduati R, Kreiss JK, John GC, Richardson BA, Mbori-Ngacha D, Ndinya-Achola J, Overbaugh J. Click to View Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, where the effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been most devastating, there are multiple subtypes of this virus. The distribution of different subtypes within African populations is generally not linked to particular risk behaviors. Thus, Africa is an ideal setting in which to examine the diversity and mixing of viruses from different subtypes on a population basis. In this setting, it is also possible to address whether infection with a particular subtype is associated with differences in disease stage. To address these questions, we analyzed the HIV-1 subtype, plasma viral loads, and CD4 lymphocyte levels in 320 women from Nairobi, Kenya. Subtype was determined by a combination of heteroduplex mobility assays and sequence analyses of envelope genes, using geographically diverse subtype reference sequences as well as envelope sequences of known subtype from Kenya. The distribution of subtypes in this population was as follows: subtype A, 225 (70.3%); subtype D, 65 (20.5%); subtype C, 22 (6.9%); and subtype G, 1 (0.3%). Intersubtype recombinant envelope genes were detected in 2.2% of the sequences analyzed. Given that the sequences analyzed represented only a small fraction of the proviral genome, this suggests that intersubtype recombinant viral genomes may be very common in Kenya and in other parts of Africa where there are multiple subtypes. The plasma viral RNA levels were highest in women infected with subtype C virus, and women infected with subtype C virus had significantly lower CD4 lymphocyte levels than women infected with the other subtypes. Together, these data suggest that women in Kenya who are infected with subtype C viruses are at more advanced stages of immunosuppression than women infected with subtype A or D. There are at least two models to explain the data from this cross-sectional study; one is that infection with subtype C is associated with a more rapid disease progression, and the second is that subtype C represents an older epidemic in Kenya. Discriminating between these possibilities in a longitudinal study will be important for increasing our understanding of the role of specific subtypes in the transmission and pathogenesis of HIV-1. |
458 | 1998 | Divine Control Over Weather Click to View Abstract
Western Kenya, which comprise the highlands west of the Rift Valley and the Lake Victoria basin, receive substantial amount of rainfall almost throughout the year. This region has therefore a high agricultural potential. The characteristics of rainfall in this part of the country are influenced by several factors, which range from meso-scale to global. One of the global teleconnection systems that influence the rainfall over this region is the Southern Oscillation (SO). The SO is an irregular, interannual and global scale see saw fluctuation in surface pressure between Indonesia and Southwest Pacific, and occurs at interval of 2 to 7 years. Both the rainfall and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) data were obtained from the Drought Monitoring Centre (DMC) in Kenya. The Data consisted of monthly rainfall from 24 stations distributed over the region and the monthly-normalized SOI. The period of study was between 1957 to 1993. The seasonal data was derived from the data. The monthly and seasonal rainfall and SOI were subjected to correlation analysis. The t-test was used to determine the statistical significance of the computed correlation values. The spatial and temporal patterns of the correlation values were used to determine the nature of the relationship between the SO and rainfall over western Kenya during various months and seasons. Significant positive correlation values were observed during the months of July- September, while significant negative correlation values were observed during October-December. Low correlation values were however observed during January- May. The significant correlation values observed during July-September and October-December suggest that the SOI can be used as a predictor for the rainfall during these seasons |
459 | 1998 | Emerging Psychosocial Needs For People Living With HIV/AIDS Undergoing Private Commercial Anti-retroviral Treatment In Some Selected Hospitals In Nairobi - Kenya Click to View Abstract
Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. An epidemic of meningococcal disease occurred in Nairobi, Kenya, during 1989, outside the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa. About 3800 cases occurred between April and November (250/100,000 population). The case-fatality rate was 9.4% among hospitalized patients. Areas that included Nairobi's largest slums had particularly high attack rates. The epidemic displayed an unusual age distribution, with high attack rates among those 20-29 years old. A vaccination campaign was conducted. By early January, the weekly case count had fallen to 25 from a high of 272 (in September). A case-control study estimated the vaccine efficacy to be 87% (95% confidence interval, 67%-95%). A model estimated that the vaccination campaign reduced the number of cases by at least 20%. Multilocus enzyme electrophoretic typing demonstrated that the strain responsible for this large epidemic is closely related to strains that caused other recent epidemics, documenting further spread of what may be a particularly virulent clonal complex of group A Neisseria meningitidis.
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460 | 1998 | Legal, Ethical And Gender Implications Of Implementation Of Programmes On The Reduction Of Mother To Child Transmission Of HIV/AIDS Click to View Abstract
Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. An epidemic of meningococcal disease occurred in Nairobi, Kenya, during 1989, outside the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa. About 3800 cases occurred between April and November (250/100,000 population). The case-fatality rate was 9.4% among hospitalized patients. Areas that included Nairobi's largest slums had particularly high attack rates. The epidemic displayed an unusual age distribution, with high attack rates among those 20-29 years old. A vaccination campaign was conducted. By early January, the weekly case count had fallen to 25 from a high of 272 (in September). A case-control study estimated the vaccine efficacy to be 87% (95% confidence interval, 67%-95%). A model estimated that the vaccination campaign reduced the number of cases by at least 20%. Multilocus enzyme electrophoretic typing demonstrated that the strain responsible for this large epidemic is closely related to strains that caused other recent epidemics, documenting further spread of what may be a particularly virulent clonal complex of group A Neisseria meningitidis.
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461 | 1998 | Emerging Psychosocial Needs For People Living With HIV/AIDS Undergoing Private Commercial Anti-retroviral Treatment In Some Selected Hospitals In Nairobi - Kenya Click to View Abstract
Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. An epidemic of meningococcal disease occurred in Nairobi, Kenya, during 1989, outside the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa. About 3800 cases occurred between April and November (250/100,000 population). The case-fatality rate was 9.4% among hospitalized patients. Areas that included Nairobi's largest slums had particularly high attack rates. The epidemic displayed an unusual age distribution, with high attack rates among those 20-29 years old. A vaccination campaign was conducted. By early January, the weekly case count had fallen to 25 from a high of 272 (in September). A case-control study estimated the vaccine efficacy to be 87% (95% confidence interval, 67%-95%). A model estimated that the vaccination campaign reduced the number of cases by at least 20%. Multilocus enzyme electrophoretic typing demonstrated that the strain responsible for this large epidemic is closely related to strains that caused other recent epidemics, documenting further spread of what may be a particularly virulent clonal complex of group A Neisseria meningitidis.
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462 | 1998 | Gor, C.O., And Mosi, R.O. (September, 1998). Socio-economic Impact Analysis Of The Cow From Cow Rotational Scheme In The Kenya/Finland Livestock Development Programme Area. KENFIN-LDP, Kisumu, Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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463 | 1998 | GENERAL TOXICITY TESTS On INDIGENOUS VEGETABLES Click to View Abstract
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GENERAL TOXICITY TESTS on INDIGENOUS VEGETABLES
REPORT
By J.M. Kabaru |
464 | 1998 | Mbeche, O. O.,"EnvironmentaI Impacts Of Energy Use In The Transport Sector: The Case Of Kenya". Proceedings: Workshop On Environmentally Sound Energy Development, United Nations, DESNRM/DESA, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, 12-14 January 19 Click to View Abstract
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This study was conducted in two seasons of2002 at Tigoni, Central Kenya to determine effectiveness of insecticides; neern extract and mineral oil in managing potato aphids and their associated virus diseases. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. In each season, the number of aphids in five randomly selected plants per treatment was recordced in situ. Virus symptoms (i.ncidence) were scored and expressed as a percentage to the total plant population per plot. Forty-five days after emergence, 10 plants each from guard rows and inner rows were randomly selected and serologically assayed for Potato Virus Y (PVY) and Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) using DAS ELISA test. Results showd that three aphid species Aphis gossypii (Glover), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) colonized on the variety with A. gossypii being the most dominant while M. persicae was least. Higher aphid population coincided with the short rains experienced in one of the seasons. Synthetic insecticides (Bifethrin and dimethoate) were the most effective among the treatments in reducing aphid infestation while the neem extract and mineral oil (DC- Tron) had no significant (P<0.05) difference. However, mineral-oil treated plots recorded the lowest PVY incidence while bifenthrin-Ireated plots had the lowest PLRV incidence. It is suggested that a combination of synthetic insecticides and mineral oil could playa major role in reduction of the aphids and their associated vectors. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 |
465 | 1998 | Mbeche, O. O., And T.O. Otieno, "Bicycle Crossings: A Non- Motorised Transport Study In Nairobi". African Urban Quarterly Journal, Vol. 12, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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This study was conducted in two seasons of2002 at Tigoni, Central Kenya to determine effectiveness of insecticides; neern extract and mineral oil in managing potato aphids and their associated virus diseases. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. In each season, the number of aphids in five randomly selected plants per treatment was recordced in situ. Virus symptoms (i.ncidence) were scored and expressed as a percentage to the total plant population per plot. Forty-five days after emergence, 10 plants each from guard rows and inner rows were randomly selected and serologically assayed for Potato Virus Y (PVY) and Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) using DAS ELISA test. Results showd that three aphid species Aphis gossypii (Glover), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) colonized on the variety with A. gossypii being the most dominant while M. persicae was least. Higher aphid population coincided with the short rains experienced in one of the seasons. Synthetic insecticides (Bifethrin and dimethoate) were the most effective among the treatments in reducing aphid infestation while the neem extract and mineral oil (DC- Tron) had no significant (P<0.05) difference. However, mineral-oil treated plots recorded the lowest PVY incidence while bifenthrin-Ireated plots had the lowest PLRV incidence. It is suggested that a combination of synthetic insecticides and mineral oil could playa major role in reduction of the aphids and their associated vectors. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 |
466 | 1998 | Towards A Strategy For Changing Attitudes To Indigenous African Languages." Click to View Abstract
isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died.
Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance; |
467 | 1998 | Kaimenyi, J.T. (1998). Oral Manifestations In HIV Infection. Afya 31:9-11. Click to View Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of Acute Necrotising Gingivitis (ANG), its sex and age distribution, ethnicity and seasonal variation amongst patients at the Dental Unit of Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Nairobi, Kenya. Cards of patients who were seen in the Dental Unit of KNH in 1992/1993, were scrutinised for positive diagnosis of ANG, age, sex, presenting signs and symptoms and treatment that was given. Of the 53,572 patients who were treated, (0.15 per cent) had ANG. Their age range was 1.5-46 years (Mean = 14.5 years), with 58.5 per cent being below 11 years and 32.9 per cent being between 21 and 40 years. The most affected ethnic groups were the Luos and Kikuyus, while 72 per cent of the patients were seen in March and April, and between September and December. It is concluded that the frequency of ANG was low, ANG affected children and adults, and that ANG varied seasonally. PMID: 10907433 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
468 | 1998 | Mukathe D,N(1998)The Development Of Islamic Education And Its Contributions To Modern Education Click to View Abstract
isolated from preterm neonates during the outbreak of gastroenteritis in hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were resistance to trimethoprin-sulfathoxaxole, Chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and ampicilin, but only a few strains were resistant to cefazolin, cefamandole, cefataximine, amikacin and nalidixic acid. Fourteen different antimicrobial resistance patterns were observed in the 229 strains of E.coli analyzed. Eighty-two percent of the EPEC strains belonged to two resistance patterns. There was no consistent relationship between palsmid profile group and antimicrobial resistance pattern, although one resistance pattern was more frequently observed in EAF-positive strins belonging to the dominant plasmid profile group. Nine percent of the EPEC strins were resistant to gentamicin compared to 37% in the non-EPEC group. No correlation was observed between administration of gentamicin and percentage of resistant strains isolated. None of the nine neonates receiving gentamicin died during the outbreak. Gentamicin resistance was observed in E.coli strains from six out of these nine neonates. Five out of fourteen neonates who received other antimicrobials, or no antibiotic at all, died.
Key words: Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli; antimicrobial resistance; |
469 | 1998 | Njoroge, L.K (1998) Contribution Of Foreign Aid To Growth In Kenya (1965-1995): An Empirical Analysis. Click to View Abstract
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470 | 1998 | Njoroge, L.K (1998) Macroeconomics, Economic Reforms And Macro Consistency Project For Zimbabwe A Click to View Abstract
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471 | 1998 | Renal Stones Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of medical therapy in the management of patients with mild, moderate and severe symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Private urology clinic in Mater Hospital, Nairobi between 1995 and 2005. PATIENTS: Six hundred and eighty patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy aged 50-80 years. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty (43.8%) patients benefited from the drug treatment alone and were released from the clinic follow up after five years. Two hundred and seventy (42.2%) cases could not complete the five years follow up on drugs alone due to symptoms recurrence or severity or unavailability of drugs. They were removed from the drugs alone treatment and put on other interventions. Ninety (15.9%) cases were operated on based on their decision and insistence or severity of their symptoms or no drugs response. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study confirms that medical treatment is beneficial in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and is cheap and gives better first line option of treatment choice to many patients. It also gives hopes to the surgical risk patients. The quality of life (QOL) of patients and their family disturbance is also improved.
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472 | 1998 | Clinical Presentation And Management Of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Click to View Abstract
A study of clinical presentation and management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in 35 patients during the period 1983 to 1997 is presented. The peak age was 40-50 years. Haematuria, abdominal pain, fever of unknown origin and abdominal mass were the commonest presenting features. Computerised tomographic (CT) scanning, intravenous urography (IVU) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were the important diagnostic tools. Early diagnosis and surgery are the most important approaches in management.
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473 | 1998 | Urinary Tract Stone Disease In Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
At the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and other private hospitals in Nairobi urinary stone disease is not being correctly diagnosed. Over a 15 year period (1980-1995) only 56 patients have been confirmed to have urinary tract stones out of the expected number of 220 patients. The age range was 10-60 years. The peak age was 30-40 years. Pain and haematuria were the commonest presenting symptoms. Ultrasonography and plane abdominal radiology were the commonest methods of diagnosis. Open surgery and endoscopic stone removal were the commonest modes of management. Extracorporeal shortwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has recently been introduced into the Nairobi Hospital, but was not functional at the time of this study. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is possible but has not been adequately used due to lack of correct equipment. Septicaemia and haemorrhage were the commonest complications of the open surgery.
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474 | 1998 | Perusuh, M. And Ogonda, G. (1998). . Click to View Abstract
Summing multipliers is an important class of operators in the geometric theory of general Banach spaces. They are particularly useful in the study of the structure of the classical spaces. The work done by Grothendieck and Pietsch provides a good basis for the study of this class of operators. The topic of this study is Aspects on (p,q)-summing multipliers. (p,q)-summing multipliers are sequences of bounded linear operators mapping weakly p-summable sequences into strongly q-summable sequences. This study is concerned with using the concepts of absolute and p-summing multipliers to characterize the space of all (p,q)-summing multipliers. In particular we show that the space of all (p, q)-summing multipliers is complete. This is accomplished through a detailed study of the concepts of the summing operators and absolute and p-summing multipliers |
475 | 1998 | "Legislating Land Rights For The Poor. A Preliminary Assessment Of Uganda's Land Act 1998, Paper For The Uganda Land Alliance Strategic Planning Workshop Mukono 6-8, September. Click to View Abstract
The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
476 | 1998 | "Governance Beyond Government"; A Rejoinder To Justice Breyer Of The United States Supreme Court And Prof. Frank Michelman Of Harvard University Law School At A Symposium Organised By The US Association Of Constitutional Law On Constitutionalism Privatisa Click to View Abstract
The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
477 | 1998 | "Implementing Land Legislation In Uganda: Drawing On Comparative Experiences; Paper For A Technical Workshop On The Uganda Land Act. Click to View Abstract
The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
478 | 1998 | "Tenure Regimes And Land Use Systems In Africa: The Challenge Of Sustainability"; In Towards Sustainable Land Use: Furthering Cooperation Between People And Institutions. Edited By Blume. H.P. Eger Et. Al Advances In GEO Ecology 3 (Catena Verglag AMBH). Click to View Abstract
The identification of five novel compounds, pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-erythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 8,9-anhydro-pseudo-N-demethylerythromycin A-6,9-hemiketal, 5-O-beta-D-desosaminylerythronolide A and 15-nor-erythromycin C, in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus is described. The pseudo-erythromycin derivatives are characterized by a 12-membered macrocyclic ring as a result of C13––C11 trans-lactonization. The five compounds have very little antimicrobial activity. |
479 | 1998 | I.O. Kibwage. (1998). Quality Of Pharmaceuticals In Kenya: An Overview. East Cent Afr. J. Pharm. Sci. 1(3): 47- 49. Click to View Abstract
Field trips to herbalists' practices in an area about 200 miles around Nairobi (Kenya) enabled us to make a list of medicinal plant species preferentially used to treat malaria. Ajuga remota and Caesalpinia volkensii were further investigated as being the most frequently used species. Aqueous decoctions, ethanol macerates, and petroleum ether, methanol and water Soxhlet extracts of these plants were further tested for their in vitro antimalarial properties in a chloroquine sensitive (FCA/20GHA) and resistant (W2) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The activity was assessed by the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay method. There was a concentration-dependent inhibition by the vegetal extracts of both plants. The IC(50) of the most active A. remota extract (ethanol macerate) was 55 and 57 microg/ml against FCA/20GHA and W2, respectively. For C. volkensii, it was the Soxhlet-water extract which was most active against FCA/20GHA with an IC(50) of 404 microg/ml while the petroleum ether extract exhibited the most activity against W2 with an IC(50) of 250 microg/ml. Further phytochemical work is being done in order to identify the active principles.
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480 | 1998 | C.K. Maitai, I.O. Kibwage, A. N. Guantai, J. N. Ombega And F.A. Ndemo (1998). A Retrospective Study Of Childhood Poisoning In Kenya In 1991- 93.: East Cent. Afr.J.Pharm.Sci. 1(1):7-10 Click to View Abstract
Field trips to herbalists' practices in an area about 200 miles around Nairobi (Kenya) enabled us to make a list of medicinal plant species preferentially used to treat malaria. Ajuga remota and Caesalpinia volkensii were further investigated as being the most frequently used species. Aqueous decoctions, ethanol macerates, and petroleum ether, methanol and water Soxhlet extracts of these plants were further tested for their in vitro antimalarial properties in a chloroquine sensitive (FCA/20GHA) and resistant (W2) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The activity was assessed by the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay method. There was a concentration-dependent inhibition by the vegetal extracts of both plants. The IC(50) of the most active A. remota extract (ethanol macerate) was 55 and 57 microg/ml against FCA/20GHA and W2, respectively. For C. volkensii, it was the Soxhlet-water extract which was most active against FCA/20GHA with an IC(50) of 404 microg/ml while the petroleum ether extract exhibited the most activity against W2 with an IC(50) of 250 microg/ml. Further phytochemical work is being done in order to identify the active principles.
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481 | 1998 | I.O. Kibwage, E. Ayiemba And C.O. Ondari (1998). Drug Utilization And Cost Patterns In Selected Health Care Facilities In Kenya: East Cent. Afr.J Pharm.Sci. 1(1):11-14 Click to View Abstract
Field trips to herbalists' practices in an area about 200 miles around Nairobi (Kenya) enabled us to make a list of medicinal plant species preferentially used to treat malaria. Ajuga remota and Caesalpinia volkensii were further investigated as being the most frequently used species. Aqueous decoctions, ethanol macerates, and petroleum ether, methanol and water Soxhlet extracts of these plants were further tested for their in vitro antimalarial properties in a chloroquine sensitive (FCA/20GHA) and resistant (W2) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The activity was assessed by the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay method. There was a concentration-dependent inhibition by the vegetal extracts of both plants. The IC(50) of the most active A. remota extract (ethanol macerate) was 55 and 57 microg/ml against FCA/20GHA and W2, respectively. For C. volkensii, it was the Soxhlet-water extract which was most active against FCA/20GHA with an IC(50) of 404 microg/ml while the petroleum ether extract exhibited the most activity against W2 with an IC(50) of 250 microg/ml. Further phytochemical work is being done in order to identify the active principles.
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482 | 1998 | I.O. Kibwage, C. Ondari, I.G. Mureithi, J. Thuranira And J. Hoogmartens. (1998). Analysis Of Co-trimoxazole Products On The Kenyan Market: East Cent. Afr. J Pharm.Sci. 1(2)34-38 Click to View Abstract
Field trips to herbalists' practices in an area about 200 miles around Nairobi (Kenya) enabled us to make a list of medicinal plant species preferentially used to treat malaria. Ajuga remota and Caesalpinia volkensii were further investigated as being the most frequently used species. Aqueous decoctions, ethanol macerates, and petroleum ether, methanol and water Soxhlet extracts of these plants were further tested for their in vitro antimalarial properties in a chloroquine sensitive (FCA/20GHA) and resistant (W2) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The activity was assessed by the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay method. There was a concentration-dependent inhibition by the vegetal extracts of both plants. The IC(50) of the most active A. remota extract (ethanol macerate) was 55 and 57 microg/ml against FCA/20GHA and W2, respectively. For C. volkensii, it was the Soxhlet-water extract which was most active against FCA/20GHA with an IC(50) of 404 microg/ml while the petroleum ether extract exhibited the most activity against W2 with an IC(50) of 250 microg/ml. Further phytochemical work is being done in order to identify the active principles.
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483 | 1998 | I.O. Kibwage, C. K. Maitai And I.G. Mureithi. (1998). Alcohol Content Of Traditional Brews And Miti Ni Dawa In Kenya: East Cent. Afr. J Pharm. Sci. 1(3):54-57 Click to View Abstract
Field trips to herbalists' practices in an area about 200 miles around Nairobi (Kenya) enabled us to make a list of medicinal plant species preferentially used to treat malaria. Ajuga remota and Caesalpinia volkensii were further investigated as being the most frequently used species. Aqueous decoctions, ethanol macerates, and petroleum ether, methanol and water Soxhlet extracts of these plants were further tested for their in vitro antimalarial properties in a chloroquine sensitive (FCA/20GHA) and resistant (W2) strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The activity was assessed by the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay method. There was a concentration-dependent inhibition by the vegetal extracts of both plants. The IC(50) of the most active A. remota extract (ethanol macerate) was 55 and 57 microg/ml against FCA/20GHA and W2, respectively. For C. volkensii, it was the Soxhlet-water extract which was most active against FCA/20GHA with an IC(50) of 404 microg/ml while the petroleum ether extract exhibited the most activity against W2 with an IC(50) of 250 microg/ml. Further phytochemical work is being done in order to identify the active principles.
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484 | 1998 | Okeyo A. M., Mosi, R.O And L.K.I. Langat. 1998. Effects Of Parity And Previousparity Status On Reproductive Performance Of Kenya Kenya Boran Cows. Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
485 | 1998 | Okeyo A. M. And C.O. Ahuya. 1998. Factors Affecting Milk Butterfat Content Of Two Indigenous Kenyan Goat Breeds. Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
486 | 1998 | Okeyo, A. M. 1998. Dairy Goat Inspection And Judging: Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
487 | 1998 | Report On The 1997 General Elections In Kenya (ed) (Nairobi, Institute For Education In Democracy, Catholic Justice And Peace Commission And National Council Of Churches Of Kenya) Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
488 | 1998 | 'National Legal Services Scheme: A Concept Paper On General Legilsative Principles' Click to View Abstract
PIP: This research report studies several biochemical and histochemical aspects of cervical carcinoma and explores their use in follow-up of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Material came from 19 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma admitted to Kenyatta National Hospital. A control group consisted of 20 women matched for age who attended clinics at the hospital but were not suffering from any malignant disease; control tissue for histological examination was obtained from 3 women who had undergone hysterectomy for uterine fibroids. Biochemical assays for alkaline and acid phosphatases in patients with cervical carcinoma show an increase in alkaline phosphatase in carcinomatous tissue (35.7 umoles/hr/mg) as opposed to normal tissue (7.2). Acid phosphatase values were only moderately raised. Assays of the same enzymes in blood showed a less marked difference between patients and controls (ranges of 7.5-20.8 and 3-14, respectively). When examined histochemically, increased alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in connective tissue, epithelium of the glands and blood capillaries of tumor tissue. 1 section containing normal tissue bordering carcinomatous tissue demonstrated normal alkaline phosphatase activity in the normal tissue and increased activity in the tumor tissue. In summary, there is increased enzyme activity around the tumor areas, but values for serum levels show an overlap of normal and abnormal cases and are therefore not predictive. Results demonstrate a clear difference in activities of these enzymes in carcinomatous tissue and normal tissue, which may be of value in follow-up care. |
489 | 1998 | Michael Polanyi And The Personal Element In Science Click to View Abstract
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490 | 1998 | Nganga, J.K. 1998: Meteorology Of Air Pollution, Invited Paper, Proceedings Of The Kenya Meteorological Society Workshop On Challenges Of Meteorology In Sustainable Industrial Development, Mombasa, Kenya 7-1 1 Sept 1998 Pp. 396-400. Click to View Abstract
n/a |
491 | 1998 | Politics And Struggles For Access To Land: Click to View Abstract
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492 | 1998 | Ethnicity, Party Politics And Electoral Process In Kenya - The 1997 Multi-party General Elections (pp10-16). Contribution To Arne Tostensen Et Al (ed), Kenya Click to View Abstract
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493 | 1998 | Civil Society And Politics Of Democratisation In Kenya; The 1997 Elections (pp 30-33). Contribution In Arne Tostensen Et Al (ed), Kenya Click to View Abstract
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494 | 1998 | Politics And Struggles For Access To Land: Click to View Abstract
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495 | 1998 | Struggles Of Access To Land: The Squatter Question In Coastal Kenya", CDR Working Paper No. 98.7, Centre For Development Research, Copenhagen. Click to View Abstract
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496 | 1998 | "Contestation Over Political Space: The State And Demobilization Of Party Politics In Kenya" CDR Working Paper No. 98.12, Centre For Development Research, Copenhagen (Revised Version Published As A Book Chapter). Click to View Abstract
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497 | 1998 | The Land Question In Kenya: Struggles, Accumulation And Changing Politics. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, International Development Studies, Roskilde University, Denmark, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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498 | 1998 | Democratisation And Governance: Challenges And Prospects (Illustrated With A Case Study Of NGOs In Kenya, A Paper Prepared For A Conference On "African Regional Consultation For Non-Governmental Organizations". Organized By The Conference Of Non-governmen Click to View Abstract
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499 | 1998 | Benchmark Study Of Micro Finance Services For Small And Microenterprises In Kenya, University Of Nairobi, IDS Discussion Paper No.65. Click to View Abstract
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500 | 1998 | Impact Assessment Of WEDCO Enterprise. IDS Occasional Click to View Abstract
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501 | 1998 | Farah, K.O., A. F. Tanaka, And N. E. West. 1988. Autecology And Population Biology Of Dyers Woad (Isatis Tinctoria) . Weed Science 36:186-193 Click to View Abstract
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502 | 1998 | West, N. E. And K.O. Farah 1989. Effects Of Clipping And Sheep Grazing On Dyers Woad. Journ. Range Manage. 42: 5-10 Click to View Abstract
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503 | 1998 | Chindia ML, Guthua SW, Awange DO, Wakoli KA.Osteosarcoma Of The Maxillofacial Bones In Kenyans.J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1998 Apr;26(2):98-101. Click to View Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly malignant tumour and is the most common primary neoplasm of bone; although rare, especially in the maxillofacial skeleton. This article presents 14 Kenyan cases of OS of the maxillofacial bones seen between January 1991 and July 1997: 11 in the mandible, two in the maxilla and one in the right zygomatic arch. Patients ranged in age from one week to 50 years (Mean = 29.7), with an equal gender distribution. While pain and rapid swelling were the commonest clinical features, the radiographic and histopathological characteristics were as varied as has been described elsewhere. Generally, effective management of most of the cases was poor due to late presentation for treatment. |
504 | 1998 | Maribei, J.M., Njoroge E.M. And Mbugua, P.N. (1998). Clinical Manifestation Of Experimental Water Intoxication In Calves Indian Journal Of Animal Sciences 68(6): 531 Click to View Abstract
Water intoxication is a condition that is common in cattle, and has also been reported in other domestic animals and man. A comprehensive description of the condition is lacking. For a better understanding of the condition, this paper reviews work that has been reported previously by various authors |
505 | 1998 | Maribei, J.M., E.M. Njoroge, And S.M. Njiro (1998). A Case Of Ovine Lymphosarcoma In Kenya. A Case Report. J. Of S. Africa Vet. Ass. 69(3): 105-107. Click to View Abstract
Water intoxication is a condition that is common in cattle, and has also been reported in other domestic animals and man. A comprehensive description of the condition is lacking. For a better understanding of the condition, this paper reviews work that has been reported previously by various authors |
506 | 1998 | Follow Up Of Patients After Open Heart Surgery. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the patient drop out to postoperative follow up for heart patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study analysed the postoperative attendance of heart patients to the surgical outpatient clinic at the KNH. Data on clinic attendance was collected over a one-year period from patient files and from clinic attendance. RESULTS: A total of four hundred and seventy-five open heart operations have been performed at the Kenyatta National Hospital over the last twenty-five years. The patients' mean age is 18.0 years. Clinic follow up rate over this period is 85% at one-year, 62% at five-years, 32% at ten-years and 13% at fifteen-years. A number of patients who had since fallen out to clinic follow up were traced during the study period, when included into the analysis the revised figures are 85%, 70%, 40% and 24% respectively. The difference is statistically significant (p = 0.019). There was no significant statistical difference in the follow up between males and females (p = 0.278), however between patients operated for congenital heart diseases compared to valve patients, the difference was significant (p = 0.007), valve patients having a better follow up. The five-year follow up for isolated mitral, aortic and double valve replacements were 94%, 74% and 78% respectively. CONCLUSION: Despite deceptively good follow up figures, our figures are in fact poor when age is considered. Financial combined with logistical problems are the most likely causes of poor follow up.
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507 | 1998 | CHILUBA, R. T., WANGO, E. O., MIARON, O. J., ODUOR-OKELO, D., PEREKA,A. E., & WINGA, J., (1998). Effects Of Dieldrin On Plasma Testosterone And Plasma Luitenizing Hormone In Male Rats. Tanzania Vet. J. 18(2): 127-135. Click to View Abstract
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508 | 1998 | ODUMA, J.A., MAKAWITI, D. W., WANGO, E. O., ODUOR-OKELO, D.,SCHULER, G., & HOFFMANN, B., (1998). In Vitro And In Vivo Effects Of The Pesticide Heptachlor On The Synthesis Of Progesterone And Estradiol.Proc. First Meet. Fed. African Soc. Biochem & Mol. Bio Click to View Abstract
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509 | 1998 | Gitau, T., McDermott, J J., Waltner-Toews, D.,Gathuma, J.M., Kangethe, E.K., Kimani, V.W., Kilungo, J.K., Muni, R.K., Mwangi, J.M. And Otieno, G.O. (1998). The Agrosystem Health Approach: An Integrated Assessment Of Smallholder Dairy Farms In Kiambu Distr Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. |
510 | 1998 | Oteno,G.O., Suda, C., Gitau, T., Mwangi, J.M., McDermott, J.J., Waltner-Toews, D., Gathuma, J M., Kangethe, E.K., Kimani, V.W., Kilungo, J.K. And Muni, R.K. (1998). Participatory Action Research : The Missing Link To Sustainable And Effective Intervention Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. |
511 | 1998 | Mwangi, J.M., Otieno, G.O., Suda,C., Gitau, T., McDermott,J.J., Waltner-Toews,D., Gathuma, J.M., Kangethe, E.K., Kimani,V.W.,Kilungo,J.K., Muni, R.K. And Khasiani, S.A.(1998). Social Economic Constraints To Agricultural Productivity In Kiambu District. Ke Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. |
512 | 1998 | Gatongi, P.M. Gthuma, J.M. And Munyua, W.K. (1987). The Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Cattle In Tetu Division Of Nyeri District, Kenya. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. 35, 294 Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. |
513 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Nansen, PO., Kyvsgaard, N., Thamsborg, S.M., Gathuma, J.M. And Bogh, H.O (1998). An Abattoir Survey Of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections In Cattle In The Central Highlands Of Kenya. Vet. Res. Commun., 22, 325 Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. |
514 | 1998 | Gatongi, P.M., Richard, R.K., Ranjan, S., Gathuma, J.M., Munyua, W.K., Cheruiyot, H. And Scoot, M.E. (1998). Hypobiosis Of Haemonclus Contortus In 13 Natural Infections Of Sheep And Goats In A Semi-arid Area Of Kenya. Vet. Parasit. 77, 49 Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. |
515 | 1998 | Maingi, N., Bjorn, H., Munyua,W.K. And Gathuma, J.M. (1998). Resistance To Benzimidazoles And Levamisole In Nematode Parasites Of Sheep In Nyandarua District Of Kenya. Acta Tropica, 69, 31-40 Click to View Abstract
No abstract available. |
516 | 1998 | Equipping Project Staff In Conflict Situation To Be Agents Of Positive Developmental Energy" (Co-author). In UK Discussion Paper Series No. 6 Spring 1998 Pp 5 - 11. Click to View Abstract
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517 | 1998 | Developing Urban Capital Through Community Participation: A Conceptual Discussion. Forthcoming In African Urban Quarterly Journal, University Of Nairobi, 1998 Click to View Abstract
Seventeen cows of various breeds with varying degrees of severity of advanced ocular squamous cell carcinoma were treated by radical surgery, which included enucleation and extirpation of the surrounding ocular muscles and tissues. The degree of severity and the extent of the carcinoma lesion was correlated with the outcome of treatment for each case. It was observed that: 1. eyeball involvement, 2. ulceration and subsequent infection of carcinoma lesion involving the eyelids and 3. involvement of the regional lymphnodes especially the parotid , are some of the main factors that could be used to draw prognosis of such cases. Although the initial surgery may not be costly, the overall cost of managing postoperative complications is prohibitive and results to vast economic losses that should not be ignored. |
518 | 1998 | United Nations Environment Programm Annual Evaluation Report 1997: UNEP Publications, Nairobi, 1998. Click to View Abstract
Seventeen cows of various breeds with varying degrees of severity of advanced ocular squamous cell carcinoma were treated by radical surgery, which included enucleation and extirpation of the surrounding ocular muscles and tissues. The degree of severity and the extent of the carcinoma lesion was correlated with the outcome of treatment for each case. It was observed that: 1. eyeball involvement, 2. ulceration and subsequent infection of carcinoma lesion involving the eyelids and 3. involvement of the regional lymphnodes especially the parotid , are some of the main factors that could be used to draw prognosis of such cases. Although the initial surgery may not be costly, the overall cost of managing postoperative complications is prohibitive and results to vast economic losses that should not be ignored. |
519 | 1998 | Muthama, N. J., 1998: Estimation Of Ultraviolet Radiation Using Dobson Spectrophotometer, Click to View Abstract
The study found out that Masinga Dam has adversely affected the public health in the communities around the dam. malaria was the most prevalent ailment followed by typhoid fever. Bilharzia has also increased since the dam was constructed. |
520 | 1998 | A Synthesis Of Enantiomerically Enriched Propargylsilanes Click to View Abstract
Reduction of ethyl 3-methyl-, 3-isopropyl- and 3-n-pentyl-3-[dimethyl(phenyl)silyl]propanoates with DIBAL to the aldehydes, enol trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) formation using trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) anhydride and 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine, and elimination using LDA, gives the propargyl silanes . The esters could also be prepared enantiomerically enriched, and the final products are the enantiomerically enriched propargyl (homochiral) silanes.
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521 | 1998 | Small Scale Enterprise In Nairobi: The Socio-cultural Factors Influencing Investment Patterns Among Informal Sector Women Entrepreneurs. IDS Working Paper No. 523. December Click to View Abstract
BACKGROUND: Malaria control in Africa relies primarily on early effective treatment for clinical disease, but most early treatments for fever occur through self-medication with shop-bought drugs. Lack of information to community members on over-the-counter drug use has led to widespread ineffective treatment of fevers, increased risks of drug toxicity and accelerating drug resistance. We examined the feasibility and measured the likely impact of training shop keepers in rural Africa on community drug use. METHODS: In a rural area of coastal Kenya, we implemented a shop keeper training programme in 23 shops serving a population of approximately 3500, based on formative research within the community. We evaluated the training by measuring changes in the proportions of drug sales where an adequate amount of chloroquine was purchased and in the percentage of home-treated childhood fevers given an adequate amount of chloroquine. The programme was assessed qualitatively in the community following the shop keeper training. RESULTS: The percentage of drug sales for children with fever which included an antimalarial drug rose from 34.3% (95% CI 28.9%-40.1%) before the training to a minimum of 79.3% (95% CI 71.8%-85.3%) after the training. The percentage of antimalarial drug sales where an adequate amount of drug was purchased rose from 31.8% (95% CI 26.6%-37.6%) to a minimum of 82.9% (95% CI 76.3%-87.3%). The percentage of childhood fevers where an adequate dose of chloroquine was given to the child rose from 3.7% (95% CI 1.2%-9.7%) before the training to a minimum of 65.2% (95% CI 57.7%-72.0%) afterwards, which represents an increase in the appropriate use of over-the-counter chloroquine by at least 62% (95% CI 53.7%-69.3%). Shop keepers and community members were strongly supportive of the aims and outcome of the programme. CONCLUSIONS: The large shifts in behaviour observed indicate that the approach of training shop keepers as a channel for information to the community is both feasible and likely to have a significant impact. Whilst some of the impact seen may be attributable to research effects in a relatively small scale pilot study, the magnitude of the changes support further investigation into this approach as a potentially important new strategy in malaria control. |
522 | 1998 | Ochanda,J.O., Oduor, E.A.C., Imbuga, M.O., Galun, R. And Mumcuoglu, K.Y. Partial Characterization And Post-feeding Activity Of Midgut Aminopeptidase In The Human Body Louse, Pediculus Humanus Humanus. Physiol. Entomol. 23, 382-387. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Screening and biochemical characterisation of trypanosome-lysing factor (trypanolysin) from non-vector insect, Schistocerca gregaria. DESIGN: Laboratory based experiment. SETTING: Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi. RESULTS: Lysis of isolated trypanosomes was demonstrated with midgut homogenates of natural vector Glossina morsitans centralis as well in non-vector insects. The highest trypanolytic activity was observed in midgut homogenate of the desert locust. Schistocerca gregaria followed by the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L). Further studies on the S. gregaria trypanolytic factor showed its proteinaceous nature due to its sensitivity to temperatures above 40 degrees C and to proteases. Additionally, the factor showed lectin-like properties since the activity was blocked by D-glucosamine. CONCLUSION: The trypanolytic factor has the potential of being used to modulate tsetse fly vectorial capacity. |
523 | 1998 | Ochanda,J.O., Oduor, EAC.,Mumcuoglu,K.Y., Imbuga,M.O, Oduol,V.O BenYakir, And Galun, R. Characterization Of Body Louse Midgut Proteins. Proceedings Of The First Meeting Of Federation Of African Society Of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology. Page (305-314) Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Screening and biochemical characterisation of trypanosome-lysing factor (trypanolysin) from non-vector insect, Schistocerca gregaria. DESIGN: Laboratory based experiment. SETTING: Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi. RESULTS: Lysis of isolated trypanosomes was demonstrated with midgut homogenates of natural vector Glossina morsitans centralis as well in non-vector insects. The highest trypanolytic activity was observed in midgut homogenate of the desert locust. Schistocerca gregaria followed by the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L). Further studies on the S. gregaria trypanolytic factor showed its proteinaceous nature due to its sensitivity to temperatures above 40 degrees C and to proteases. Additionally, the factor showed lectin-like properties since the activity was blocked by D-glucosamine. CONCLUSION: The trypanolytic factor has the potential of being used to modulate tsetse fly vectorial capacity. |
524 | 1998 | Osano A.A., Siboe, G.M., Ochanda,J.O. And Kokwaro, J.O. Biodegradation Of DDT(1,1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis)(4-Chlorophenyl) Ethene By The White Not Fungus Pleurotus Luteoalbus Leeli. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Screening and biochemical characterisation of trypanosome-lysing factor (trypanolysin) from non-vector insect, Schistocerca gregaria. DESIGN: Laboratory based experiment. SETTING: Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi. RESULTS: Lysis of isolated trypanosomes was demonstrated with midgut homogenates of natural vector Glossina morsitans centralis as well in non-vector insects. The highest trypanolytic activity was observed in midgut homogenate of the desert locust. Schistocerca gregaria followed by the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L). Further studies on the S. gregaria trypanolytic factor showed its proteinaceous nature due to its sensitivity to temperatures above 40 degrees C and to proteases. Additionally, the factor showed lectin-like properties since the activity was blocked by D-glucosamine. CONCLUSION: The trypanolytic factor has the potential of being used to modulate tsetse fly vectorial capacity. |
525 | 1998 | Ochanda, J. O. Containment Specification For Micro-organisms, Plants And Animals. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Screening and biochemical characterisation of trypanosome-lysing factor (trypanolysin) from non-vector insect, Schistocerca gregaria. DESIGN: Laboratory based experiment. SETTING: Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi. RESULTS: Lysis of isolated trypanosomes was demonstrated with midgut homogenates of natural vector Glossina morsitans centralis as well in non-vector insects. The highest trypanolytic activity was observed in midgut homogenate of the desert locust. Schistocerca gregaria followed by the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L). Further studies on the S. gregaria trypanolytic factor showed its proteinaceous nature due to its sensitivity to temperatures above 40 degrees C and to proteases. Additionally, the factor showed lectin-like properties since the activity was blocked by D-glucosamine. CONCLUSION: The trypanolytic factor has the potential of being used to modulate tsetse fly vectorial capacity. |
526 | 1998 | Ogeng Click to View Abstract
Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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527 | 1998 | Ogeng Click to View Abstract
Knowledge of the variant vascular anatomy of the subhepatic region is important for hepatobiliary surgeons in limiting operative complications due to unexpected bleeding. The pattern of arterial blood supply of 102 gallbladders was studied by gross dissection. The cystic artery originated from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases. The rest were aberrant and originated from the proper hepatic artery. Accessory arteries were observed to originate from proper hepatic artery (n = 5), left hepatic artery (n = 2), and right hepatic artery (n = 1). Most of the arteries approached the gallbladder in relation to the common hepatic duct (anterior 45.1%, posterior, 46.1%). The other vessels passed anterior to common bile duct (2.9%), posterior to common bile duct (3.9%), or were given off in Calot's triangle. Cystic arteries in this data set show wide variations in terms of relationship to the duct systems. In about one tenth of patients, an accessory cystic artery may need to be ligated or clipped during cholecystectomy. 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
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528 | 1998 | Informal Credit And Rural Small Enterprises Growth: A Local-Level Perspective On Sustainable Development In Vihiga, Western Kenya - Journal Of Asian And African Studies XXXIII #2 1998 ISSN 0021-9096 Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
529 | 1998 | Reviewer, Thomas Spear, Mountain Farmers: Moral Economies Of Land And Agricultural Development In Arusha And Meru (Berkeley: University Of California Press, 1997), X, 262pp. Cloth $48, Paper $17.95, 1998. Journal Of Asian And African Studies ISSN 0021-909 Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
530 | 1998 | Editorial Introduction, Rethinking Regional Development: African, Asian And Latin American Perspectives, Regional Development Dialogue, 19(2:1998): 2-6, ISSN 0250-6505 Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
531 | 1998 | Strengthening Local Social Systems And People's Self-Organisational Capabilities For Local And Regional Development. Regional Development Dialogue, 19(2:1998): 69-84. ISSN 0250-6505 Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
532 | 1998 | Microeconomies And Structural Adjustment In Africa: Experiences And Prospects Of Small Business And Farmers, September 7-8, 1998, Tokyo-Japan ISBN 906687-02-4 Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
533 | 1998 | G. C. Macoloo, Rapporteurs' Report, Chapter III In C. O. Okidi, Ed., Reflections On Management Of Drainage Basins In Africa, IDS Occasional Paper No.51, January Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
534 | 1998 | Strengthening Local Social Systems And Peoples' Self-organisation Capabilities For Local And Regional Development. Paper Prepared For Africa Regional Development Policy Forum, Organised By UNCRD, Africa Office 10-11th June, 1998, Nairobi, Kenya- Published Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
535 | 1998 | Towards The Establishment Of The Global Networking In African Studies: Modalities And Support For Strengthening Institutional Linkages - African Perspective, Paper Presented At The International Symposium On Global Mobilisation Of Intellectual Resources F Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
536 | 1998 | Africa Regional Development Forum: A Synthesis Of Policy Issues And Responses To Local And Regional Development Forum Convenor UNCRD Global Forum On Regional Development Policy 1 To 4 December, 1998, Nagoya, Japan Click to View Abstract
Presented here is a 16-year-old girl who was referred on 30th January 1996 with diagnosis of cord compression with spastic paraplegia with sensory level at T7/T8. CT scan myelogam confirmed soft tissue density mass displacing cord to the left with no dye being seen beyond T3. Thoracic spine decompressive laminectomy was performed on 1st January 1996 at Nairobi West Hospital extending from T3 to T6 level, which revealed a fibrous haemorrhagic tumour. Histology showed meningioma (mixed fibrous type and meningoepitheliomatous type) with many psammoma bodies. She had a stormy post-operative period, with infection and wound dehiscence. This was treated with appropriate antibiotics and wound care. She was eventually rehabilitated and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame because of persistent spasticity of right leg. She was seen once as an outpatient by author on 6th July 1996, she was able to use the walking frame, but the right leg was still held in flexion deformity at the knee. She was thus referred to an orthopaedic surgeon for possible tenotomy. She was able to resume her studies at the University ambulating using a wheel chair and walking frame. She presented with worsening of symptoms in 2001 (five years after her first surgery). MRI scan thoracic spine revealed a left anterolateral intradural lesion extending from T3 to T5 vertebral body level compressing and displacing the spinal cord. She had a repeat surgery on 6th March 2001 at Kenyatta National Hospital; spastic paraparesis and urinary incontinenece persisted. She also developed bed sores and recurrent urinary tract infections. She was followed up by the author and other medical personnel in Mwea Mission Hospital where she eventually succumbed in 2005, nine years after her first surgery. This case is presented as a case of incompletely excised spinal meningioma to highlight some of the problems of managing spinal meningiomas when operating microscope and embolisation of tumours are not readily available. Also the family experienced financial constraint in bringing the patient for regular follow-up, and getting access to appropriate antibiotics, catheters and urine bags. |
537 | 1998 | Distribution Of Lesion Nematodes Associated With Maize In Kenya And Susceptibility Of Maize Cultivars To Pratylenchus Zeae. African Crop Science Journal 6:367 Click to View Abstract
The vision of the Government of Kenya is to facilitate ICT as a universal tool for education and training. In order to achieve this vision every educational institution, teacher, learner and the respective community should be equipped with appropriate ICT infrastructure, competencies and policies for usage and progress. It calls for recognition of the fact that ICT provides capabilities and skills needed for a knowledge-based economy. It also calls for transforming teaching and learning to incorporate new pedagogies that are appropriate for the 21st century.
The Ministry of Education�s (MOE) mission is to facilitate effective use of ICT to improve access, learning and administration in delivery education programmes and services. The principal objective will be to integrate ICT in the delivery of education and training curricula. XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = O />
Although not exhaustive, the range of ICT that have been used in the delivery of education to improve access, teaching, learning, and administration includes: Electric Board, Audio Cassette, Radio for Interactive Radio Instructions (IRI), Video/TV-Learning, Computer, Integrated ICT infrastructure and Support Application Systems (SAS).These systems are in use, at various degrees, in most parts of Africa (Charp, 1998). This plan envisages use ofthese digital components to improve access and quality in the delivery of education in Kenya.
The major challenge in respect to this component is limited digital equipment at virtually all levels of education. While the average access rate is one computer to 15 students in most of the developed countries, the access rate in Kenya is approximately one computer to 150 students (EMIS, 2005).
Whereas most secondary schools in Kenya have some computer equipment, only a small fraction is equipped with basic ICT infrastructure. In most cases equipment of schools with ICT infrastructure has been through initiatives supported by the parents, government, development agencies and the private sector, including the NEPAD E-Schools programme. Attempts to set up basic ICT infrastructure in primary schools are almost negligible.
According to ICTs in Education Options Paper, one of the main problems is limited penetration of the physical telecommunication infrastructure into rural and low-income areas. Specifically, the main challenge is limited access to dedicated phone lines and high-speed systems or connectivity to access e-mail and Internet resources.
The EMIS Survey (2003/2004) indicated that over 70% of secondary schools and a much larger proportion of primary schools require functional telephones. Indeed, many parts of Kenya cannot easily get Internet services because of the poor telephone networks. About 90% of secondary schools need to establish standard Local Area Networks (LANs) in order to improve sharing of learning resources.
Alternative and appropriate technologies for access to Internet resources, including wireless systems remain quite expensive. Indeed, a small proportion of schools have direct access, through Internet Service Providers (ISPs), to high-speed data and communication systems.
Furthermore, very few schools in the rural areas use wireless technology such as VSAT to access e-mail and Internet resources. Nearly all of the 6 NEPAD e-Schools are in rural areas and are expected to enjoy internet connectivity through VSAT technology.
While other countries have reported up to 41% of integration of ICT to teaching and learning, the proportion remains substantially low in Africa, Kenya included. Integration aims at the use ICT to support teaching and learning in the delivery of the various curricula to achieve improved education outcomes. Because ICT is interactive media, it facilitates students to develop diversified skills needed for industrialization and a knowledge-based economy. It also allows teachers and learners to proceed at different paces depending on the prevailing circumstances.
As a first step, the Ministry of Education has initiated a major ICT project in Secondary schools meant to equip over 200 secondary schools with ICT infrastructure for integration of ICT in teaching/learning process ( KESSP, 2004). Three schools have been chosen in every district of Kenya. |
538 | 1998 | Luo Biological Dictionary; 264pp 1998 East African Educ. Publ Click to View Abstract
Total number of pages: 515, including 35 pages of colour illustrations. |
539 | 1998 | Luo Biological Dictionary (Jointly Authored With Prof. Timothy Johns Of McGill University, Canada). Click to View Abstract
Total number of pages: 515, including 35 pages of colour illustrations. |
540 | 1998 | Opportunities Of The Lome Convention For The East African Economy; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, April Nairobi Click to View Abstract
J. O. Midiwo, A. Yenesew, B. F. Juma, S. Dereses, J. A. Ayoo, A. Aluoch and S. Guchu There are several described medicinal plants in Kenya from a flora of approximately 10,000 members. Strong cross-medical information from the 42 ethnic groups points to the high potential of some of these species. The Myrsinaceae are well established ethno-anthelmintics and anti-bacterials. They are harbingers of long alkyl side chain benzoquinones which clearly have a protective function from their histochemical disposition. The main benzoquinone in the sub-family Myrsinodae is embelin while for the Maesodae it is maesaquinone together with its 5-acetyl derivative; the distribution of these benzoquinones by their alkyl side chain length or the presence/absence of a 6-methyl group is in accord with morphological sub-family de-limitation. The benzoquinones showed anti-feedant, anti-microbial, phytotoxic, acaricidal, insecticidal and nematicidal activity. Many other benzoquinones of medium and minor concentration were also isolated and characterised. Some plants belonging to the Polygonaceae which are widely used as ethno-anthelmintics have been studied. The common anthelmintic anthraquinones were obtained from all five Rumex species while the naphthalenic acetogenin derivative, nepodin was more selectively distributed. The leaf of Polygonum senegalense is up to 17% surface exudate; about thirteen non polar flavonoid derivatives (chalcones, dihydrochalcones, flavanones and a flavone) have been isolated from it. From the internal aerial tissues of this plant, the major flavonoids were common flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin and their glycosides. The only unique compound isolated from this plant was 2prime-glucosyl-6prime-hydroxy-4prime-methoxydihydrochalcone whose aglycone, uvangolatin is part of the exudate mixture. Other leaf exudate plants studied include the stomach-ache medicine, Psiadia punctulata (Compositae) from which novel methylated flavonoids, kaurene and trachyloban diterpenes have been found |
541 | 1998 | East African Perspectives For A New Lome Convention: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, November Nairobi Click to View Abstract
J. O. Midiwo, A. Yenesew, B. F. Juma, S. Dereses, J. A. Ayoo, A. Aluoch and S. Guchu There are several described medicinal plants in Kenya from a flora of approximately 10,000 members. Strong cross-medical information from the 42 ethnic groups points to the high potential of some of these species. The Myrsinaceae are well established ethno-anthelmintics and anti-bacterials. They are harbingers of long alkyl side chain benzoquinones which clearly have a protective function from their histochemical disposition. The main benzoquinone in the sub-family Myrsinodae is embelin while for the Maesodae it is maesaquinone together with its 5-acetyl derivative; the distribution of these benzoquinones by their alkyl side chain length or the presence/absence of a 6-methyl group is in accord with morphological sub-family de-limitation. The benzoquinones showed anti-feedant, anti-microbial, phytotoxic, acaricidal, insecticidal and nematicidal activity. Many other benzoquinones of medium and minor concentration were also isolated and characterised. Some plants belonging to the Polygonaceae which are widely used as ethno-anthelmintics have been studied. The common anthelmintic anthraquinones were obtained from all five Rumex species while the naphthalenic acetogenin derivative, nepodin was more selectively distributed. The leaf of Polygonum senegalense is up to 17% surface exudate; about thirteen non polar flavonoid derivatives (chalcones, dihydrochalcones, flavanones and a flavone) have been isolated from it. From the internal aerial tissues of this plant, the major flavonoids were common flavonoids, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin and their glycosides. The only unique compound isolated from this plant was 2prime-glucosyl-6prime-hydroxy-4prime-methoxydihydrochalcone whose aglycone, uvangolatin is part of the exudate mixture. Other leaf exudate plants studied include the stomach-ache medicine, Psiadia punctulata (Compositae) from which novel methylated flavonoids, kaurene and trachyloban diterpenes have been found |
542 | 1998 | Oburra, H. Late Presentation Of Laryngeal And Nasopharyngeal Cancer In Kenyatta National Hospital. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of adenotonsillectomy in a sample of Kenyan hospitals and to review indications, timing and complications in 97 cases of adenotonsillectomy done by the authors. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive study. SETTING: Kenyatta National, Nairobi, Aga Khan, Gertrude and Mater Hospitals. RESULTS: Adenotonsillectomy is the most frequent otolaryngologic surgical operation. Indications for surgery were upper airway obstruction in 61.3%, recurrent tonsillitis in 28.7% and both in 7.5%. Surgery was indicated during the acute stage in 6.8% of cases. There was one case of post-operative acute airway obstruction. Post operative bleeding from the tonsillar bed was encountered in 2.1% of cases. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy is the most common otolaryngologic surgical operation in our set-up. The low frequency of complications and a short hospital stay puts up a case for routine adenotonsillectomy as a day surgery procedure. |
543 | 1998 | Oburra, H. Causes Of Ear Trauma In Kenyan Patients. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of adenotonsillectomy in a sample of Kenyan hospitals and to review indications, timing and complications in 97 cases of adenotonsillectomy done by the authors. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive study. SETTING: Kenyatta National, Nairobi, Aga Khan, Gertrude and Mater Hospitals. RESULTS: Adenotonsillectomy is the most frequent otolaryngologic surgical operation. Indications for surgery were upper airway obstruction in 61.3%, recurrent tonsillitis in 28.7% and both in 7.5%. Surgery was indicated during the acute stage in 6.8% of cases. There was one case of post-operative acute airway obstruction. Post operative bleeding from the tonsillar bed was encountered in 2.1% of cases. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy is the most common otolaryngologic surgical operation in our set-up. The low frequency of complications and a short hospital stay puts up a case for routine adenotonsillectomy as a day surgery procedure. |
544 | 1998 | Oburra H. Otolaryngology/Head And Neck Surgical Services In Developing Countries: Challenges And Future Perspectives. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of adenotonsillectomy in a sample of Kenyan hospitals and to review indications, timing and complications in 97 cases of adenotonsillectomy done by the authors. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive study. SETTING: Kenyatta National, Nairobi, Aga Khan, Gertrude and Mater Hospitals. RESULTS: Adenotonsillectomy is the most frequent otolaryngologic surgical operation. Indications for surgery were upper airway obstruction in 61.3%, recurrent tonsillitis in 28.7% and both in 7.5%. Surgery was indicated during the acute stage in 6.8% of cases. There was one case of post-operative acute airway obstruction. Post operative bleeding from the tonsillar bed was encountered in 2.1% of cases. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy is the most common otolaryngologic surgical operation in our set-up. The low frequency of complications and a short hospital stay puts up a case for routine adenotonsillectomy as a day surgery procedure. |
545 | 1998 | Oburra HO.Ear, Nose And Throat/head And Neck Medical Services In Developing Countries: Challenges And Future Perspectives.East Afr Med J. 1998 Jun;75(6):317-8. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of adenotonsillectomy in a sample of Kenyan hospitals and to review indications, timing and complications in 97 cases of adenotonsillectomy done by the authors. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive study. SETTING: Kenyatta National, Nairobi, Aga Khan, Gertrude and Mater Hospitals. RESULTS: Adenotonsillectomy is the most frequent otolaryngologic surgical operation. Indications for surgery were upper airway obstruction in 61.3%, recurrent tonsillitis in 28.7% and both in 7.5%. Surgery was indicated during the acute stage in 6.8% of cases. There was one case of post-operative acute airway obstruction. Post operative bleeding from the tonsillar bed was encountered in 2.1% of cases. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy is the most common otolaryngologic surgical operation in our set-up. The low frequency of complications and a short hospital stay puts up a case for routine adenotonsillectomy as a day surgery procedure. |
546 | 1998 | Cultural Factors Contradicting Behavior Modification Messages Click to View Abstract
There are four hypotheses which have been advanced to explain the pathophysiology of severe and complicated malaria such as cerebral malaria. However, none of them adequately explains all the features of cerebral malaria in man. One such hypotheses is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). To determine whether this condition occurs in patients with uncomplicated malaria, the authors conducted a study on fibrinogen and its degradation products, euglobulin lysis time and parasite counts in 30 cases of uncomplicated malaria. By spectrophotometric method, plasma fibrinogen in patients with uncomplicated malaria was found to be normal as compared to normal healthy adults. There were no fibrinogen degradation production (FDP) detected in either patients or healthy controls, using latex agglutination tests at a dilution of 1:5. This method for FDP estimation is significant in that a serum agglutination with 1:5 dilution indicates a concentration of FDP in the original serum in excess of 10g/ml, designated as positive results of experiment. High values of euglobulin lysis time (ELT) were noted in patients with low parasitaemia. Analysis of these results showed that disseminated intravascular coagulation did not occur in uncomplicated cases of malaria. In this study on cases of uncomplicated malaria and low parasitaemia the biochemical parameters relating to to DIC have been essentially normal, although DIC is thought to be a primary stage in the development of cerebral malaria. According to Reid, DIC is an important intermediate mechanism in the pathophysiology of severe and complicated malaria such as cerebral malaria. |
547 | 1998 | Kinyua P.I.D., G.C. Van Kooten And E.H. Bulte, 1998. African Wildlife Policy: Protecting Wildlife Herbivores On Private Game Ranches, European Review Of Agricultural Economics 27 (2):227-244. Click to View Abstract
Participatory research on bovine trypanosomiasis was conducted with Orma pastoralists in Tana River District, Kenya. The use of participatory methods to understand local perceptions of disease signs, disease causes, disease incidence by cattle age group, seasonal patterns of disease and preferences for indigenous and modern control methods are described. Results indicated that local characterization of diseases called gandi and buku by Orma pastoralists was similar to modern veterinary knowledge on chronic trypanosomiasis and haemorrhagic trypanosomiasis (due to Trypanosoma vivax), respectively. The mean incidence of gandi varied from 10.2% in calves to 28.6% in adult cattle. The mean incidence of buku varied from 3.1% in calves to 9.6% in adults. Pearson correlation coefficients for disease incidence by age group were 0.498 (P < 0.01) and 0.396 (P < 0.05) for gandi and buku, respectively. Informants observed cases of trypanosomiasis in 24.1% of cattle (all age groups); these cases accounted for 41.8% of all sick cattle during the preceding 12-month period. Eight indigenous and three modern trypanosomiasis control methods were identified. Results indicated that an integrated approach to trypanosomiasis control based on private, individual action was well established in the assessment area. When presented with four different trypanosomiasis control methods, community representatives selected 'better use of trypanocides' as the most preferred intervention and 'community-based tsetse control' as the least preferred intervention. This finding prompted researchers to modify the original project activities. Constraints facing the sustainability of community-based tsetse control are discussed.
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548 | 1998 | Kinyua P.I.D., 1998. Game Ranching In Machakos District: An Application Of Mathematical Programming To The Study Of Wildlife Policy. Ph.D. Dissertation, University Of British Columbia. Click to View Abstract
Participatory research on bovine trypanosomiasis was conducted with Orma pastoralists in Tana River District, Kenya. The use of participatory methods to understand local perceptions of disease signs, disease causes, disease incidence by cattle age group, seasonal patterns of disease and preferences for indigenous and modern control methods are described. Results indicated that local characterization of diseases called gandi and buku by Orma pastoralists was similar to modern veterinary knowledge on chronic trypanosomiasis and haemorrhagic trypanosomiasis (due to Trypanosoma vivax), respectively. The mean incidence of gandi varied from 10.2% in calves to 28.6% in adult cattle. The mean incidence of buku varied from 3.1% in calves to 9.6% in adults. Pearson correlation coefficients for disease incidence by age group were 0.498 (P < 0.01) and 0.396 (P < 0.05) for gandi and buku, respectively. Informants observed cases of trypanosomiasis in 24.1% of cattle (all age groups); these cases accounted for 41.8% of all sick cattle during the preceding 12-month period. Eight indigenous and three modern trypanosomiasis control methods were identified. Results indicated that an integrated approach to trypanosomiasis control based on private, individual action was well established in the assessment area. When presented with four different trypanosomiasis control methods, community representatives selected 'better use of trypanocides' as the most preferred intervention and 'community-based tsetse control' as the least preferred intervention. This finding prompted researchers to modify the original project activities. Constraints facing the sustainability of community-based tsetse control are discussed.
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549 | 1998 | Composition Of Milk From Three Camel (Camelus Dromedarius) Breeds In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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550 | 1998 | A Composite Spacetime Curvature Model Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to identify health-care seeking and related behaviors relevant to controlling sexually transmitted diseases in Kenya. METHODS. A total of 380 patients with sexually transmitted diseases (n = 189 men and 191 women) at eight public clinics were questioned about their health-care seeking and sexual behaviors. RESULTS. Women waited longer than men to attend study clinics and were more likely to continue to have sex while symptomatic. A large proportion of patients had sought treatment previously in both the public and private sectors without relief of symptoms, resulting in delays in presenting to study clinics. For women, being married and giving a recent history of selling sex were both independently associated with continuing to have sex while symptomatic. CONCLUSIONS. Reducing the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases in Kenya will require improved access, particularly for women, to effective health services, preferably at the point of first contact with the health system. It is also critical to encourage people to reduce sexual activity while symptomatic, seek treatment promptly, and increase condom use. |
551 | 1998 | A Composite Space-Time Curvature Model. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to identify health-care seeking and related behaviors relevant to controlling sexually transmitted diseases in Kenya. METHODS. A total of 380 patients with sexually transmitted diseases (n = 189 men and 191 women) at eight public clinics were questioned about their health-care seeking and sexual behaviors. RESULTS. Women waited longer than men to attend study clinics and were more likely to continue to have sex while symptomatic. A large proportion of patients had sought treatment previously in both the public and private sectors without relief of symptoms, resulting in delays in presenting to study clinics. For women, being married and giving a recent history of selling sex were both independently associated with continuing to have sex while symptomatic. CONCLUSIONS. Reducing the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases in Kenya will require improved access, particularly for women, to effective health services, preferably at the point of first contact with the health system. It is also critical to encourage people to reduce sexual activity while symptomatic, seek treatment promptly, and increase condom use. |
552 | 1998 | Kinyua P.I.D., G.C. Van Kooten And E.H. Bulte, 1998. African Wildlife Policy: Protecting Wildlife Herbivores On Private Game Ranches, European Review Of Agricultural Economics 27 (2):227-244 Click to View Abstract
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553 | 1998 | Kinyua P.I.D., 1998. Game Ranching In Machakos District: An Application Of Mathematical Programming To The Study Of Wildlife Policy. Ph.D. Dissertation, University Of British Columbia Click to View Abstract
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554 | 1998 | Toxin Production And Antimicrobial Resistance Of Escherichia Coli River Water Isolates Click to View Abstract
Objectives: To establish the types of E. coli isolates that are found in river water around Nairobi and assess the potential risk of use of this water to human health.
Design: Multiple stratified sampling was carried out. Surface sampling was used in the entire study.
Setting: The study was carried out on river waters surrounding Nairobi, Kenya.
Subjects: Forty Escherichia coli strains isolated from river water.
Main outcome measures: Serotyping, toxin gene tests and susceptibility to tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and kanamycin were analysed.
Results: None of the isolates could be specifically serotyped using the available antisera. Toxin gene detection tests using the colony hybridization technique revealed that nine (22.5%) of the strains were positive for heat stable (ST) toxin gene, seven(17.5%) to the heat labile(LT) toxin gene and two (5%) to both genes. Using the agar disk diffusion technique, eighty percent of the strains were susceptible to all four antibiotics, while twenty percent of the strains showed multiple resistance. None of the strains was resistant to all four antibiotics while no strain showed resistance to kanamycin.
Conclusion: None of the E. coli isolates was serotypable and it was therefore not possible to determine whether serologically identical strains of ETEC were haboured by man or animals. Toxin gene tests results showed that there is some risk of infection by diarrhea causing ETEC to man and animals. Toxin gene tests showed that there is some risk of infection by diarrhea causing ETEC to man and animals if they consume this water untreated and there is evidence to show resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, hence appropriate health measures should be adhered to. |
555 | 1998 | Maribei, J. M., E. M Njoroge And P. N Mbugua (1998). Clinical Manifestation Of Experimental Water Intoxication In Calves. Indian J. Anim Sci. 68:531-532 Click to View Abstract
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556 | 1998 | Njue, S. W. P.N. Mbugua, M.N. Kyule And J.M. Gathuma (1998). Risk Factors Associated With Ascites In Commercial Broiler Production In Peri-urban Areas Of Nairob. The Kenya Veterinarian 23: 163-165 Click to View Abstract
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557 | 1998 | Mbugua, P. N. And L.W. Kabuage (1998): Sustainable Use Of Grasslands, Forests, Grains And Crop Residues. Click to View Abstract
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558 | 1998 | Owino-Gerroh, C., J.K.A. Keter And J.P. Mbuvi. 1998. Phosphate Sorption Characteristics Of Soils In A Tea-growing Area In Kenya. Intl. J. BioChem Physics, Vol. 6 & 7, Nos. 1&2, 86-89 Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients. |
559 | 1998 | Gachene, C.K.K.; J.P. Mbuvi; N.J. Jarvis And H. Linner, 1998. Maize Yield Reduction Due To Erosion In A High Potential Area Of Central Kenya Highlands. Afr. Crop Sc. J. Vol 6 No 1 Pp 29-37. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients. |
560 | 1998 | Gachene, C.K.K., H. Linner, N.J. Jarvis And J.P. Mbuvi, 1998. Soil Organic Carbon, Nitogen And Phosphorus Losses In Eroded Sediments From Run-off Plots On A Clay Soil In Kenya. Appl. Plant Sc. Vol. 12 (3) Pp 72-76 Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients. |
561 | 1998 | Mbuvi, J.P. And S.N. Wanjogu, 1998. Crusts And Their Influence On Soil Properties In Two Semi Arid Areas Of Kenya. Appl. Plant Sc. Vol. 12 (3) Pp 83-87. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients. |
562 | 1998 | Mbuvi, J.P. And S.N. Wanjogu, 1998. Land Degradation In Laikipia District. Appl. Plant Sc. Vol. 12 (3) Pp 88-92 Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients. |
563 | 1998 | Owino Gerroh C., J.K. Keter And J.P. Mbuvi, 1998. Phosphate Sorption Characteristics Of Soils In A Tea Growing Area In Kenya. Intr. J. Biochem. Phy. Vol. 6&7 (1&2) Pp 86-89. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients. |
564 | 1998 | Owino-Gerroh, C., J.K. Keter And J.P. Mbuvi, 1998. Agronomic Evaluation Of Acidulated And Unacidulated Phosphorus Sources For Tea (Camellia Spp. L.) In Kenya. Submitted To Tea Journal. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of intra-abdominal injury using the dipstick method. DESIGN: Prospective study, involving the performance of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the out patient department and surgical wards prior to surgical intervention. SETTING: Kenyatta National Hospital-General Surgical and Orthopaedic wards and outpatient department. The study was conducted over a duration of six months, starting from January 1995 to July 1995. RESULTS: Ninety six patients with penetrating (68) and blunt (28) abdominal trauma underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage as evaluation of the severity of abdominal trauma. Dipstick (combur 9 strips) was used to evaluate lavage effluent for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and bilirubin. Forty three patients had positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) results, of which 40 (93%) had positive findings at laparatomy and three (7%) had negative findings at laparatomy. The remaining 53 patients had negative DPL results and were managed conservatively. One patient with a negative DPL result became symptomatic and had a positive laparatomy. Conservatively managed patients were discharged after 24 hours observations without any complications. DPL had an accuracy and sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 98%. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a cheap, safe and reliable method for assessment of abdominal trauma. The method is easy to perform by trained junior doctors in the OPD, or as a bedside procedure. Use of this method reduced negative laparotomy rate from 50% to 6.9% and average duration of stay from 6.5 days to 1.9 days. This method is recommended as a basic tool in the assessment of abdominal trauma patients. |
565 | 1998 | Basics Of Clinical Epidemiology: Part III. Joshi M.D Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine platelet abnormalities in patients with menigococcal meningitis. DESIGN: Case control study. SUBJECTS: Fifty seven cases of mennigococcal meningitis based on a cerebrospinal fluid gram stain for gram negative diplococcus or positive culture were recruited. Fifty-seven controls matched for age and sex were also recruited. The following platelet functions tests were performed; platelet counts, platelet adhesiveness, platelet aggregation and clot retraction. RESULTS: Fifty seven patients (41 males and 16 females) with meningococcal meningitis were studied. Their mean age was 25.5 +/- 8.32 years with a range of 15 to 45 years. Five patients had purpura, four peripheral gangrene, eight conjunctival haemorrhages and one was in shock. There was a statistical significant difference in the platelet aggregation and clot retraction between the patients and controls at p-values of 0.0001 and 0.0002 respectively. There was no significant difference in the platelet count and adhesiveness between the patients and the controls at a p-value of 0.203 and 0.22 respectively. No association was found between the platelet functions and the clinical presentations. CONCLUSION: Patients with meningococcal meningitis have abnormalities in the platelet functions mainly in aggregation and adhesiveness. |
566 | 1998 | Oliech J.S., Kayima J.K., Otieno L.S. Urinary Tract Stone Disease In Nairobi East African Medical Journal, 75: 30-34; 1998 Click to View Abstract
At the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and other private hospitals in Nairobi urinary stone disease is not being correctly diagnosed. Over a 15 year period (1980-1995) only 56 patients have been confirmed to have urinary tract stones out of the expected number of 220 patients. The age range was 10-60 years. The peak age was 30-40 years. Pain and haematuria were the commonest presenting symptoms. Ultrasonography and plane abdominal radiology were the commonest methods of diagnosis. Open surgery and endoscopic stone removal were the commonest modes of management. Extracorporeal shortwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has recently been introduced into the Nairobi Hospital, but was not functional at the time of this study. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is possible but has not been adequately used due to lack of correct equipment. Septicaemia and haemorrhage were the commonest complications of the open surgery. |
567 | 1998 | Amayo EO, Kayima JK, Amayo AA.Transient Focal Neurological Deficits In Patients With Hypoglycaemia And Hyperglycaemia: Report Of Four Cases. East Afr Med J. 1998 Jan;75(1):53-4. Review. Click to View Abstract
A case of hypoglycaemia and three cases of hyperglycaemia presenting with focal neurological deficits are presented. The focal presentations were hemiparesis and focal convulsion that returned to normal upon correction of the blood sugar. Elderly patients not uncommonly present with transient focal neurologic deficits related to abnormalities in blood sugar levels. In these patients correction of blood sugar levels per se may ameliorate symptoms and signs making it unnecessary to investigate for cerebrovascular disease. In diabetic patients on insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents focal neurologic deficit should alert the clinician on the possibility of hypoglycaemia. |
568 | 1998 | Trends In Auditors Legal Liability In Kenya: A Professional Under Siege Journal Of ICPAK, July-September Click to View Abstract
Oral infection with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a frequent and well documented complication in immunosuppressed individuals including patients on immunosuppressive medication. We report the development of severe oral infection with HSV type 1 in a 34 year old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus and end stage renal disease (ESRD) following cadaveric renal transplantation at the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh. The role of acyclovir in therapy and chemoprophylaxis is discussed. |
569 | 1998 | Gitau, A.N, Kaumbutho, P.G And Biamah E.K (1998). Influence Of Tillage Practices On Draft Power Requirements And Resultant Soil Micro-structure. Soj And Tillage Research Click to View Abstract
21) S. Derese, A. Yenesew, J.O. Midiwo, Heydenreich and M.G. Peter. (). .. |
570 | 1998 | Biamah E.K,Chcrogony R.K.K And Gitau, A.N (1998). Temporal Hydrologic Response Of Unstable Crusting Soils In Semi- Arid Areas Of Kenya. In KSAE, Ocl 7-9, 1998. In Press. Click to View Abstract
21) S. Derese, A. Yenesew, J.O. Midiwo, Heydenreich and M.G. Peter. (). .. |
571 | 1998 | Joseph K. Wang Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between maternal factors and child nutritional status among children aged 6-36 months. DESIGN: Cross sectional descriptive survey. SETTING: Urban slum settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS: This study included a random sample of 369 households of mothers with children aged 6-36 months at the time of the study. RESULTS: Maternal factors which showed a positive significant association with at least one of the three child nutritional status indicators (height for age, weight for age and weight for height) were birth spacing, parity, maternal education level and mothers marital status. Child spacing and parity emerged as the most important predictors of stunting among study children. Maternal nutritional status was also shown to be positively associated with child nutritional status. Maternal ill health had a negative effect on child nutritional status. CONCLUSION: Maternal factors are an underlying cause of childhood malnutrition. |
572 | 1998 | H.N. Kariuki: Analgesic Effects Of Clomipramine And Carbamazapine In Combination With Pethidine Using The Formalin Test. MSc Thesis Click to View Abstract
The root of Solanum incanum is used by some Kenyan communities as a folklore remedy for fever, wounds, toothache, and stomach ache. However studies have not been done to validate these claims. The aim of this study was to investigate antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of Solanum incanum root extract using animal models. The antinociceptive assays were carried out using tail flick and hot plate tests on CBA mice. The 100 and 200 mg doses of Solanum incanum root extract showed significant antinociceptive activity (p < 0.05) in both hot plate and tail flick tests. In the antipyretic, assay fever was induced in Sprague Dawley rats using lipopolysacharide (LPS). The 50 mg dose of Solanum incanum extract exhibited significant antipyretic effect (p < 0.05) at 180 minutes while the 100 mg dose of S. incanum exhibited significant antipyretic effect (p < 0.05) at 120 and 180 minutes after the lipopolysaccharide pyrogen injection. The results obtained renders support to folklore use of Solanum incanum root extract for pain and fever. Keywords: Solanum incanum, Antinociceptive, Analgesic, Antipyretic, Fever. |
573 | 1998 | J.W. Mwangi, K.J. Achola, W. Lwande And A. Hassanali (1998). Aromatic Plants Of Kenya: Volatile Constituents Of Leaf Oils Of Sphaeranthus Suaveolens (Forsk) D.C. And S. Bullatus Mattf. East And Central Afri. J. Pharm. Scie. I: (1) 24-26 Click to View Abstract
Persons with congenital or acquired immunosuppression have long been known to have an increased incidence of lymphoproliferative disorders. Unsurprisingly, therefore, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is associated with an increased incidence of lymphoma. Three cases with HIV-associated lymphoma aged 30, 32 and 35 years respectively are presented. Two had cutaneous non-Hodgkin's lymphoma while one had Hodgkin's lymphoma. Standard chemotherapy for lymphoma was given with good tumour regression. Two of the patients died within six months of lymphoma diagnosis due to other complications of HIV.
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574 | 1998 | J.W. Mwangi And H.A.Okech-Rabah (1998). Traditional Herbal Medicine In Kenya. The Pharmaceutical J. Kenya 9:22-24 Click to View Abstract
Persons with congenital or acquired immunosuppression have long been known to have an increased incidence of lymphoproliferative disorders. Unsurprisingly, therefore, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is associated with an increased incidence of lymphoma. Three cases with HIV-associated lymphoma aged 30, 32 and 35 years respectively are presented. Two had cutaneous non-Hodgkin's lymphoma while one had Hodgkin's lymphoma. Standard chemotherapy for lymphoma was given with good tumour regression. Two of the patients died within six months of lymphoma diagnosis due to other complications of HIV.
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575 | 1998 | Some Effects Of The Rising Case Load Of Adult HIV-related Disease On A Hospital In Nairobi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998 Jul 1;18(3):234-40. Click to View Abstract
Increasing numbers of HIV-infected adults in Africa need hospital care. It remains unclear what impact this has on health care services or on how hospitals respond. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of a rising case load of adult HIV-related disease by comparing results from a prospective cross-sectional study of acute adult medical admissions to a government hospital in Nairobi conducted in 1992 with results from a previous study done in 1988 and 1989 in the same hospital, using the same study design and protocol. Data on age, gender, number admitted, length of stay, HIV status, clinical AIDS, final diagnosis, case mix, and outcome were compared. In 1992, 374 consecutive patients were admitted in 15 24-hour periods (24.9 patients/period) compared with the 1988 to 1989 study, which enrolled 506 patients in 22 24-hour periods (23.0 patients/period). Patients' age, gender, and length of hospital stay were similar in both studies. In 1992, 39% of patients were HIV-positive compared with 19% in 1988 to 1989 (p < 10(-6)); whereas seropositive admissions rose 123% between the two periods (p < .0001), HIV-negative admissions declined 18% (p < .05). Clinical surveillance for AIDS consistently identified <40% of HIV-positive patients. Irrespective of HIV status, tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia were the leading diagnoses in both surveys. No change was found in the diagnoses recorded for HIV-positive patients, but in HIV-negative patients, reductions were significant in the case mix (p < .00001) and range of diagnoses (p < .001) seen in 1992. Outcome remained unchanged for HIV-positive patients with approximately 35% mortality in both surveys. Outcome significantly worsened, in relative and absolute terms, for HIV-negative patients: in 1992, mortality was 23%, compared with 13.9% in 1988 to 1989 (p < .005), with 3.5 deaths per 24-hour period in 1992 compared with 2.6 deaths per 24-hour period in 1988 to 1989 (p < .05, one-tailed). These data suggest that increasing selection for admission is taking place as demand for care increases because of HIV/AIDS. This process appears to favor HIV-positive patients at the expense of HIV-negative patients who seem to be crowded out and, once admitted, experience higher mortality rates. The true social costs of the HIV epidemic are underestimated by not including the effects on HIV-negative people. PIP: The impact of the escalating demand for HIV/AIDS-related care on hospital services in Nairobi, Kenya, was investigated in two prospective cross-sectional studies conducted at Kenyatta National Hospital. Data on age, gender, number of admissions, length of stay, HIV status, clinical AIDS, final diagnosis, case mix, and outcome were compared in a 1988-89 study that enrolled 506 consecutive patients in a total of 22 24-hour periods and in a 1992 study of 374 patients admitted in 15 24-hour periods. 18.7% of hospital patients in 1988-89 were HIV-positive compared with 38.5% in 1992, with a concomitant decline of 18% in the number of HIV-negative admissions. Clinical surveillance for AIDS consistently identified less than 40% of HIV-positive patients. Tuberculosis and pneumococcal pneumonia were the leading diagnoses in both surveys among HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. Diagnoses recorded for HIV-positive patients did not change over time; however, among HIV-negative patients, there was a significant narrowing in the range of diagnoses seen. Mortality among HIV-positive patients remained constant at 35% in both surveys. Among HIV-negative patients, mortality increased from 13.9% in 1988-89 to 23% in 1992 (2.6 and 3.5 deaths per 24-hour period, respectively). These findings suggest that increasing demand for hospital care by HIV-positive patients has been accompanied by deteriorating conditions for HIV-negative patients, especially an admissions selection process that favors HIV/AIDS patients. Recommended to address the worsening crisis in health care delivery are general guidelines on admission criteria that neither crowd out HIV-negative patients nor discriminate against those with HIV/AIDS.
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576 | 1998 | Judith Bahemuka, Benjamin Nganda And Charles Nzioka, (Editors) (1998), Poverty Revisited: Analysis And Strategies Towards Poverty Eradication In Kenya. A UNESCO/University Of Nairobi Publication, February. Click to View Abstract
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Olfactory acuity differs among animal species depending on age and dependence on smell. However, the attendant functional anatomy has not been elucidated. We sought to determine the functional structure of the olfactory mucosa in suckling and adult dog and sheep. Mucosal samples harvested from ethmoturbinates were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In both species, the olfactory mucosa comprised olfactory, supporting and basal cells, and a lamina propria containing bundles of olfactory cell axons, Bowman’s glands and vascular elements. The olfactory cells terminated apically with an expanded knob, from which cilia projected in a radial fashion from its base and in form of a tuft from its apex in the dog and the sheep respectively. Olfactory cilia per knob weremorenumerous in the dog (19±3) compared to the sheep (7±2) (p < 0.05). In the dog, axonal bundles exhibited one to two centrally located capillaries and the bundles were of greater diameters (73.3±10.3_m) than those of the sheep (50.6±6.8_m), which had no capillaries. From suckling to adulthood in the dog, the packing density of the olfactory and supporting cells increased by 22.5% and 12.6% respectively. Surprisingly in the sheep, the density of the olfactory cells decreased by 26.2% while that of the supportive cells showed no change. Overall epithelial thickness reached 72.5±2.9_m in the dog and 56.8±3.1_m in the sheep. These observations suggest that the mucosa is better structurally refined during maturation in the dog than in the sheep. |
577 | 1998 | Analysis And Evaluation Of Poverty In Kenya, In Conjunction With Others, Chapter 1, In J. Bahemuka, Benjamin Nganda And Charles Nzioka (ed), Poverty Revisited. February Click to View Abstract
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Olfactory acuity differs among animal species depending on age and dependence on smell. However, the attendant functional anatomy has not been elucidated. We sought to determine the functional structure of the olfactory mucosa in suckling and adult dog and sheep. Mucosal samples harvested from ethmoturbinates were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In both species, the olfactory mucosa comprised olfactory, supporting and basal cells, and a lamina propria containing bundles of olfactory cell axons, Bowman’s glands and vascular elements. The olfactory cells terminated apically with an expanded knob, from which cilia projected in a radial fashion from its base and in form of a tuft from its apex in the dog and the sheep respectively. Olfactory cilia per knob weremorenumerous in the dog (19±3) compared to the sheep (7±2) (p < 0.05). In the dog, axonal bundles exhibited one to two centrally located capillaries and the bundles were of greater diameters (73.3±10.3_m) than those of the sheep (50.6±6.8_m), which had no capillaries. From suckling to adulthood in the dog, the packing density of the olfactory and supporting cells increased by 22.5% and 12.6% respectively. Surprisingly in the sheep, the density of the olfactory cells decreased by 26.2% while that of the supportive cells showed no change. Overall epithelial thickness reached 72.5±2.9_m in the dog and 56.8±3.1_m in the sheep. These observations suggest that the mucosa is better structurally refined during maturation in the dog than in the sheep. |
578 | 1998 | Health And Poverty In Kenya, Benjamin Nganda And G. Mwabu, Chapter 3, In J. Bahemuka, B. Nganda And C. Nzioka (ed), Poverty Revisited. February. Click to View Abstract
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Olfactory acuity differs among animal species depending on age and dependence on smell. However, the attendant functional anatomy has not been elucidated. We sought to determine the functional structure of the olfactory mucosa in suckling and adult dog and sheep. Mucosal samples harvested from ethmoturbinates were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In both species, the olfactory mucosa comprised olfactory, supporting and basal cells, and a lamina propria containing bundles of olfactory cell axons, Bowman’s glands and vascular elements. The olfactory cells terminated apically with an expanded knob, from which cilia projected in a radial fashion from its base and in form of a tuft from its apex in the dog and the sheep respectively. Olfactory cilia per knob weremorenumerous in the dog (19±3) compared to the sheep (7±2) (p < 0.05). In the dog, axonal bundles exhibited one to two centrally located capillaries and the bundles were of greater diameters (73.3±10.3_m) than those of the sheep (50.6±6.8_m), which had no capillaries. From suckling to adulthood in the dog, the packing density of the olfactory and supporting cells increased by 22.5% and 12.6% respectively. Surprisingly in the sheep, the density of the olfactory cells decreased by 26.2% while that of the supportive cells showed no change. Overall epithelial thickness reached 72.5±2.9_m in the dog and 56.8±3.1_m in the sheep. These observations suggest that the mucosa is better structurally refined during maturation in the dog than in the sheep. |
579 | 1998 | Nganda, B. ., (1998), The Equity Objective In The Kenyan Health Policy: An Interpretation. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, OSSREA, Volume XIV No. 1, January. Click to View Abstract
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Olfactory acuity differs among animal species depending on age and dependence on smell. However, the attendant functional anatomy has not been elucidated. We sought to determine the functional structure of the olfactory mucosa in suckling and adult dog and sheep. Mucosal samples harvested from ethmoturbinates were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In both species, the olfactory mucosa comprised olfactory, supporting and basal cells, and a lamina propria containing bundles of olfactory cell axons, Bowman’s glands and vascular elements. The olfactory cells terminated apically with an expanded knob, from which cilia projected in a radial fashion from its base and in form of a tuft from its apex in the dog and the sheep respectively. Olfactory cilia per knob weremorenumerous in the dog (19±3) compared to the sheep (7±2) (p < 0.05). In the dog, axonal bundles exhibited one to two centrally located capillaries and the bundles were of greater diameters (73.3±10.3_m) than those of the sheep (50.6±6.8_m), which had no capillaries. From suckling to adulthood in the dog, the packing density of the olfactory and supporting cells increased by 22.5% and 12.6% respectively. Surprisingly in the sheep, the density of the olfactory cells decreased by 26.2% while that of the supportive cells showed no change. Overall epithelial thickness reached 72.5±2.9_m in the dog and 56.8±3.1_m in the sheep. These observations suggest that the mucosa is better structurally refined during maturation in the dog than in the sheep. |
580 | 1998 | Ogutu E.O., Okoth F.A., Lule G.N. Colonoscopic Findings In Kenyan African Patients EAMJ Vol 75 Pp 540 Click to View Abstract
Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. OBJECTIVE: To determine the types and prevalence of colonic diseases in Kenyan African patients referred for colonoscopy with lower gastrointestinal tract symptoms. DESIGN: A cross sectional survey conducted over a two year period. SETTING: Major private hospitals in Nairobi. PATIENTS: Two hundred forty seven consecutive patients of both sexes and all ages referred for colonoscopy between January 1996 and December 1997. Only Kenyans of African origin were included. Patients were referred from all over the country though the majority of cases were from Nairobi and its surrounding districts. RESULTS: The major indications for colonoscopy were lower abdominal pain (35.6%), non-bloody diarrhoea (22.3%), constipation (21.4%) and rectal bleeding (19.8%). Nearly 53% of patients colonoscoped had abnormal mucosal findings, with the main abnormalities being: proctocolitis (20.2%), colorectal cancers (12.1%), haemorrhoids (7.3%), colorectal polyps (6.5%) and diverticulosis (5.3%). The main histological diagnosis among patients whose colonic biopsy were done included normal colonic mucosa (29%), non-specific colitis (28.5%), adenocarcinoma (18.2%), benign colonic polyp (9.7%) and ulcerative colitis (7.3%). There was one case of Crohn's colitis and five cases (3%) of infective colitis. CONCLUSION: The study shows that the African colon has a number of pathological lesions contrary to previous reported literature.
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581 | 1998 | Maende JA, Ogutu EO, Nyong'o A, Aluoch JR.Upper Gastrointestinal Mucosal Lesions In Dyspeptic Patients With Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease In Kenya.East Afr Med J. 1998 Mar;75(3):148-50. Click to View Abstract
A case controlled study comprising 51 patients with homozygous sickle cell (HbSS) disease who complained of dyspepsia and 41 age and sex matched non-HbSS control dyspeptic patients was carried out, to look at upper gastrointestinal mucosal lesions associated with dyspepsia. Upper gastrointestinal tract (UGIT) endoscopy was performed with gastric control biopsy taken for histology. Thirty two (62.3%) of the HbSS or sickle cell anaemia (SCA) patients had upper gastrointestinal pathology at endoscopy as compared to 17 (41.5%) of controls. The difference was significant at p = 0.042. Bile reflux (47%) was the predominant abnormal morphological finding in SCA patients while duodenal ulcer was the most common morphological finding in dyspeptic controls. The prevalence of duodenal ulcer in controls (22%) though higher than in SCA patients (9.8%), was not statistically significant p = 0.18. Gastric ulcer was not found in SCA patients. Duodenal ulcer was commoner in males than females in both cases and controls with a ratio of 4:1 and 3.5:1 respectively. Only four (7.8%) SCA patients and one (2.4%) of controls had normal mucosa at histology, the rest had evidence of histological gastritis. We could not draw any correlation between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) use and UGIT findings. Since the proportion of SCA cases with UGIT abnormalities was significantly high, we recommend that dyspeptic SCA patients undergo UGIT investigations including endoscopy to maximise their clinical care. |
582 | 1998 | Ogutu E.O., Kanja C., Kimanzi, Kangethe S.K., Nyongo A. Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites In Kenyans With Dyspepsia. EAMJ 75: 16, 1998. Click to View Abstract
Department of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya. Dyspepsia and intestinal worm infestation are both common clinical conditions in a developing country like Kenya and thus this study was designed to look at the correlation between the two in a referral gastroenterology clinic at Kenyatta National Hospital. One hundred and twenty five patients with dyspepsia had their stool, duodenal aspirate and duodenal biopsy analysed for evidence of intestinal parasites. Seven (5.6%) were found to have various types of intestinal parasites with giardia lamblia comprising 42.8% of worms isolated. 71.4% of patients with dyspepsia and worm infestation had their symptoms improved after deworming, but the low prevalence of intestinal parasite in dyspeptic patients makes routine deworming not cost effective. Stool examination had the best yield for intestinal parasites. |
583 | 1998 | Omonge E., Ogutu E.O., Aluoch J.R. Clinical And Laboratory Predictors Of Cholelithiasis In Patients With Sickle Cell Anaemia. EAMJ 75: 347, 1998. Click to View Abstract
Kiambu District Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Cholelithiasis is a common clinical condition in patients with sickle cell disease and there are conflicting reports on laboratory indices useful in predicting those patients who are likely to have gallstones. There is however lack of similar studies from Kenya. We therefore studied the role of clinical (Body Mass Index), haematological (reticulocyte count, haemoglobin level), and biochemical (serum bilirubin: direct and indirect, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum transaminase) indices in predicting sickle cell anaemia patients likely to develop gallstones. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted from October 1993 to December 1994 on consecutive male and female patients of all ages with homozygous sickle cell disease (HbSS) confirmed by cellulose acetate paper electrophoresis. A total of 64 patients aged between three and 37 years were recruited into the study. They were classified into two groups: stone formers and non-formers. The difference in the two groups with respect to clinical, haematological and biochemical indices were determined by Chi-square contingency test. Body mass index (BMI), reticulocyte count and alkaline phosphatase were found to have a significant positive association with increased likelihood of gallstone formation at p values of 0.004, 0.007 and 0.007, respectively. The rest of the study indices had no association. The cut-off points were reticulocyte counts above ten per cent and alkaline phosphatase levels above 13 K.A. units. Though sickle cell anaemia patients with BMI > 20 had significant increased likelihood of cholelithiasis, we could not determine its cut-off value. |
584 | 1998 | Ogutu EO, Kang'ethe SK, Nyabola L, Nyong'o A.Endoscopic Findings And Prevalence Of Helicobacter Pylori In Kenyan Patients With Dyspepsia.East Afr Med J. 1998 Feb;75(2):85-9. Click to View Abstract
One hundred and twenty consecutive patients above 12 years of age with dyspepsia were studied from June 1993 to September 1994. They underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to find the mucosal lesions which were associated with their dyspeptic symptoms. At endoscopy gastric mucosal biopsies were taken in order to identify Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) using three different techniques: culture, histology and the rapid urease test. Normal looking mucosa was the commonest single endoscopic finding, accounting for 34.2%, followed by gastritis 31.7% and duodenal ulcer 29.2%. However, when duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers were put together, then peptic ulcer was the most prevalent finding accounting for 38.4%. Peptic ulcer was the most prevalent pathological finding in both young (less than 50 years) and older patients (50 years and above). Duodenal ulcer was more prevalent than gastric ulcer in the younger age group with a ratio of 5.8:1, however, the ratio in the older age group was 1:1. Gastric cancer was only found in patients aged 50 years and above, accounting for 17.4% of dyspeptic symptoms in this age group. Females were found to have more normal endoscopic findings than males (59.6%, versus 17.8% respectively). The difference being statistically significant (p < 0.001). All our cases of peptic ulcer disease had evidence of H. pylori infection while dyspeptic patients with normal endoscopic mucosal findings had H. pylori in 80.5% of cases. The difference in prevalence of H. pylori in the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Surprisingly, evidence of H. pylori in gastric cancer cases was very low in this study, being found in only 25% of patients. |
585 | 1998 | A Composite Spacetime Curvature Model Click to View Abstract
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586 | 1998 | Maize Yield Reduction Due To Erosion In A High Potential Area Of Central Kenya Highlands. African Crop Sc. Journal, Vol. 6. No. 1, Pp 29-37. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
587 | 1998 | Effects Of Tillage And Mulching On Soil Moisture Conservation And Crop Production. Applied Plant Sciences, 12 (1), Pp 5-9. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
588 | 1998 | Incorporation Of Green Manure Legumes Into Smallholder Farming Systems In Kenya: Achievements And Current Activities Of Legume Screening Network. In (eds): F Rasolo And M. Raunet. Agrobiological Management Of Soils And Cropping Systems. Montpelier France, Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
589 | 1998 | Continuous Fertilization On Non-humiferous Acid Oxisols In Rwanda Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
590 | 1998 | Soil Organic Carbon, Nitrogen And Phosphorus Losses In Eroded Sediments From Runoff Plots On A Clay Soil In Kenya. Applied Plant Sciences, 12(3), Pp. 72-76. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
591 | 1998 | Asymmetrical Single Replicate Designs Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
592 | 1998 | Mbugua, P.N. And C.K. Gachuiri. 1998. Livestock Production In Nyanza Province: Dairy Production. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
593 | 1998 | Kariuki J.N., Gitau, G.K., C.K. Gachuiri, S. Tamminga And J.M.K. Muia. 1998. The Effect Of Supplementing Napier Grass With Graded Levels Of Desmodium On Intake And Rumen Fermentation In Steers. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
594 | 1998 | Gachuiri, C.K., R.G. Wahome, P.N. Mbugua, M.M. Wanyoike, J.M.Z. Kamau And S.J.M. Munyua. 1998. Performance Of Dairy Animals Under Two Zero Grazing Systems In Kiambu And Nyandarua Districts. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:180-182 Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
595 | 1998 | Muli, A.N., C.K. Gachuiri, R.G. Wahome And J. Tanner. 1998. Effects Of Water Sources And Watering Frequency For Dairy Cattle On Water Offered And Milk Production In Kiambu District. The Kenya Veterinarian 23: 208-211. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
596 | 1998 | Wambugu. M, R.G. Wahome, C.K. Gachuiri And J. Tanner. 1998. Evaluation Of The Use Of Milk Urea Nitrogen (MUM) As An Indicator Of Nutritional Status Of Dairy Cattle In Small Holder Farms In Kiambu District. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:152-154. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
597 | 1998 | Wambugu. M, R.G. Wahome, C.K. Gachuiri And J. Tanner. 1998. Delivery Of Technical Information To Smallholder Dairy Farms In Kiambu District. In: Advances In Veterinary Education And Animal Sciences: The Kenya Veterinarian 23:160-162 Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
598 | 1998 | Odoi, A., J.M. Gathuma, C.K. Gachuiri, A. Omore, T. Gitau And S.W. Wanyangu 1998. Constraints To Small Ruminant Production In Small Holder Farms In Kiambu District, Kenya. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:191-195. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
599 | 1998 | Kinuthia, M.N., J.W. Wakhungu, M.M. Wanyoike And C.K. Gachuiri. 1998. Milk Production Performance Of Dairy Goat Crosses On Smallholdings In Central Kenya. The Kenya Veterinarian 23:196-198. Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
600 | 1998 | Kariuki J.N., C.K. Gachuiri, G.K. Gitau, S. Tamminga, J. Van Bruchen, J.M.K. Muia And K.R.G. Irungu. 1998. Effect Of Feeding Napier Grass, Lucerne And Sweet Potato Vines As Sole Diets To Dairy Heifers On Nutrient Intake, Average Dairy Gain And Rumen Degra Click to View Abstract
A model for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional geodetic reference datum is presented. Starting from the three-dimensional integrated geodetic network model, formulations for the establishment of a four-dimensional regional datum are developed. Astronomic latitudes, astronomic longitudes, gravity values, gravity potential differences, gravity differences, and GPS-vectors are considered as observables. The estimated parameters defining the datura are point coordinates, deflections of the vertical and geoidai undulations, and velocities and accelerations on the positional coordinates. The network datum is considered observed over several epochs with parameters estimated from previous epochs being introduced into later epochs as stochastic prior information parameters. |
601 | 1998 | A Philosophical Labyrinth: Tracing Two Critical Motifs In Kezilahabi's Prose Works. SWAHILI FORUM V, University Of Cologne, Germany. Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
602 | 1998 | J.K. Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, L.C. Bebora, C.O. Bwanga, Z.M. Wamuri And P.M.F. Mbithi (1998). Occurence Of Dermatomycosis (ringworm) Due To Trichophyton Verrucosum In Dairy Calves And Its Spread To Animal Attendants. Journal Of South African Veterinary Associ Click to View Abstract
Forty-two pigs in a herd of 117 displayed various clinical signs of progressive atrophic rhinitis. The main signs included sneezing, coughing, lachrymation, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, and nasal bleeding in 1 pig. Three pigs had lateral deviation of the snout, while 4 had brachygnathia superior with obvious deformation of the face. Four acutely affected weaner pigs appeared weak, while the 7 chronically-affected pigs appeared smaller than their apparently unaffected penmates of the same age. Treatment of the acutely affected pigs with long-acting oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly, repeated once after 7 days, reduced the severity but did not clear the sneezing from all the pigs. Fifteen pigs were slaughtered 2 months after the clinical diagnosis was made. The carcasses of the chronically affected pigs were about 15% lighter than those of the apparently normal pigs of the same age and from the same pen, which translated to a loss of 921.00 Kenya shillings per pig (US$13.7). Diagnosis of progressive atrophic rhinitis was confirmed by sectioning the snouts of randomly selected slaughtered pigs with obvious deformation of the snout. Sections were made at the level of the 1st/2nd upper premolar tooth. Varying degrees of turbinate atrophy, from mild to complete, were noted. Histopathology of the turbinates revealed metaplasia of nasal epithelium and fibrosis in the lamina propria. |
603 | 1998 | J.K. Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, L.C. Bebora, C.O. Bwanga, Z.M. Wamuri And P.M.F. Mbithi. Occurence Of Dermatomycosis (ringworm) Due To Trichophyton Verrucosum In Dairy Calves And Its Spread To Animal Attendants. Click to View Abstract
Forty-two pigs in a herd of 117 displayed various clinical signs of progressive atrophic rhinitis. The main signs included sneezing, coughing, lachrymation, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, and nasal bleeding in 1 pig. Three pigs had lateral deviation of the snout, while 4 had brachygnathia superior with obvious deformation of the face. Four acutely affected weaner pigs appeared weak, while the 7 chronically-affected pigs appeared smaller than their apparently unaffected penmates of the same age. Treatment of the acutely affected pigs with long-acting oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly, repeated once after 7 days, reduced the severity but did not clear the sneezing from all the pigs. Fifteen pigs were slaughtered 2 months after the clinical diagnosis was made. The carcasses of the chronically affected pigs were about 15% lighter than those of the apparently normal pigs of the same age and from the same pen, which translated to a loss of 921.00 Kenya shillings per pig (US$13.7). Diagnosis of progressive atrophic rhinitis was confirmed by sectioning the snouts of randomly selected slaughtered pigs with obvious deformation of the snout. Sections were made at the level of the 1st/2nd upper premolar tooth. Varying degrees of turbinate atrophy, from mild to complete, were noted. Histopathology of the turbinates revealed metaplasia of nasal epithelium and fibrosis in the lamina propria. |
604 | 1998 | J.K. Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, J.M. Nduhiu, A.G. Thaiyah, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.J.M. Munyua (1998). An Outbreak Of Urticarial Form Of Swine Erysipelas In A Medium-scale Piggery In Kiambu District, Kenya. J.S. Afr. Vet. Med. Ass. 69 (2) 61-64. Click to View Abstract
This report concerns an outbreak that occurred during July/August 1997. Ten pigs from a herd of 181 pigs in a medium-scale, semi-closed piggery in Kiambu District, Kenya, contracted the clinical disease. The main clinical findings in affected pigs included: fever (40.5-41.8 degrees C), prostration, inappetence, dog-sitting posture, abortion, erythema and raised, firm to the touch and easily palpated light pink to dark purple diamond-shaped to square/rectangular spots on the skin around the belly and the back. Based on the pathognomonic skin lesions, a clinical diagnosis of swine erysipelas was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae organisms from the blood and skin biopsies taken from the affected pigs. Response to treatment with a combination of procaine penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin at the dosage rate of 20,000 IU/kg body weight (based on procaine penicillin) for 3 days was good and all the affected pigs recovered fully. The farm was placed under quarantine to prevent spread of the disease |
605 | 1998 | P.K. Gathumbi. Pathological And Ultra Structural Features Of Equine Klossiellosis. Click to View Abstract
Aim of the study: This study was conducted to document herbal medicines used in the treatment of Malaria as well as the existing knowledge,attitudes and practices related to malaria recognition, control and treatment in South Coast, Kenya. Methods: Data was collected using semistructured questionnaires and interviews. A focused group discussion held with the community members, one in each of the study villages supplemented the interview and questionnaire survey. Results: The respondents were found to have a good understanding of malaria and could distinguish it from other fever types. They were also aware that malaria was spread by mosquitoes. Malaria prevalence was high, and affected individuals an average of four times a year. Community members avoided. Mosquito bites by using mosquitonets, clearing bushes around their homesteads and burning plant parts. To generate smoke. They prevented and treated malaria by taking decoctions or concoctions of traditional herbal remedies. Forty plant species in thirty-five genera distributed in twenty-four families were used as antimalarials in the study area. Five plant species, namely; Heeria insignis Del. (Anacardiaceae), Rottboelia exaltata L.F (Gramineae), Pentanisia ouranogyne S. Moore (Rubiaceae), Agathisanthenum globosum (A. Rich) Hiern (Rubiaceae), and Grewia trichocarpa Hochst ex A. Rich (Tiliaceae) are documented for the first time in South Coast, Kenya, for the treatment of malaria. Conclusions: The plants documented in the current study are a potential source for new bioactive compounds of therapeutic value in malaria treatment. The results provide data for further pharmacological and toxicological studies and development of commercial antimalarial phytotherapy products. |
606 | 1998 | Liniger, H.P., F.N. Gichuki, G. Kironchi And L. Njeru. 1998. Pressure On The Land: The Search For Sustainable Use In A Highly Diverse Environment. Eastern And Southern Africa Geographical Journal, Volume 8: 29-44. Click to View Abstract
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607 | 1998 | Gitao C.G. Agab H. & Khalifalla A.J. 1998. A Comparison Of Camel Dermatophilosis In Kenya And Sudan. Ann. N.Y. Sci. 849: 457-460. Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
608 | 1998 | Gitao C.G. Agab,H. & Khalifalla A. J. 1998. Outbreaks Of Dermatophilus Congolensis Infection In Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) From The Butana Region In Eastern Sudan. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 17(3) 743-748. Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
609 | 1998 | Gitao C.G. 1998. The Prevalence Of Dermatophilus Congolensis Infection Of Camels In Four .rearing Areas In Kenya And The Presence Of A Mixed Infection With Trichophyton Verrucoum. Israel J. Vet. Med. 53 (3) 89-93. Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
610 | 1998 | Gitao C.G., Agab H. And Khalifalla A.J. 1998. Camel Dermatophilosis In Kenya, Sudan And Saudi Arabia. Proc. Third Ann. Meeting For Anim. Prod. Under Arid Conditions. Vol.2: 93-107. Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
611 | 1998 | Gitao C.G. Agab H. & Khalifalla A.J. 1998. Camel Dermatophilosis In Africa And Saudi Arabia. 3 Rd Annual Meeting For Animal Production Under Arid Conditions, Camel Production And Future Perspectives. AL Ain United Arab Emirates May 2-3* Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
612 | 1998 | Agumbah, G.J.O. And Phillipa, Chengeta (1998). Loose Sperm Head Defect In A Dorper Ram. Zim. Vet. 27, 105 - 118. Click to View Abstract
The stability of adrenaline ophthalmic solutions, at pH 5.8 and 7.4, to sterilization and storage conditions has been studied. Solutions sterilized by filtration or heating at 98 degrees C for 30 min showed no detectable degradation at either pH value, whilst sterilization at higher temperatures resulted in losses of up to 30%. Total degradation increased with increasing sterilization temperature at both pH values. |
613 | 1998 | Lilly C. Bebora, P.N. Nyaga And C.O. Kimoro. (1998). Comparason Of Immune Responses Of Two Salmonella Gallinarum Strains Viewed As Posssible Vaccines For Fowl Typhoid In Kenya. Onderspoort Journal Of Vet. Res. Vol. 65.67-73. Click to View Abstract
According to the statements made by a number of scholars, in the 80's East African Anglophone novel, which once received a nickname of "social documentary", began to lose gradually its social commitment. Many of the writers known previously as the most active supporters of the social trend, moved their attempts to other literan areas - criminal novel ("Weapon of hunger" by Meja Mцangi, 1989), love story (Yussuf Dawood's "Off my chest", 1988), even children's literature (books for children in Gikuyu, written by Ngugi wa Thiong'o). However, in the late 80's and early 90's East African Anglophone novel stepped onto a new level of social trend, moving from "social documentary" to "social epic". The authors now are trying to sum up the historical experience of East African countries over a large time span, and to that effect appeal mostly to elaborate and spacious literary forms, such as epic novel. These authors, although chosen one and the same literary form, are showing clearly their inclinations towards different styles of writing. For example, Tanzanian author Moyez Vassanji in his novel "The gunny sack" (1989) makes a rather convincing attempt to replant on East African soil the method of "mythological writing", previously used by such author as Gabriel Garcia Marquez. The novel definitely appeals not only to local reader, but to a wider international audience; on its pages the author manages to restore not only the fate of several generations of Indian family, but even the slightest details of their mentality, using myth as one of the basic means for changing the dimensions of time and space, according to the logic of the narration. The development of Kenyan novel in the early 90's confirms also one of the main tendencies in modem literature - bridging between "elite" and popular fiction. The first attempt of an epic novel in Kenyan Anglophone literature was, oddly enough, made by the veteran of Kenyan popular fiction David Maillu in his "Broken drum" H991). The novel hardly aims the widest reading public - nevertheless, stylistically it bears distinct features of popular fiction, such as crime story, romance, etc. Popular novel in East Africa also shows certain inclination towards urgent social themes, but the authors inevitably uses the artistic means they feel most happy with - that is, the style of popular fiction. For example, the "clash of cultures" - the experience of young Africans studying abroad - is presented in the form of a picaresque ("Times beyond" by Omondi Makoloo, 1992) or love story ("The girl from Uganda" by Tengio Urrio, 1993); feministic problems are spiced with sentimentalism ("Judy the nun" by P .Waweru, 1990); the thoughts on the hardships of younger generation are guised in Bildungs roman ("The plight of succession" by a Tanzanian Prosper Rwegoshora, 1990). At the same time, some authors, who have been ploughing successfully the field of pop fiction for a few decades, show their interest in more elaborate literary forms ("Dedan Kimathi: the real story" by Samuel Kaluga, 1990). All the mentioned facts do not allow us to state that the division into popular and elite novel will disappear within the foreseeable future. However, the most interesting developments seem to take place precisely in the field of bridging between these two branches of East African fiction.
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614 | 1998 | The Management Of Male Erectile Dysfunction: A Review. Click to View Abstract
Male erectile dysfunction is common although some patients are embarrassed and delay seeking medical advice. Recent improvements in the understanding of the anatomy, physiology and pharmacotherapy of penile erections, and the introduction of intracavernosal pharmacotherapy has resolved most of the controversies regarding the aetiology of erectile dysfunction. Impotence is equally divided into organic and psychogenic causes. Arterial insufficiency, alcoholism, venosinusoidal, neurological and endocrine disorders are known to cause organic erectile dysfunction. Two most popular options in the management of erectile dysfunction are intracavernosal injections with vasoactive drugs like papavarine, phentolamine, and prostaglandin EI with discontinuation rates of 40-50%, and the use of external vacuum devices whose limitations include failure to achieve and maintain full erection. The use of inflatable penile prostheses is successful but limited with periprosthetic infection and cylinder erosion through the skin or urethra. Surgical procedures have included revascularisation of penile vessels without good results. Surgical ligation of penile veins for venosinusoidal incompetence has been successful compared to excision and embolisation which has disappointing results. Currently the role of oral medications in the treatment of erectile dysfunction is limited. However, there are now several new agents including sildenafil, a phosphodiasterase inhibitor, which is undergoing clinical trials that appear to be effective.
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615 | 1998 | Local Infiltration And Spermatic Cord Block For Inguinal, Scrotal And Testicular Surgery. Click to View Abstract
This was a prospective study involving 372 male patients. Surgical procedures including simple inguinal hernia repair, inguinal lymph node biopsy, hydrocelectomy, testicular biopsy, testicular fixation, orchidectomy and scrotal exploration were performed under local anaesthesia using various quantities of 0.5% xylocaine with adrenaline depending on the procedure, in the form of spermatic cord block and local infiltration nerve blocks. No premedication was given to any patient and only five patients (1.34%) were given intraoperative sedation due to anxiety. No complication directly attributed to the anaesthetic agent used or the technique of spermatic cord and nerve blocks were reported during the study. Three hundred and sixty patients (96.77%) were operated on as outpatients and were happy and satisfied to return home on the same day. This experience confirms that spermatic cord block accompanied by local infiltration with 0.5% xylocaine with adrenaline is simple, safe and effective technique that should be used more widely in outpatient urological and general surgical settings in this locality. It provides excellent intra-scrotal and inguinal anaesthesia. Furthermore, the technique is cost effective, and personnel effective since no anaesthetist is required for the procedure which is usually carried out by the surgeon. This would enable many more people to afford the surgical procedures.
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616 | 1998 | Finasteride In The Treatment Of Patients With Moderate Symptoms Of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Click to View Abstract
This was a prospective study involving 27 patients with moderate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treated continuously with 5 mg of finasteride daily for one year. There was improvement in clinical BPH symptoms in 22 patients (81.48%), increase in urinary flow rates by a mean of 2.2 mls/sec in 20 patients (74.07%) and a mean decrease in prostate volume of 20.9% in 25 patients (92.59%) comparable to the findings of the other investigators. No patient on finasteride therapy developed acute urinary retention suggesting reduced risk. The reversal in BPH progression stems from the ability of finasteride to reduce prostate volume thus relieving urinary obstruction and to decrease BPH symptoms and increase urinary flow rates. Finasteride therapy was well tolerated in this study. No adverse effect was observed except impotence in one patient (3.7%) and loss of libido in another patient (3.7%). For symptomatic relief in men with moderate obstructive symptoms of BPH, finasteride should be considered an effective alternative to watchful waiting. These findings warrant further investigations and may signal a positive change in the role of medical therapy in the future long term management of BPH.
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617 | 1998 | Benign And Malignant Prostatic Obstruction. East African Medical Journal, 75: 257-259, 1998. Click to View Abstract
This was a prospective study involving 27 patients with moderate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treated continuously with 5 mg of finasteride daily for one year. There was improvement in clinical BPH symptoms in 22 patients (81.48%), increase in urinary flow rates by a mean of 2.2 mls/sec in 20 patients (74.07%) and a mean decrease in prostate volume of 20.9% in 25 patients (92.59%) comparable to the findings of the other investigators. No patient on finasteride therapy developed acute urinary retention suggesting reduced risk. The reversal in BPH progression stems from the ability of finasteride to reduce prostate volume thus relieving urinary obstruction and to decrease BPH symptoms and increase urinary flow rates. Finasteride therapy was well tolerated in this study. No adverse effect was observed except impotence in one patient (3.7%) and loss of libido in another patient (3.7%). For symptomatic relief in men with moderate obstructive symptoms of BPH, finasteride should be considered an effective alternative to watchful waiting. These findings warrant further investigations and may signal a positive change in the role of medical therapy in the future long term management of BPH.
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618 | 1998 | Management Of Fournier's Gangrene At The Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
A prospective study involving the management of forty six patients with Fournier's gangrene was carried out at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi over a period of two years. The age range was nine to 81 years with a mean of 40.27 years indicating that the lesion is common and affects all age groups in this locality. The majority of patients (60.86%) presented with advanced lesions involving scrotal ulcers (45.65%) and gangrene (15.22%). Results of bacterial culture from scrotal wound swabs isolated multiple organisms in 8.15% of the patients, a point which should be taken into consideration during antibiotic selection. Forty one patients (89.13%) had surgical procedures in addition to antibiotics and other supportive measures. Five other patients (10.87%) who presented with early lesions had medical treatment only with antibiotics, antipyretics and analgesics. The average duration of hospitalisation was sixteen days. Two patients (4.35%) one of whom was HIV positive died from septicaemia during the study period. Recurrent scrotal infection occurred in two patients (4.35%) after discharge from the hospital and were treated satisfactorily at the surgical outpatient clinic.
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619 | 1998 | Epidemiological Aspects Of Fournier's Gangrene At Kenyatta National Hospital, Click to View Abstract
This was a retrospective epidemiological study of 171 patients with scrotal (Fournier's gangrene) at Kenyatta National Hospital over eleven year period. The age range was 11 days to 90 years with a mean of 35.38 years. This is different from other reports of a mean of 40.6 years in the older literature and a mean of 50 years in the more recent series. The ethnic distribution of Fournier's gangrene revealed equal susceptibility among all ethnic groups in this locality. Scrotal and genitourinary symptoms were the commonest being present in one hundred and two patients (59.7%). The onset of symptoms was insidious in 95 patients (55.6%), and abrupt in 76 patients (44.4%). Most patients (84.2%) presented after more than 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. One hundred and two patients (59.65%) presented with localised physical signs compared to sixty nine patients (40.35%) who presented with extended lesions. Sources of the lesion were known in 82.5% of the patients. Genitourinary sources accounted for 42.1%, extragenitourinary 29.2%, and mixed 11.11% among the known causes. Diabetes mellitus was the leading major illness associated with Fournier's gangrene, presenting in 11 patients (6.42%). Seven other patients (4.09%) had HIV infection.
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620 | 1998 | MAINA, J.N. And MALOIY, G.M.O.(1998) Adaptations Of Tropical Swamp Worm, Alma Emini, For Subsistence In H2S-rich Habitat: Evolution Of Endosymbiotic Bacteria, Sulfide Metabolizing Bodies And Novel Processes Of Elimination Of Neutralized Sulfide Complexes. Click to View Abstract
Serum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination. |
621 | 1998 | MAINA, J.N., MALOIY, G.M.O. And WOOD, C.M. (1998) Respiratory Strategies, Mechanisms And Morphology Of The 'lung' Of A Tropical Swamp Worm, Alma Emini, Mich. (Oligochaeta: Glassoscolecidae): A Transmission And Scanning Electron Microscopic Study With Fiel Click to View Abstract
Serum acid phosphatase was measured in patients with enlarged benign and malignant prostate before and after rectal examination. Amongst the patients with benign glands, rectal examination did not produce any significant false elevation of the enzyme. Rectal examination, however, caused a rise in the enzyme level in a few untreated cancer patients and in cancer patients who has become refractory to hormonal therapy. This rise would help rather than mislead in the diagnosis of malignant prostate and also in the identifying treated patients who had become refractory to treatment. Thus, when serum acid phosphatase is properly determined, elevated levels should always arouse suspicion of malignant prostate or other lesions associated with high enzyme level even is such determination was preceded by rectal examination. There appears to be no merit in the teaching that the determination of serum acid phosphatase should be delayed after rectal examination. |
622 | 1998 | Karuku, G.N., J.J. Odhiambo And B.O. Mochoge (1998). Nitrogen Mineralization Potential ((No), Mineralization Rate Constant (K) And Time Taken For Half Of The Mineralizable Nitrogen To Be Mineralized In Four Kenya Soils (Luvisols, Andosols, Ferralsols And Click to View Abstract
This study uses CROPWAT model to predict water use in rainfed agriculture and simulate irrigation requirement for tomato production in Kabete Field Station. The model predicted increased irrigation requirement for tomato crop of 33.1, 28.1 and 36.6 mm water, in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd 10-day periods of development stage, respectively. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) requirements by tomato crop were predicted at 456.5 mm for the short rainy season while actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was 232.1 mm for the short rains giving a yield response factor of 0.49. The model suggested an addition of 253.7 mm of irrigation water in order to realize optimal tomato yields as the crop experienced an irrigation deficiency of 48.8%. The moisture deficit at harvest was 63.6 mm of water which resulted in total yield reduction of 51.3%. In relation to actual yields calculated, the mean potential optimal tomato yields in the study area were 23.3 Mg/ha with proper soil management and adequate water supply. The suggested supply system was at 10 days irrigation interval/stage where the soils were irrigated just below or above field capacity. Rainfall losses and irrigation requirements would be reduced to 41.9 and 267.7 mm, with minimum water deficit at harvest of 15.5 mm and an irrigation efficiency of 100%. At this point, ETa would equal ETm and optimal tomato yield would be obtained with yield losses predicted at 0.1%. Yield gap analysis revealed that radiation, sunshine and temperature are favourable for crop production, but the heavy dependence on rainfall makes the area very vulnerable to drought.
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623 | 1998 | Schistosoma Mansoni Ova In Urine Of Children From An Endemic Area Of Kenya: A Short Report East African Medical Journal 1998 Sept 75(9): 558-559. Click to View Abstract
Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 USA. Schistosoma mansoni is the most widespread of the human-infecting schistosomes, present in 54 countries, predominantly in Africa, but also in Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Neotropics. Adult-stage parasites that infect humans are also occasionally recovered from baboons, rodents, and other mammals. Larval stages of the parasite are dependent upon certain species of freshwater snails in the genus Biomphalaria, which largely determine the parasite's geographical range. How S. mansoni genetic diversity is distributed geographically and among isolates using different hosts has never been examined with DNA sequence data. Here we describe the global phylogeography of S. mansoni using more than 2500 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 143 parasites collected in 53 geographically widespread localities. Considerable within-species mtDNA diversity was found, with 85 unique haplotypes grouping into five distinct lineages. Geographical separation, and not host use, appears to be the most important factor in the diversification of the parasite. East African specimens showed a remarkable amount of variation, comprising three clades and basal members of a fourth, strongly suggesting an East African origin for the parasite 0.30-0.43 million years ago, a time frame that follows the arrival of its snail host. Less but still substantial variation was found in the rest of Africa. A recent colonization of the New World is supported by finding only seven closely related New World haplotypes which have West African affinities. All Brazilian isolates have nearly identical mtDNA haplotypes, suggesting a founder effect from the establishment and spread of the parasite in this large country. PMID: 16202103 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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624 | 1998 | The Development Of Schistosomiasis Mansoni In An Immulogically Na Click to View Abstract
Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya. The relocation of several thousand members of the Kamba tribe from the Kyulu Hills to the Thange valley near Masongaleni in Kenya provides an excellent opportunity to study the development of the immune response to schistosomiasis mansoni in a population with little or no previous experience of the infection. An adjacent, well-established Kamba community with similar patterns of water contact provides a suitable endemic control population. The immigrants were, uniquely, examined shortly after their arrival in the endemic area, while the prevalence of infection was still low. At this time faecal egg counts peaked atypically around 30 years of age. Over the next 12-18 months infection increased rapidly, especially among teenagers, producing a pattern of infection more typical of endemic communities. This substantially narrows estimates of the time required to develop the important determinants of the age-intensity profile, supporting the notion that changes related to age per se, rather than duration of infection, dominate. Age-dependent factors might include behaviour or physiology, including immune response. This paper provides the background for continuing longitudinal studies on the development of immunological responses to this parasite. PMID: 9778634 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
625 | 1998 | Helminth And Protozoan Gastrointestinal Tract Parasites In Captive And Wild-trapped African Non-human Primates, Veterinary Parasitology, 78:195-201. Click to View Abstract
Virology Research Division, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya. ipr@elci.sasa.unep.no The objective of this study was to investigate the gastro-intestinal (GIT) parasites commonly occurring in captive and wild-trapped (WT) non-human primates (baboons, vervets and Sykes) in Kenya and compare their prevalence. Three hundred and fifteen faecal samples were subjected to a battery of diagnostic tests, namely, direct smear, modified formal ether sedimentation, Kato thick smear, Harada-Mori techniques for parasite detection and culture to facilitate nematode larvae identification. Of these, 203 (64.4%) harboured helminths and 54 (17.1%) had protozoa. The helminth parasites comprised Strongyloides fulleborni 141 (44.8%), Trichuris trichuira 200 (63.5,%), Oesophagostomum sp. 48 (15.2%), Trichostrongylus sp. 73 (23.2%), Enterobius vermicularis 44 (14.0%), Schistosoma mansoni 4/92 (4.3%) and Streptopharagus sp. 68 (21.6%). Protozoan parasites consisted of Entamoeba coli 204 (64.8%), Balantidium coli 127 (40.3%) and Entamoeba histolytica 78 (24.8%). Both WT and colony-borne (CB) primates had similar species of parasites, but higher prevalences of protozoan infection were observed in CB baboons while helminth infections were relatively more common in WT primates. Some of the parasites observed in this study are reported to be zoonotic in various parasitological literatures. Chemoprophylaxis and other managerial practices were believed to be responsible for the lower worm prevalence in CB primates. Similar intervention against protozoa and other agents will not only improve primate health, but also increase safety to animal handlers and colony workers. PMID: 9760061 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
626 | 1998 | Periportal Fibosis Of The Liver Due To Natural Or Experimental Infection With Schistosoma Mansoni Occurs In The Kenyan Baboon. Annals Of Tropical Medicine And Parasitology, 92 (2): 187-195 Click to View Abstract
Virology Research Division, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya. ipr@elci.sasa.unep.no The objective of this study was to investigate the gastro-intestinal (GIT) parasites commonly occurring in captive and wild-trapped (WT) non-human primates (baboons, vervets and Sykes) in Kenya and compare their prevalence. Three hundred and fifteen faecal samples were subjected to a battery of diagnostic tests, namely, direct smear, modified formal ether sedimentation, Kato thick smear, Harada-Mori techniques for parasite detection and culture to facilitate nematode larvae identification. Of these, 203 (64.4%) harboured helminths and 54 (17.1%) had protozoa. The helminth parasites comprised Strongyloides fulleborni 141 (44.8%), Trichuris trichuira 200 (63.5,%), Oesophagostomum sp. 48 (15.2%), Trichostrongylus sp. 73 (23.2%), Enterobius vermicularis 44 (14.0%), Schistosoma mansoni 4/92 (4.3%) and Streptopharagus sp. 68 (21.6%). Protozoan parasites consisted of Entamoeba coli 204 (64.8%), Balantidium coli 127 (40.3%) and Entamoeba histolytica 78 (24.8%). Both WT and colony-borne (CB) primates had similar species of parasites, but higher prevalences of protozoan infection were observed in CB baboons while helminth infections were relatively more common in WT primates. Some of the parasites observed in this study are reported to be zoonotic in various parasitological literatures. Chemoprophylaxis and other managerial practices were believed to be responsible for the lower worm prevalence in CB primates. Similar intervention against protozoa and other agents will not only improve primate health, but also increase safety to animal handlers and colony workers. PMID: 9760061 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] |
627 | 1998 | Mulaku, G.C. (1998): Setting Up A LIS: A Systematic Approach, Paper Published In The South African Journal Of Surveying And Geo-information, Vol.1, No. 5 & 6, August & December 2000, Pp 260-264 [ISSN 1561-4026 Click to View Abstract
Towers are typical structures that can be found in many urban and rural landscapes the world over. From their basic design, they are usually exposed to severe environmental loads. It is therefore prudent to carry out periodic maintenance that includes checking that they are correctly aligned. This paper describes a method that was used for the re-alignment of a guyed tower in Limuru, Kenya. Angular and distance observations, made from two observation points detected a vertical misalignment that was larger than the acceptable tolerance of l/400. An iterative re-alignment procedure was then applied, resulting in an acceptable final misalignment of 1 / 520. |
628 | 1998 | Determination Of Fluoride In Different Toothpaste Formulations", Kenya J. Click to View Abstract
Ground Flowers of Matricaria Recutita (German Chamomile) Banat Variety grown in Kenya, were subjected to Clevenger distillation under varying temperature, distillation, pressure conditions and the yields assessed. An inert solvent being present in the collecting column of the Clevenger apparatus increases the yield of the oil by reducing dispersion of the blue oil; its presence however, in the distillation flask inhibits the production of the essential oil. Distillation under reduced pressure leads to a decrease in the yield of the oil produced. A break in distillation time especially during the first three hours of distillation also leads to a decrease in the yield of the oil produced. |
629 | 1998 | Extraction And Spectroscopic Study Of Avocado Oil, J. Biochemiphysics, 6&7, 36. Click to View Abstract
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630 | 1998 | Voltammetric Studies Of Reactions Of Immidazolidine...." , J. Electroanalysis, 10(11), 747. Click to View Abstract
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631 | 1998 | Fuel Value Of Refined Vernonia Galamensis Seed Oil" Click to View Abstract
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632 | 1998 | Omwenga, E.I. And Waema, T.M., (1998) An Asynchronous Framework For A Flexible Web-Driven Spatial Courseware Development And Learning Environment, Click to View Abstract
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633 | 1998 | Communication Systems: Business Opportunities, Challenges & Strategies Click to View Abstract
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634 | 1998 | Languange In Marjorie Oludhe Macgoye’s Fiction Click to View Abstract
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635 | 1998 | Tilda: A Collection Of Poems On Girls And Women Click to View Abstract
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636 | 1998 | Notes On Margaret Ogolla’s The River And The Source. Click to View Abstract
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637 | 1998 | Reclaiming Women's Space In Politics Click to View Abstract
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638 | 1998 | “Lessons From Journalism Training In The US” Click to View Abstract
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639 | 1998 | Women, Decision Making And Poverty Click to View Abstract
Poverty among women has been linked to r various social, cultural, economic, religious and political factors. This paper presents a sociocultural analysis of structural and psychological forces within social fabric that characterize the manifestation of male chauvinism against any affIrmative action to safeguard the interests of women. The focus is on the relationship between poverty and male violence as directed to women, in the process of which the women are treated and become junior partners in decision-making with regard to resource use, distribution, conservation and consolidation, within and outside the family.
The structural linkages between poverty and male violence against women arise from the fact that the overall impact of such violence is differential access to rights and opportunities by both sexes, denying women the various forms of autonomy in decision making and pursuit of many opportunities in order to compete at par with their male counterparts, especially within the context of income generation, property procurement and management. Under more equitable circumstances, women should own the products
of their labor, rather than having all the ownership rights vested in men, thereby depriving women of their rights in both the ownership and disposal of what they should otherwise be recognized as the major producers and rightful custodians. The empirical data from which the illustrations in this paper are drawn is based on a study of violence against women in Nairobi and Kajiado districts of Kenya By defmition, violence against women has been taken to include all gender-biased violence that
results or is likely to result in physical, psychological and other forms of harm or suffering to women. Violence against women can occur at the family, community and the wider
societal levels. The family-based violence covers physical, sexual and psychological violence within the family and specifically includes incest (against women and children), sexual abuse of female children in the household, marital rape, spousal violence and battering of women. At the community and wider societal levels, violence against women includes rape of women, rape of female children, various forms of sexual harassment, forced prostitution, women battering and denial of various social and economic rights.
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640 | 1998 | Water Pollution And Management Status Of Rivers In The Greater Nairobi Area Click to View Abstract
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641 | 1998 | Expert System In Metal Cutting Click to View Abstract
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642 | 1998 | .Let An Ailing God Die: The Place Of Change In Society. Click to View Abstract
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643 | 1998 | An Examination Into The Effects Of Urban Land ‘Shortages’ On The Low Income Housing Market Click to View Abstract
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644 | 1998 | Resistance To Benzimidazoles And Levamisole In Nematode Parasites Of Sheep In Nyandarua District Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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645 | 1998 | The Relationship Between The Faecal Egg-count Reduction Percentage (FECR%) And The Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) In The Egg Hatch Assay And Larval Development Assay Click to View Abstract
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646 | 1998 | Linkages Between Small And Large Firms In The Kenyan Food Processing And Tourism Industries. Click to View Abstract
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647 | 1998 | The Social Semiotics Of Language And Gender In Gikuyu Language Click to View Abstract
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648 | 1998 | Language And Gender: A Case Study In Social Semiotics Of The Lexicon Of The Gikuyu Language Click to View Abstract
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649 | 1998 | A Contribution To Four- Dimensional Positioning Click to View Abstract
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650 | 1998 | Effect Of Infection Level Of Sesame (sesamum Indicum L). Seed By Alternaria Sesami On Severity Of Alternaria Leaf Spot Click to View Abstract
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651 | 1998 | The Common Internal Parasites Encountered In Donkeys In Kiambu District And The Pathological Lesions Associated With Them Click to View Abstract
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652 | 1998 | Laboratory Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of A Anular Formulation Of Acetone Extract Fraction Of The Crude Extract Of Melia Volkensii (Gurke) On Aedes Aegypti L. Larvae. Click to View Abstract
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653 | 1998 | Pyrethrum Wilt Caused By Fusarium Oxysporum In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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654 | 1998 | Anomie: A Conceptual Study Of Transient Of An Urban Rescue Mission In Nashville, TN, USA And City Of Nairobi, Kenya Click to View Abstract
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655 | 1998 | Correlation Between Faecal Egg Counts And Worm Burdens In Sheep In Nyandarua District Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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656 | 1998 | Bacterial Meningitis In Children Admitted In Hospitals Within Nairobi Click to View Abstract
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657 | 1998 | "Mienendo Mipya Katika Uandishi Wa Kezilahabi: Nagona Na Mzingile"- Published In MULIKA, Journal Of TUKI No. 24, Dar-Es-Salaam. Click to View Abstract
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658 | 1998 | Upotevu (Published In 1999, By: Standard Textbooks Graphics And Publishing, Nairobi) Click to View Abstract
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659 | 1998 | The Distribution Of Mucorales In Some Parts Of Kenya Click to View Abstract
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660 | 1998 | Relapse Of Hodgkin's Lymphoma After 10 Years Of Complete Remission. Case Report. East African Medical Journal 1998, 75:3, 165-167. Click to View Abstract
Prior to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, one or two cases of adult Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) were seen annually at the Kenyatta National Hospital, the national referral medical center in Nairobi, Kenya. To investigate the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in adult BL in Kenya, we conducted a national prevalence survey of all patients 16 years of age and older with BL. A systematic review of medical records of all patients diagnosed with BL between 1992 and 1996 was performed. The diagnosis of BL was based and confirmed on review of pathological material from time of original diagnosis. HIV serology was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twenty-nine adult patients with BL were identified during the 5-year study period. Of these patients, 17 (59%) were males, 12 (41%) were females, and the median age was 26 years. Nineteen patients (66%) with BL were HIV-seropositive. The proportion of men was similar in HIV-seropositive and -seronegative patients (58% vs 60%). HIV-seropositive BL patients were significantly older than seronegatives (median 35 vs 19.5 years, p < 0.001). HIV-seropositive patients uniformly presented with constitutional or B symptoms and advanced BL accompanied by diffuse lymph node involvement, whereas the clinical presentation of HIV-seronegative patients during this time period was reminiscent of the "typical" endemic pattern of disease with complete sparing of peripheral lymph nodes. The overall survival of HIV-seropositive cases was significantly worse than that of the HIV-seronegative cases; median survival in the HIV-seropositive patients was 15 weeks. There is an approximate 3-fold increase in the incidence of adult BL during the time period of this study, which is attributable to the AIDS epidemic. In this setting, patients often present with disseminated disease, diffuse peripheral lymphadenopathy and fever, the latter two of which heretofore have been commonly associated with non-lymphoproliferative disorders such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases in Kenya. These observations warrant inclusion of AIDS-related BL in the differential diagnosis of the adult patient with unexplained fever and lymphadenopathy in Kenya. The corollary is that HIV infection is virtually excluded in an adult patient without peripheral lymphadenopathy and biopsy-proven BL. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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661 | 1998 | Mwanda O.W. Lupus Anticoagulant Syndrome. Case Report. East African Medical Journal 1998;75:10;619-620. Click to View Abstract
Prior to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, one or two cases of adult Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) were seen annually at the Kenyatta National Hospital, the national referral medical center in Nairobi, Kenya. To investigate the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in adult BL in Kenya, we conducted a national prevalence survey of all patients 16 years of age and older with BL. A systematic review of medical records of all patients diagnosed with BL between 1992 and 1996 was performed. The diagnosis of BL was based and confirmed on review of pathological material from time of original diagnosis. HIV serology was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Twenty-nine adult patients with BL were identified during the 5-year study period. Of these patients, 17 (59%) were males, 12 (41%) were females, and the median age was 26 years. Nineteen patients (66%) with BL were HIV-seropositive. The proportion of men was similar in HIV-seropositive and -seronegative patients (58% vs 60%). HIV-seropositive BL patients were significantly older than seronegatives (median 35 vs 19.5 years, p < 0.001). HIV-seropositive patients uniformly presented with constitutional or B symptoms and advanced BL accompanied by diffuse lymph node involvement, whereas the clinical presentation of HIV-seronegative patients during this time period was reminiscent of the "typical" endemic pattern of disease with complete sparing of peripheral lymph nodes. The overall survival of HIV-seropositive cases was significantly worse than that of the HIV-seronegative cases; median survival in the HIV-seropositive patients was 15 weeks. There is an approximate 3-fold increase in the incidence of adult BL during the time period of this study, which is attributable to the AIDS epidemic. In this setting, patients often present with disseminated disease, diffuse peripheral lymphadenopathy and fever, the latter two of which heretofore have been commonly associated with non-lymphoproliferative disorders such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases in Kenya. These observations warrant inclusion of AIDS-related BL in the differential diagnosis of the adult patient with unexplained fever and lymphadenopathy in Kenya. The corollary is that HIV infection is virtually excluded in an adult patient without peripheral lymphadenopathy and biopsy-proven BL. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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662 | 1998 | Ogutu EO, Okoth FA, Lule GN.Colonoscopic Findings In Kenyan African Patients. East Afr Med J. 1998 Sep;75(9):540-3. Click to View Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the types and prevalence of colonic diseases in Kenyan African patients referred for colonoscopy with lower gastrointestinal tract symptoms. DESIGN: A cross sectional survey conducted over a two year period. SETTING: Major private hospitals in Nairobi. PATIENTS: Two hundred forty seven consecutive patients of both sexes and all ages referred for colonoscopy between January 1996 and December 1997. Only Kenyans of African origin were included. Patients were referred from all over the country though the majority of cases were from Nairobi and its surrounding districts. RESULTS: The major indications for colonoscopy were lower abdominal pain (35.6%), non-bloody diarrhoea (22.3%), constipation (21.4%) and rectal bleeding (19.8%). Nearly 53% of patients colonoscoped had abnormal mucosal findings, with the main abnormalities being: proctocolitis (20.2%), colorectal cancers (12.1%), haemorrhoids (7.3%), colorectal polyps (6.5%) and diverticulosis (5.3%). The main histological diagnosis among patients whose colonic biopsy were done included normal colonic mucosa (29%), non-specific colitis (28.5%), adenocarcinoma (18.2%), benign colonic polyp (9.7%) and ulcerative colitis (7.3%). There was one case of Crohn's colitis and five cases (3%) of infective colitis. CONCLUSION: The study shows that the African colon has a number of pathological lesions contrary to previous reported literature.
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663 | 1998 | K'Obonyo, P.O. (1998) "Consumer Motives And Trends In Cigarette Smoking: Implications For Public Policy" Click to View Abstract
The theory of consumption values is used to analyze and explain trends in cigarette smoking worldwide. The analysis shows that the problem of smoking in increasing worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. The impact of the campaign against smoking that has been going on for more than a decade appears to have been limited. This may be partly due to private health organizations. To a large extent, various forms of control and warning messages on the harmful effects of smoking are directed at the individual. Yet most of these messages consist almost exclusively of warnings and threates that do not traget the smoker's consumption values. Research by Sheth, et.al (1991) found that emotional value was salient in discriminating between smokers and non-smokers. Based on the finding, it is concluded that people should be encouraged rather than threatened. This can be achieved by telling them good things about not smoking rather than bad things that are associated with smoking. Overall, the theory of consumption values provideds a useful framework for explaining and predicting behaviour of cigarette smokers and for formulating public policies and strategies for containing the incidence of smoking and its attendant effects.
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664 | 1998 | K'Obonyo, P.O. (1998). "The Emerging Paradigm Of Human Resource Management." Click to View Abstract
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665 | 1998 | Adoption Patterns And Performance Of Improved Maize In Kenya. In: R.M. Hassan, (Ed) Click to View Abstract
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666 | 1998 | Maize Technology Development And Transfer: A GIS Application For Research Planning In Kenya (Chapter 4) (Chapter 4). Click to View Abstract
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667 | 1998 | Karani, Anna Click to View Abstract
{ Abuse of substances of dependence have risen dramatically and spawned major health problems in Kenya. We conducted a study on the effects of post-basic psychiatric training on nurses |
668 | 1998 | X-ray Diagnosable Pneumonia In Children With Severe Malnutrition At Kenyatta National Hospital. Click to View Abstract
To estimate the prevalence of radiologically evident pneumonia among children with severe malnutrition and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of commonly used clinical indicators of pneumonia among children with severe malnutrition.
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669 | 1998 | Transient Focal Neurological Deficits In Patients With Hypoglycemia And Hyperglycemia; Report Of 4 Cases Click to View Abstract
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670 | 1998 | Serum Fructosamine In Diabetics At Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
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671 | 1998 | Worship In African Christianity; The Akorino Churches .in M.Getui (ed) Theological Method And Aspects Of Worship In African Christianity. Acton. Pp. 94-105. Click to View Abstract
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672 | 1998 | Worship In African Christianity; The Akorino Churches .in M.Getui (ed) Theological Method And Aspects Of Worship In African Christianity. Acton. Pp. 94-105. Click to View Abstract
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673 | 1998 | From Sessional Paper No. 10 To Structural Adjustment: Towards Indigenising The Policy Debate. Institute Of Policy Analysis And Research 1998. Click to View Abstract
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674 | 1998 | Towards Indigenising The Policy Debate", A Chapter In Ng'ethe (Editor). From Sessional Paper No. 10 To Structural Adjustment. Published By IPAR, Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
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675 | 1998 | Constitution Making Process In Kenya, Uganda Ethiopia And South Africa: A Comparative Analysis". A Major Study Funded By The Ford Foundation Published By SAREAT Project On The Constitution Making Process In Africa Click to View Abstract
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676 | 1998 | Decentralisation And Local Development Funds: An Assessment. On Behalf Of The United Nations Capital Development Fund, New York: 1998.Field Work In Uganda And Malawi And New York. Click to View Abstract
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677 | 1998 | Democratisation And Governance In Africa: The Role Of NGOs. A Report On Behalf Of The United Nations Conference On NGOs, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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678 | 1998 | Kenya Tries Again." Journal Of Democracy, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1998. Click to View Abstract
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679 | 1998 | A Reviwe Of The Current And Prososed Legal And Institution Frameworks For The Development And Protection Of The Marine And Coastal Environment Of Sub Sahara Africa A Keynote Paper Prepared For Conference On C0-Operative For The Development And Protection Click to View Abstract
New Directions in water legislation in Kenya?. A Paper presented as the National Workshop on environmental Governance in kenya, held at the UNEP Headquarters Gigiri, Nairobi, March 29-30. 2000
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680 | 1998 | Measures For Regulation Of Access To Genetic Resources And Benefit Sharing In Kenya ,A Keynotr Paper Presented At The WWF/Government Of Kenya National Workshop On Access To Genetic Resources And Benefit Sharing In Kenya Held At Nairobi,February 19-20. Click to View Abstract
New Directions in water legislation in Kenya?. A Paper presented as the National Workshop on environmental Governance in kenya, held at the UNEP Headquarters Gigiri, Nairobi, March 29-30. 2000
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681 | 1998 | Seed Production And Supply Policy – Teaching Notes Click to View Abstract
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682 | 1998 | Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Isolates From Men With Urethritis In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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683 | 1998 | Cytotoxic T Cell Responses To Multiple Conserved HIV Epitopes In HIV-resistant Prostitutes In Nairobi. Click to View Abstract
Cytotoxic T cell responses to multiple conserved HIV epitopes in HIV-resistant prostitutes in Nairobi.
S L Rowland-Jones, T Dong, K R Fowke, J Kimani, P Krausa, H Newell, T Blanchard, K Ariyoshi, J Oyugi, E Ngugi, J Bwayo, K S MacDonald, A J McMichael, and F A Plummer
Author information ► Copyright and License information ►
See commentary "What immunity can protect against HIV infection." on page 1643.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract
Many people who remain persistently seronegative despite frequent HIV exposure have HIV-specific immune responses. The study of these may provide information about mechanisms of natural protective immunity to HIV-1. We describe the specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to HIV in seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi who are apparently resistant to HIV infection. These women have had frequent exposure to a range of African HIV-1 variants, primarily clades A, C, and D, for up to 12 yr without becoming infected. Nearly half of them have CTL directed towards epitopes previously defined for B clade virus, which are largely conserved in the A and D clade sequences. Stronger responses are frequently elicited using the A or D clade version of an epitope to stimulate CTL, suggesting that they were originally primed by exposure to these virus strains. CTL responses have been defined to novel epitopes presented by HLA class I molecules associated with resistance to infection in the cohort, HLA-A*6802 and HLA-B18. Estimates using a modified interferon-gamma Elispot assay indicate a circulating frequency of CTL to individual epitopes of between 1:3,200 and 1:50,000. Thus, HIV-specific immune responses-particularly cross-clade CTL activity- may be responsible for protection against persistent HIV infection in these African women.
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684 | 1998 | Appendectomy At The Nairobi Hospital Click to View Abstract
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685 | 1998 | Vector Competence Of Seven Rhipicephalid Tick Stocks In Transmitting Two Theileria Parva Parasite Stocks From Kenya And Zimbabwe Click to View Abstract
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686 | 1998 | The Influence Of Potassium Chloride On Cadmium Release From Selected Tropical Soils. Click to View Abstract
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687 | 1998 | Baseline Survey- Kibera Urban Slum- Nairobi Click to View Abstract
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688 | 1998 | Aromatic Plants Of Kenya III: Volatile And Some Non-volatile Constituents Of Croton Sylvaticus. Click to View Abstract
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689 | 1998 | The Role Of Indigenous Knowledge In The Future Management Of The Mangrove Bio- Diversity In Msambweni Division Of Kwale District Kenya Click to View Abstract
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690 | 1998 | Factors Influencing Male Interest In Family Planning In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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691 | 1998 | Analysis And Evaluation Of Poverty In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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692 | 1998 | HIV Type 1 Resistance In Kenyan Sex Workers Is Not Associated With Altered Cellular Susceptibility To HIV Type 1 Infection Or Enhanced Chemokine Production Click to View Abstract
Abstract
A small group of women (n = 80) within the Nairobi-based Pumwani Sex Workers Cohort demonstrates epidemiologic resistance to HIV-1 infection. Chemokine receptor polymorphisms and beta-chemokine overproduction have been among the mechanisms suggested to be responsible for resistance to HIV-1 infection. This study attempts to determine if any of those mechanisms are protecting the HIV-1-resistant women. Genetic analysis of CCR5 and CCR3 from the resistant women demonstrated no polymorphisms associated with resistance. Expression levels of CCR5 among the resistant women were shown to be equivalent to that found in low-risk seronegative (negative) controls, while CXCR4 expression was greater among some of the resistant women. In vitro infection experiments showed that phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from resistant women were as susceptible to infection to T cell- and macrophage-tropic North American and Kenyan HIV-1 isolates as were the PBMCs from negative controls. No significant difference in circulating plasma levels of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta were found between the resistant women and negative or HIV-1-infected controls. In vitro cultures of media and PHA-stimulated PBMCs indicated that the resistant women produced significantly less MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta than did negative controls and no significant difference in RANTES levels were observed. In contrast to studies in Caucasian cohorts, these data indicate that CCR5 polymorphisms, altered CCR5 and CXCR4 expression levels, cellular resistance to in vitro HIV-1 infection, and increased levels of beta-chemokine production do not account for the resistance to HIV-1 infection observed among the women of the Pumwani Sex Workers Cohort.
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693 | 1998 | Cytotoxic T Cell Responses To Multiple Conserved HIV Epitopes In HIV-resistant Prostitutes In Nairobi Click to View Abstract
Abstract
Many people who remain persistently seronegative despite frequent HIV exposure have HIV-specific immune responses. The study of these may provide information about mechanisms of natural protective immunity to HIV-1. We describe the specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to HIV in seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi who are apparently resistant to HIV infection. These women have had frequent exposure to a range of African HIV-1 variants, primarily clades A, C, and D, for up to 12 yr without becoming infected. Nearly half of them have CTL directed towards epitopes previously defined for B clade virus, which are largely conserved in the A and D clade sequences. Stronger responses are frequently elicited using the A or D clade version of an epitope to stimulate CTL, suggesting that they were originally primed by exposure to these virus strains. CTL responses have been defined to novel epitopes presented by HLA class I molecules associated with resistance to infection in the cohort, HLA-A*6802 and HLA-B18. Estimates using a modified interferon-gamma Elispot assay indicate a circulating frequency of CTL to individual epitopes of between 1:3,200 and 1:50,000. Thus, HIV-specific immune responses-particularly cross-clade CTL activity- may be responsible for protection against persistent HIV infection in these African women.
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694 | 1998 | Karani, F.A. "Relevance Of Higher Education: Policies And Practices" In Higher Education In Africa : Achievements. Challenges And Prospects. UNESCO Regional Office (BREDA) BP.3311 Dakar, Senegal. ISBN 92-9091- 072-0 1998. Pp 20. Click to View Abstract
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695 | 1998 | Keynote Address On "Efficient Management Of Teaching Practice" Click to View Abstract
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696 | 1998 | Literacy Education And The Distance Education Mode Of Delivery. Presented At The Africa Regional Literacy Forum, Innovation And Professionalization, Literacy And Non-Formal Education: New Directions For The Year 2000. Click to View Abstract
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697 | 1998 | Introductory Address Click to View Abstract
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698 | 1998 | "Student Unrest In Public Universities" Click to View Abstract
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699 | 1998 | "Innovations In Curricula And Programmes" Click to View Abstract
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700 | 1998 | T-Cell Subset Counts And Immunoglobin Levels In Patients With Chronic Renal Failure At K.N.H Click to View Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether there was any difference in the T-cell subset counts and serum immunoglobulin concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure as compared to normal controls. Ninety individuals participated in the study. These were divided into three groups as follows; (i) 30 subjects with normal renal function; (ii) 30 subjects with chronic renal failure (CRF)(creatinine clearance 10-50 mls/min), not requiring haemodialysis and; (iii) 30 subjects with end stage renal disease (creatinine clearance < 10 mls/min) on haemodialysis. The subjects in the three groups were matched for age and sex. In addition, it was ascertained that none of the subjects was on any medication or suffered from any ailment known to interfere with the immune system. The T-cell subset counts were carried out using flow cytometry while the serum concentration of immunoglobulins was measured using the radio-immunodiffusion method. Patients with CRF, whether on haemodialysis or not, had significantly lower lymphocyte counts as a proportion of total white cell count (19% and 19.2% respectively versus 39%) and low absolute CD4 cell counts per mm3 (337 +/- 94 and 449 +/- 116 respectively versus 891 +/- 360) and CD8 cell counts per mm3 (437 +/- 234 and 490 +/- 176 respectively versus 644 +/- 228) as compared to normals, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups with CRF. The CD4: CD8 ratios in the three groups studied were 1.487 +/- 0.233, 0.961 +/- 0.326 and 0.751 +/- 0.167 respectively, being significantly higher in normal controls than in any of the groups with CRF (p < 0.05) and in the group with CRF not requiring dialysis than in those requiring it (p < 0.05). The serum concentration of immunoglobulins in the two groups with CRF were similar to those in the group with normal renal function. It is concluded that CRF represents a state of immunodeficiency not significantly corrected by haemodialysis
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701 | 1998 | Capacity Of Non-Governmental (NGoK) Providers In Delivery Of Health Care In Kenya. Health Sector Support Programme, Ministry Of Health, Kenya Click to View Abstract
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702 | 1998 | Study Of Psychiatric Consequences Of Closed Head Injury At The Kenyatta National Hospital Click to View Abstract
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703 | 1998 | Final Report On Economic Politico-social Aspects Of Illicit Drug Trades I N Kenya: A United Nations Drug Control Programme Study Click to View Abstract
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704 | 1998 | Fundamentals Of Marketing: An African Perspective; Nairobi: Click to View Abstract
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705 | 1998 | Gender Audit Of The Inter-Diocesan Christian Community Services (IDCCS) In Nyanza Region Click to View Abstract
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706 | 1998 | Rapid Assessment Of The Impact Of The Nairobi Bomb Blast And Development Of A Database On The Primary And Secondary Victims Of The Tragedy Click to View Abstract
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707 | 1998 | Evaluation Of Maendeleo Ya Wanawake Organisation (MYWO) And Program For Appropriate Technology In Health (PATH) Female Genital Mutilation Project In Four Districts In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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708 | 1998 | `The Marginalised Majority: Women Candidates And Votes' In Arne Tostensen, Bard-Anders Andreassen And Kjetil Tronvoll `Kenya's Hobbled Democracy Revisited: The 1997 General Elections In Retrospect And Prospect. Norwegian Institute Of Human Rights, Hu Click to View Abstract
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709 | 1998 | Chapter On ` A Tale Of Two Cities: Policy, Law And Illegal Settlement In Kenya' In Illegal Cities: Law And Urban Change In Developing Countries, Pp 191 212, Edited By Edesio Fernandes And Ann Varley. London, Zed Books. Click to View Abstract
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710 | 1998 | Chapter On ` A Tale Of Two Cities: Policy, Law And Illegal Settlement In Kenya' In Illegal Cities: Law And Urban Change In Developing Countries, Pp 191 212, Edited By Edesio Fernandes And Ann Varley. London, Zed Books. Click to View Abstract
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711 | 1998 | The Case For An Ombudsman In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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712 | 1998 | Editor And Contributor With Kivutha Kibwana, Smokin Wanjala And Lawrence Mute: The Case For An Ombudsman In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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713 | 1998 | : Edited With Lawrence Mute Peoples Voice: What Kenyans Say. Click to View Abstract
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714 | 1998 | `Lake Victoria's Nile Perch Fish Industry: The Politics Of Joint Action' University Of Nairobi, IDS Working Paper 519. Click to View Abstract
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715 | 1998 | Cost-effective Delivery Of Non-financial Services To Small Scale Enterprises In Kenya: Final Report Written For KMAP (Kenya Management Assistance Programme) Click to View Abstract
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716 | 1998 | Trends, Differentials And Correlates Of Contraceptive Use Click to View Abstract
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717 | 1998 | Trends And Correlates Of Contraceptive Use In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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718 | 1998 | Kweli Za Maisha: Changamoto Ya Mawasiliano. An English- To-Kiswahili Translation Of Facts For Life (1993). Click to View Abstract
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719 | 1998 | “Analysis And Alleviation Of Poverty In Kenya”. In Bahemuka, J. Et Al, Eds. Poverty Revisted, UNESCO/ University Of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, 1998 Click to View Abstract
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720 | 1998 | “Education Inequality And Poverty In Kenya”. In Bahemuka J. Et Al, Eds. Poverty Revisted: The Case Of Kenya, University Of Nairobi/UNESCO, Nairobi, Kenya, 1998 Click to View Abstract
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721 | 1998 | Factors Affecting The Outputs And Costs Of Community-Based Distribution Of Family Planning Services In Tanzania. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Of Family Planning Programmes In Tanzania.” Population Council Click to View Abstract
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722 | 1998 | On The Verge Of Collapse: What Next? A Commentary On The Current Economic Crisis In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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723 | 1998 | Towards A New Road Management And Financing Initiative In Kenya; An Agenda For Reform Click to View Abstract
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724 | 1998 | Utilization Of Meteorological Information In The Horticultural Industry: The Missing Link Click to View Abstract
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725 | 1998 | Utilising Research Methods In Environmental Reporting Click to View Abstract
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726 | 1998 | G. O. Rading And J.T. Berry A Model For Heat-Affected Zone Hardness Profiles In Al-Li-X Alloys Welding Journal 77(9) (1998) P 383-s To 387-s Click to View Abstract
A model based on reaction kinetics and elemental diffusion is proposed to account for the presence of double inflection in the hardness profiles of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in weldments of AI-Li-X alloys tested without postweld heat treatment (PWHT). Such profiles are particularly evident when 1) the base metal is in the peak-aged (T8 or T6) temper condition prior to welding; 2) the welding process is a high-heat input process, i.e., gas tungsten arc (GTA), gas metal arc (GMA) or plasma arc (PA) welding; and 3) a filler alloy deficient in lithium (i.e., AA 2319) is used. In the first part of this paper, the theoretical mechanisms are presented. It is proposed that the double inflection appears due to complete or partial reversion of the semi-coherent, plate-like precipitates (i.e., ө', T1or S'); coarsening of the platelike precipitates at constant volume fraction; precipitation of d' as a result of natural aging; and diffusion of lithium from the HAZ into the weld pool due to the concentration gradient between the weld pool and the base metal. In the second part (to be published in next month's Welding Journal), experimental validation of the model is provided using weld-ments of the AI-Li-Cu Alloy 2095.
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727 | 1998 | G.O. Rading, M. Shamsuzzoha And J. T. Berry A Model For HAZ Hardness Profiles In AL-Li-X Alloys: Application To The Al-Li-Cu Alloy 2095 Welding Journal, 77(10) (1998) P. 411-s To 416-s Click to View Abstract
In a previous paper (Ref. 1), details were presented of a theoretical model describing the evolution of the hardness profiles in the heat-affected zones (HAZ) of AI-Li-X weldments. The intent of the model was to qualitatively predict the general shape of such a profile, which indicates points of double inflection. In the present paper, experimental results are presented to validate the model. Panels of AI-Li-Cu Alloy 2095 in the peak aged (T8) condition were welded by the gas tungsten arc (GTA) process using AA 2319 filler metal. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were conducted on specimens taken from specific points across the HAZ to estimate the relative ratios of T1, (AI2CuLi) and _d' (AI3Li) precipitates, as well as incoherent grain boundary phases. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was used to determine the variation of concentrations of elements across the HAZ, while the hardness profile was determined using Vickers micro-hardness measurements. The hardness profile and the associated pattern of phases present agree well with the information predicted qualitatively by the previously described model.
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728 | 1998 | Four Isoflavones From The Stem Bark Of Erythrina Sacleuxii. Phytochemistry, 49, 1, 247-249 Click to View Abstract
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729 | 1998 | Four Isoflavones From The Stem Bark Of Erythrina Sacleuxii. Click to View Abstract
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730 | 1998 | Two Prenylated Flavonones From Stem Bark Of Erythrinna Burtii Click to View Abstract
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731 | 1998 | Genetic Algorithm Application To Image Processing Optimization Problems Click to View Abstract
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732 | 1998 | A Genetic Algorithm Solution To Relaxation Labeling Of Line Images Click to View Abstract
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733 | 1998 | Optimization By Genetic Algorithm Click to View Abstract
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734 | 1998 | Meliola Icacinacearum And M. Kerichoensis As New Meliolaceae From Kenya Click to View Abstract
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735 | 1998 | Two New Species And A New Record Of Balladyna From Kenya Click to View Abstract
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736 | 1998 | A New Species And Some New Records Of Meliolaceous Fungi From Kenya Click to View Abstract
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737 | 1998 | Mechanical Transmission Of Trypanosoma Evansi And T. Congolense By Stomoxys Niger And S. Teaniatus In Laboratory Mouse Model Click to View Abstract
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738 | 1998 | Osteosarcoma Of The Maxillofacial Bones In Kenyans Click to View Abstract
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739 | 1998 | Repair Of Posterior Cruciate And Collateral Ligament Rupture In A Male Cheetah Click to View Abstract
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740 | 1998 | Physical Education, Recreation, Sport And Health In Kenya. Priorities For The 21st Century. Click to View Abstract
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741 | 1998 | Domestic Violence As An Obstacle To Development In Kenya Click to View Abstract
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742 | 1998 | Ideological Components Of The Concepts Of Ethnicity And Violence Vis - A - Vis Human Rights And National Solidarity: The Kenya Case Click to View Abstract
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743 | 1998 | Constitutional Making As A Mechanism To Conflict Prevention Click to View Abstract
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744 | 1998 | Involving The People In The Constitutional Reform Process – In Search Of Participation And Consultation Click to View Abstract
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745 | 1998 | Youth And Violence Click to View Abstract
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746 | 1998 | Social Conflict: Its Causes, Effects And Management Click to View Abstract
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747 | 1998 | Population Studies On Ticks Feeding On Indigenous Cattle And Incidence Of Tick-borne Parasites In Didtuyura Ranch In Southern Ethiopia. Click to View Abstract
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748 | 1998 | Development, Reproductive Capacity And Survival Of Amblyomma Variegatum And Boophilus Decoloratus In Relation To Host Resistance And Climatic Factors Under Different Field Conditions Click to View Abstract
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749 | 1998 | Characterization Of Amblyomma Variegatum Tick Saliva And Salivary Gland Antigens Inducing Anti-tick Immunity In Boran Cattle. Click to View Abstract
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750 | 1998 | Lectins In Brown Ear Tick, Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus: Detection And Partial Characterization Click to View Abstract
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751 | 1998 | Control Of Livestock Ticks In Africa: Possibilities Of Biological Control Using The Entomogenous Fungi, Beauveria Bassiana And Metarhizium Click to View Abstract
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752 | 1998 | 14. The Role Of The Media In A Democratic Society. . Published In: The Road To Democracy By Eastern And Southern African Universities Research Programme Click to View Abstract
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753 | 1998 | Expanding The Book Markets In Africa: Barriers And Opportunities Click to View Abstract
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754 | 1998 | 25. J.K. Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, J.M. Nduhiu, A.G. Thaiya, P.M.F. Mbithi And S.J.M. Munyua. An Outbreak Of Urticarial Form Of Swine Erysipelas In A Medium Scale Piggery In Kiambu District, Kenya. Journal Of The South African Veterinary Association. (1998) 69 Click to View Abstract
Abstract The study reported data from 507 post-mortem records in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The records were from carcasses obtained from the peri-urban area of airobi during a 20-year period between 1990 and 2009. Approximately 80% (393/507) of the calf carcasses had their diagnosis made through post-mortem examination, while the rest (114/507) were incon-clusive. Just less than half (48.3%) of the calf carcasses presented had their age specified by the owners compared to 51.7% whose age was not specified. For calf carcasses whose age was specified by the owners, those indicated as more than 3 months were one-and-a-half times as many as those below 3 months old. The proportion of female carcasses (53.8%, 273/507) presented for post-mortem were slightly higher than the male carcasses (46.2%, 234/507). Diseases or conditions of the respiratory system were the most common 17.7% (97/507) while gastrointes- tinal tract (GIT) was second and affected 16.1 % (88/507) of the cases. Another small number, 3.3% (18/507), died from bloat giving the total cases associated with GIT as 19.4% (106/507). Severe calf malnutrition and septicaemia were the third most reported causes of calf mortality in similar proportions at 14.3% (78/507) and 14.4% (79/507), respectively. Other minor causes of calf mortality were tick-borne diseases 8.6% (47/507), helminthiasis and poisoning, 2.9% (16/507) and 1.8% (10/507), respectively.
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755 | 1998 | 24. J.N. Kariuki, C.K..Gachuiri, G.K. Gitau, S. Tamminga, J. Van Bruchem, J.M. K. Muia And K.R.G.Irungu. Effect Of Feeding Napier Grass, Lucerne And Sweet Potato Vines As Sole Diets To Dairy Heifers On Nutrient Intake, Average Weight Gain And Rumen Degrad Click to View Abstract
Abstract The study reported data from 507 post-mortem records in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The records were from carcasses obtained from the peri-urban area of airobi during a 20-year period between 1990 and 2009. Approximately 80% (393/507) of the calf carcasses had their diagnosis made through post-mortem examination, while the rest (114/507) were incon-clusive. Just less than half (48.3%) of the calf carcasses presented had their age specified by the owners compared to 51.7% whose age was not specified. For calf carcasses whose age was specified by the owners, those indicated as more than 3 months were one-and-a-half times as many as those below 3 months old. The proportion of female carcasses (53.8%, 273/507) presented for post-mortem were slightly higher than the male carcasses (46.2%, 234/507). Diseases or conditions of the respiratory system were the most common 17.7% (97/507) while gastrointes- tinal tract (GIT) was second and affected 16.1 % (88/507) of the cases. Another small number, 3.3% (18/507), died from bloat giving the total cases associated with GIT as 19.4% (106/507). Severe calf malnutrition and septicaemia were the third most reported causes of calf mortality in similar proportions at 14.3% (78/507) and 14.4% (79/507), respectively. Other minor causes of calf mortality were tick-borne diseases 8.6% (47/507), helminthiasis and poisoning, 2.9% (16/507) and 1.8% (10/507), respectively.
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756 | 1998 | 23. J.K.Wabacha, G.K. Gitau, L.C. Bebora, C.O. Bwanga, Z.M. Wamuri And P.M.F. Mbithi. Occurrence Of Dermatomycosis (ringworm) Due To Trichophyton Verrucosum In Dairy Calves And Its Spread To Animal Attendants. Journal Of The South African Veterinary Assoc Click to View Abstract
Abstract The study reported data from 507 post-mortem records in the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya. The records were from carcasses obtained from the peri-urban area of airobi during a 20-year period between 1990 and 2009. Approximately 80% (393/507) of the calf carcasses had their diagnosis made through post-mortem examination, while the rest (114/507) were incon-clusive. Just less than half (48.3%) of the calf carcasses presented had their age specified by the owners compared to 51.7% whose age was not specified. For calf carcasses whose age was specified by the owners, those indicated as more than 3 months were one-and-a-half times as many as those below 3 months old. The proportion of female carcasses (53.8%, 273/507) presented for post-mortem were slightly higher than the male carcasses (46.2%, 234/507). Diseases or conditions of the respiratory system were the most common 17.7% (97/507) while gastrointes- tinal tract (GIT) was second and affected 16.1 % (88/507) of the cases. Another small number, 3.3% (18/507), died from bloat giving the total cases associated with GIT as 19.4% (106/507). Severe calf malnutrition and septicaemia were the third most reported causes of calf mortality in similar proportions at 14.3% (78/507) and 14.4% (79/507), respectively. Other minor causes of calf mortality were tick-borne diseases 8.6% (47/507), helminthiasis and poisoning, 2.9% (16/507) and 1.8% (10/507), respectively.
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757 | 1998 | Current Status And Future Role Of The Planning Department Of The Ministry Of Energy & Minerals Click to View Abstract
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758 | 1998 | Internal & External Constraints On Econ. Development In Africa Etc Click to View Abstract
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759 | 1998 | Problems Facing The Natural Parks And Their Solution In Kenya. Click to View Abstract
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760 | 1998 | Droughts And Floods Associated With The Great Elnino Episodes Over Parts Of Kenya Eastern Africa Click to View Abstract
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761 | 1998 | Community Empowerment And Its Implications On Project Beneficiaries – A Study Of CASP - Plan Project – Pune Click to View Abstract
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762 | 1998 | Integration Of Remote Sensing Into Local Markets Click to View Abstract
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763 | 1998 | The East African Medical Journal Click to View Abstract
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764 | 1998 | Regional Integration, Trade And Foreign Direct Investment Click to View Abstract
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765 | 1998 | Kenya: From Chaos To Prosperity? A Macroecono Mic Report Click to View Abstract
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766 | 1998 | Workers Rights And The Global Economy” ICFTU Background Paper For The Conference On Defending Workers Click to View Abstract
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767 | 1998 | Enterprise Response To Deficient In Frastructure Discussion Paper No DP/011/98, Click to View Abstract
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768 | 1998 | Water Sources And Use In Semi - Arid Africa: Insights From Machakos District, Kenya . Occasional Paper No. OP/01/98 Click to View Abstract
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769 | 1998 | Conditionalities And Market Reforms: What Kenya’s Fertilizer Market Reveals. Occasional Paper Number OP/03/98 Click to View Abstract
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770 | 1998 | Equipment Acquisitions By Kenyan Manufacturers . Discussion Paper No. DP/010/98 Click to View Abstract
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771 | 1998 | Effect Of Benzyadenine, Gibberellic Acid, And Ethephon On Growth And Flower Yield Of Chamomile (Matricaria Chamomilla) Plants Click to View Abstract
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772 | 1998 | The Relationship Between Internal And International Migration: Concepts, Methodology And Interpretation Click to View Abstract
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773 | 1998 | Recent Internal Migration Processes In Sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants, Consequences, And Data Adequacy Issues Click to View Abstract
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774 | 1998 | Regional Integration And Labour Mobility In Eastern And Southern Africa Click to View Abstract
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775 | 1998 | Population Factor In Land Degradation In Africa Click to View Abstract
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776 | 1998 | Building Capacity In Sub-Sahara Africa To Respond To The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change Click to View Abstract
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777 | 1998 | Fourth Conference Of The Parties To The Convention On Biological Diversity, Click to View Abstract
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778 | 1998 | Helminth And Protozoan Gastrointestinal Tract Parasites In Captive And Wild-trapped African Non-human Primates Click to View Abstract
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779 | 1998 | The Role Of Natural Enemies In Population Regulation Of Bean Fly Complex Ophiomyia Spp In Kakamega, Kenya. – PASSED. Click to View Abstract
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780 | 1998 | Occurance Of Anemia In Msambweni Division Click to View Abstract
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781 | 1998 | Woomer, P.L., Mateete A. Bekunda, Nancy K. Karanja, Thomas Moorehouse And Robert Okalebo, 1998. Agricultural Resource Management By Smallholder Farmers In East Africa. Nature And Resources, UNESCO Journal On The Environmental And Natural Resources Researc Click to View Abstract
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782 | 1998 | Woomer P.L., J.H.P. Kahindi And N.K. Karanja, 1998. Nirogen Replenishment In The East African Highlands Through Biological Nitrogen Fixation And Legume Inoculation. Agronomie Africaine (Special Issue) No. 1, 387-413. Click to View Abstract
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783 | 1998 | Venant Rutunga, Kurt G. Steiner, Nancy K. Karanja, Charles K.K. Gachene And Gre Click to View Abstract
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784 | 1998 | Kapkiyai J.J., Karanja, N.K., Woomer P.L. And Qureshi, J.N. 1998. Soil Organic Carbon Fractions In A Long-term Experiment And The Potential For Their Use As A Diagnostic Assay In Highland Farming Systems Of Central Kenya Highlands. African Crop Science Jo Click to View Abstract
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785 | 1998 | Mwendwa, K.A., N.K. Karanja, F. Zapata And S.W. Maingi 1997/1998. Evaluation Of Phosphorus Uptake From Minjingu Phosphate Rock And Growth Of Six Agroforestry Species On An Acid Soils From Western Kenya. Int. J. Of Biochem Physics, Vol. 6&7 (1&2), 79-85. Click to View Abstract
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786 | 1998 | Karanja, N.K. And Wood, M. 1988a. Selecting Rhizobium Phaseoli Strains For Use With Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) In Kenya . I. Ineffectiveness And Tolerance Of Acidity And Aluminium. Plant And Soil, 112, 7-13. Click to View Abstract
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787 | 1998 | Karuku, G.N., J.J. Odhiambo And B.O. Mochoge (1998). Nitrogen Mineralization Potential ((No), Mineralization Rate Constant (K) And Time Taken For Half Of The Mineralizable Nitrogen To Be Mineralized In Four Kenya Soils (Luvisols, Andosols, Ferralsols And Click to View Abstract
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788 | 1998 | Karuku, G.N., (1998). Preparation And Planning Of Excursion And Study Tours For Science Students. Paper Presented To Teachers Of Nairobi Province Science Congress Committee, Aga Khan High School, 1998. Click to View Abstract
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789 | 1998 | Woomer, P.L., Mateete A. Bekunda, Nancy K. Karanja, Thomas Moorehouse And Robert Okalebo, 1998. Agricultural Resource Management By Smallholder Farmers In East Africa. Nature And Resources, UNESCO Journal On The Environmental And Natural Resources Researc Click to View Abstract
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790 | 1998 | Woomer P.L., J.H.P. Kahindi And N.K. Karanja, 1998. Nirogen Replenishment In The East African Highlands Through Biological Nitrogen Fixation And Legume Inoculation. Agronomie Africaine (Special Issue) No. 1, 387-413 Click to View Abstract
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791 | 1998 | Venant Rutunga, Kurt G. Steiner, Nancy K. Karanja, Charles K.K. Gachene And Gre Click to View Abstract
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792 | 1998 | Kapkiyai J.J., Karanja, N.K., Woomer P.L. And Qureshi, J.N. 1998. Soil Organic Carbon Fractions In A Long-term Experiment And The Potential For Their Use As A Diagnostic Assay In Highland Farming Systems Of Central Kenya Highlands. African Crop Science Jo Click to View Abstract
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793 | 1998 | Mwendwa, K.A., N.K. Karanja, F. Zapata And S.W. Maingi 1997/1998. Evaluation Of Phosphorus Uptake From Minjingu Phosphate Rock And Growth Of Six Agroforestry Species On An Acid Soils From Western Kenya. Int. J. Of Biochem Physics, Vol. 6&7 (1&2), 79-85 Click to View Abstract
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794 | 1998 | S. Wangaruro, N.K. Karanja, E.T. Makatiani, D.W. Odee And P.L. Woomer, 1998. Chemical Properties, Initial Microbial Populations And Survival Of Rhizobia In Peat, 14 Vermiculite And Filtermud. (eds. S.M. Mpepereki And F.I. Makonese). Pp 160-164. In Harness Click to View Abstract
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795 | 1998 | S.K. Kimani, B.A. Osborne, C.J. Pilbeam, M. Wood And N.K. Karanja, 1998. Agricultural Production In Semi-arid Regions: Use Of Legume-based Mixed Cropping Systems In Kenya. (eds. S.M. Mpepereki And F.I. Makonese) Pp. 207-209. In Harvessing Biological Nitro Click to View Abstract
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796 | 1998 | Karanja, Nancy K. And P.L. Woomer, 1998. Legume Response To Rhizobia Inoculation And Farmer Awareness Of Inoculants In East And Southern Africa. (eds. J.A. Brink And B.A. Prior) Pp. 76-91. UNESCO/BAC BETCEN: African Agricultural Research Council Pretoria, Click to View Abstract
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797 | 1998 | N.K. Karanja, A.K. Mwala, J.P. Kahindi And P.L. Woomer, 1998. The East African Rhizobium MIRCEN: A Review Of The Progress In Research, Training And Information Dissemination. (ed. F.D. Dakora) Pp 101-102 Click to View Abstract
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798 | 1998 | Mwala, A.K. And N.K. Karanja, 1998. Effects Of Rock Phosphate Fertilizer, Rhizobium Inoculation And VA-mycorrhizae On Nodulation And Growth Of Soyabeans (Glycine Max L.) Grown On Humic Nitosol. (ed. F.D. Dakora) Pp 160-161 Click to View Abstract
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799 | 1998 | Mwendwa, A.K., Eason W., N.K. Karanja, V. Rutunga, Roberts, J., Zapata F. And Nyamai, D.O. 1998. Estimation Of N2-Fixation In Phosporus Fertilized Leucaena Leucocephala And Gliricidia Sepium Seedlings Using Senna Siamea And Eucalyptus Grandis As Reference Click to View Abstract
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800 | 1998 | An Infrastructure For A Web-based Courseware Development System Click to View Abstract
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801 | 1998 | THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION African Career Awards (ACA) Low-cost Building Materials For Housing In Kenya, Report Of Research Findings For The Rockefeller Foundation’s ‘African Career Awards ( ACA )’ Click to View Abstract
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802 | 1998 | An Assesment Of The Impact Of Remote Sensing On Geography Teaching Click to View Abstract
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803 | 1998 | Factors Influencing Vector/parasite Transmission Of Theileriosis In Africa Click to View Abstract
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804 | 1998 | Factors Influencing Transmission Of Theileriosi In Africa Click to View Abstract
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805 | 1998 | Maingi, N. Bjorn H., Gichohi, V.M., Munyua, W.K. And Gathuma, J.M. (1998). Resistance To Benzimidazoles And Levamisole In Nematode Parasites Of Sheep In Nyandarua District Of Kenya Acta Tropica 69: 31-40. Click to View Abstract
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806 | 1998 | Munyua, W.K., Nganga C.J. And Ngotho, J.W. (1998). Efficacy Of Ivermectin Delivered From A Sustained-release Bolus Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Field Grazing Calves In Nyandarua District Of Kenya. Vet. Parasitol. 76: 105-119. Click to View Abstract
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807 | 1998 | Gatongi, P.M., Prichard, R.K., Ranjan, S., Gathuma, J.M., Munyua, W.K., Cheruiyot, H. And Scott, M.E. (1998). Hypobiosis Of Haemonchus Contortus In Natural Infections Of Sheep And Goats In A Semi-arid Area Of Kenya. Vet. Parasitol. 77: 49-61. Click to View Abstract
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808 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Nansen, P., Kyvsgaard, N.C., Thamsborg, S.M., Munyua, W.K., Gathuma, J.M. And Bogh, H.O. (1998). An Abottor Survey Of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections In Cattle In The Central Highlands Of Kenya. Vet. Res. Commun. 22: 325-334. Click to View Abstract
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809 | 1998 | Waruiru, R.M., Munyua, W.K., Thamsborg, S.M., Nansen, P., Bogh, H.O. And Gathuma, J.M. (1998). Development And Survival Of Infective Larvae Of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Cattle On Pasture In Central Kenya. Vet. Res. Commun. 22: 315-323. Click to View Abstract
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810 | 1998 | Kakaire, Michael N., Sankale Shompole, Ngatia, T.A., Musoke, A.J. And Munyua, W.K. (1998): Preliminary Observations On The Development Of A Latex, Slide Agglutination Test And Its Use For Serodiagnosis Of Heartwater (Cowdria Runinantium Infection) In Smal Click to View Abstract
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811 | 1998 | |